Efficient Gene Knockout in Goats Using CRISPR/Cas9 System

The CRISPR/Cas9 system has been adapted as an efficient genome editing tool in laboratory animals such as mice, rats, zebrafish and pigs. Here, we report that CRISPR/Cas9 mediated approach can efficiently induce monoallelic and biallelic gene knockout in goat primary fibroblasts. Four genes were disrupted simultaneously in goat fibroblasts by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing. The single-gene knockout fibroblasts were successfully used for somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and resulted in live-born goats harboring biallelic mutations. The CRISPR/Cas9 system represents a highly effective and facile platform for targeted editing of large animal genomes, which can be broadly applied to both biomedical and agricultural applications.     

利用CRISPR/Cas9系统构建Tiki1基因修饰猪模型

Tiki1基因是哈佛大学儿童医学院贺熹教授实验室发现的一个对蛙头部的诱导起到决定性作用的新基因,但Tiki1基因在小鼠等啮齿类动物中缺失,因此无法利用小鼠等小动物来研究其在哺乳动物中的作用.本文利用CRISPR/Cas9系统结合体细胞克隆技术构建Tiki1基因修饰猪模型,研究Tiki1基因在猪发育中的作用.我们利用贺熹教授团队提供的人Tiki1基因序列,在猪的基因组数据库中比对出与其同源性最高的一段序列设计2个靶位点(g1和g2).以设计的靶位点构建打靶质粒转染猪胎儿成纤维细胞,经细胞筛选、PCR扩增及测序共鉴定了52个单细胞克隆株.最终选择靶位点g1为纯合双敲的5个单细胞克隆株和靶位点g2为纯合双敲的3个单细胞克隆株作为构建Tiki1基因敲除猪的核供体.我们共计构建了720个重组胚胎,分别植入3头代孕母猪,其中有1头经B超检测成功怀孕并妊娠到期产下13头发育正常的克隆猪,经测序鉴定其中12头为Tiki1基因双敲除猪模型,Tiki1基因敲除克隆猪健康存活至今.结果表明Tiki1基因对于猪早期发育的作用机理不同于蛙,其在猪早期发育的过程中的具体作用机理有待后续进一步的深入研究.     

应用SSA报告载体提高ZFN和CRISPR/Cas9对猪IGF2基因的打靶效率

IGF2(Insulin-like growth factor 2)基因作为最复杂多样的生长因子之一,对猪胎儿发育以及出生后生长发育和肌肉生成起着非常重要的作用。通过基因组编辑技术对我国本地猪种的IGF2基因作精确的遗传修饰,对于提高本地猪种的瘦肉率具有重要的育种意义。文章在蓝塘猪胎儿成纤维细胞(Porcine fetal fibroblasts, PEF)中检测了锌指核酸酶(Zinc finger nucleases, ZFN)和CRISPR/Cas9对IGF2基因的打靶效率,结果表明CRISPR/Cas9对IGF2基因的切割效率最高可达9.2%,显著高于ZFN的切割效率(<1%),但两者均未达到作为体细胞核移植(Somatic nuclear transfer, SCNT)供体细胞所需的打靶效率。应用SSA (Single-strand annealing)报告载体筛选技术来富集IGF2基因被ZFN和CRISPR/Cas9修饰过的PEF细胞,结果表明,该技术可使CRISPR/Cas9的打靶效率提高5倍左右,对ZFN的打靶效率具有更大的增强作用。     

Activities and specificities of CRISPR/Cas9 and Cas12a nucleases for targeted mutagenesis in maize

CRISPR/Cas9 and Cas12a (Cpf1) nucleases are two of the most powerful genome editing tools in plants. In this work, we compared their activities by targeting maize glossy2 gene coding region that has overlapping sequences recognized by both nucleases. We introduced constructs carrying SpCas9‐guide RNA (gRNA) and LbCas12a‐CRISPR RNA (crRNA) into maize inbred B104 embryos using Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation. On‐target mutation analysis showed that 90%–100% of the Cas9‐edited T0 plants carried indel mutations and 63%–77% of them were homozygous or biallelic mutants. In contrast, 0%–60% of Cas12a‐edited T0 plants had on‐target mutations. We then conducted CIRCLE‐seq analysis to identify genome‐wide potential off‐target sites for Cas9. A total of 18 and 67 potential off‐targets were identified for the two gRNAs, respectively, with an average of five mismatches compared to the target sites. Sequencing analysis of a selected subset of the off‐target sites revealed no detectable level of mutations in the T1 plants, which constitutively express Cas9 nuclease and gRNAs. In conclusion, our results suggest that the CRISPR/Cas9 system used in this study is highly efficient and specific for genome editing in maize, while CRISPR/Cas12a needs further optimization for improved editing efficiency.     

Generation of viable PDX1 gene‐edited founder pigs as providers of nonmosaics

Pancreatic duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX1) is a crucial gene for pancreas development during the fetal period. PDX1‐modified pigs have the potential to be used as a model of diabetes mellitus. However, the severe health problems caused by the PDX1 mutation limit phenotypic studies of PDX1‐modified pigs as diabetes models. In this study, we generated PDX1‐modified pigs by the CRISPR/Cas9 system introduced into zygotes via electroporation and investigated the mosaicism, phenotypes, and inheritance of the resulting pigs. After the embryo transfer of PDX1‐modified zygotes, nine mutant piglets were delivered. Two piglets were apancreatic biallelic mutants. For the other seven piglets, the ratio of mutant alleles to total alleles was 17.5–79.7%. Two mutant piglets with high mutation rates (67.7% and 79.7%) exhibited hypoplasia of the pancreas, whereas the other five piglets were healthy. One of the male mutant piglets was further analyzed. The ejaculated semen from the pig contained PDX1‐mutant spermatozoa and the pig showed normal reproductive ability. In conclusion, the frequency of the PDX1 mutation is presumed to relate to pancreas formation, and PDX1 mutant founder pigs generated from zygotes introduced to the CRISPR/Cas9 system can serve as providers of nonmosaics to contribute to medical research on diabetes mellitus.     

Efficient generation of zebrafish maternal-zygotic mutants through transplantation of ectopically induced and Cas9/gRNA targeted primordial germ cells

The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)/Cas9 technology has been widely utilized for knocking out genes involved in various biological processes in zebrafish. Despite this technology is efficient for generating different mutations, one of the main drawbacks is low survival rate during embryogenesis when knocking out some embryonic lethal genes. To overcome this problem, we developed a novel strategy using a combination of CRISPR/Cas9 mediated gene knockout with primordial germ cell(PGC) transplantation(PGCT) to facilitate and speed up the process of zebrafish mutant generation, particularly for embryonic lethal genes. Firstly, we optimized the procedure for CRISPR/Cas9 targeted PGCT by increasing the efficiencies of genome mutation in PGCs and induction of PGC fates in donor embryos for PGCT. Secondly, the optimized CRISPR/Cas9 targeted PGCT was utilized for generation of maternal-zygotic(MZ) mutants of tcf7l1a(gene essential for head development), pou5f3(gene essential for zygotic genome activation) and chd(gene essential for dorsal development) at F_1 generation with relatively high efficiency. Finally, we revealed some novel phenotypes in MZ mutants of tcf7l1 a and chd, as MZtcf7l1 a showed elevated neural crest development while MZchd had much severer ventralization than its zygotic counterparts. Therefore, this study presents an efficient and powerful method for generating MZ mutants of embryonic lethal genes in zebrafish. It is also feasible to speed up the genome editing in commercial fishes by utilizing a similar approach by surrogate production of CRISPR/Cas9 targeted germ cells.     

CRISPR/Cas9技术在感染性疾病中的应用

成簇的规律间隔的短回文重复序列及其相关蛋白9〔clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat(CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9(Cas9),CRISPR/Cas9〕是一种新兴的基因编辑技术,与以前的三大基因编辑技术——归巢核酸内切酶、锌指核酸酶和转录激活因子样效应物核酸酶技术相比,其在靶向特异性、操作简便性、治疗彻底性、应用广泛性等方面具有更大的优势和发展潜力。艾滋病、乙型肝炎、疟疾等感染性疾病的治疗一直是医学上的重大难题,科学家正努力尝试利用CRISPR/Cas9技术解决这些医学难题。本文主要综述了CRISPR/Cas9技术在这些感染性疾病中应用的研究进展。     

基于CRISPR/Cas9的精准基因编辑技术研究进展

基因编辑技术是一种可以在基因组水平上对DNA序列进行改造的遗传操作技术。基于CRISPR/Cas9系统的精准编辑技术是一个操作方便、应用广泛的基因编辑技术,与传统的CRISPR/Cas9不同,精准基因编辑技术可以在不需要DNA模板的情况下对基因进行定点突变。本文重点介绍了近年来基于CRISPR/Cas9介导的精准基因编辑技术的发展,并深入分析了基因精准编辑技术面临的挑战和机遇。     

Cas9蛋白变体VQR高效识别水稻NGAC前间区序列邻近基序

成簇的规律间隔短回文重复序列及CRISPR相关蛋白(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated 9, CRISPR/Cas9)系统是近年来发展起来并被广泛应用的第三代基因组编辑工具。但是,该系统的酿脓链球菌Cas9(Streptococcus pyogenes, SpCas9)仅能识别NGG前间区序列邻近基序(protospacer adjacent motif, PAM),极大地限制了基因组编辑的范围。SpCas9变体VQR(D1135V/R1335Q/T1337R)在水稻中可识别NGAA、NGAG和NGAT PAM,但尚不清楚是否能识别NGAC PAM。本研究利用改进后的CRISPR/VQR系统对水稻中3个相对低效的VQR靶位点NAL1-Q1、NAL1-Q2和LPA1-Q进行了编辑,结果表明改进后的CRISPR/VQR系统可以高效编辑这3个靶位点,编辑效率分别为9.75%、43.90%和29.26%。为了明确改进后的CRISPR/VQR系统对NGAC PAM的识别情况,本研究选择水稻叶片宽度调控基因NARROW LEAF 1 (NAL1)中的NAL-C位点和蜡质合成基因GLOSSY1 (GL1)中的GL1-C位点进行基因编辑,并获得57株转基因水稻。靶位点PCR扩增及测序结果表明,NAL1-C和GL1-C靶标位点突变的植株分别为27株和44株,突变率分别为47.36%和77.19%;其中NAL1-C/GL1-C双突变植株为26株,双突变率为45.61%。进一步分析表明,CRISPR/VQR系统造成的突变有4种类型,分别为杂合突变、双等位突变、嵌合体突变和纯合突变,其中以杂合突变和双等位突变为主。这些结果表明,改进的CRISPR/VQR系统可以高效编辑水稻NGAC PAM位点,并产生丰富的突变类型。本研究为水稻及其他植物相关基因NGAC PAM位点的编辑提供了理论依据。     

Rapid and cost-effective screening of CRISPR/Cas9-induced mutants by DNA-guided Argonaute nuclease

Objective

With the widespread application of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology, new methods are needed to screen mutants quickly and effectively. Here, we aimed to develop a simple and cost-effective method to screen CRISPR/Cas9-induced mutants.

Result

We report a novel method to identify CRISPR/Cas9-induced mutants through a DNA-guided Argonaute nuclease derived from the archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. We demonstrated that the Pyrococcus furiosus Argonaute (PfAgo)-based method could distinguish among biallelic mutants, monoallelic mutants and wild type (WT). Furthermore, this method was able to identify 1 bp indel mutations.

Conclusion

The PfAgo-based method is simple to implement and can be applied to screen biallelic mutants and mosaic mutants generated by CRISPR-Cas9 or other kinds of gene editing tools.

     

Efficient and Heritable Gene Targeting in Tilapia by CRISPR/Cas9

Studies of gene function in non-model animals have been limited by the approaches available for eliminating gene function. The CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR associated) system has recently become a powerful tool for targeted genome editing. Here, we report the use of the CRISPR/Cas9 system to disrupt selected genes, including nanos2, nanos3, dmrt1, and foxl2, with efficiencies as high as 95%. In addition, mutations in dmrt1 and foxl2 induced by CRISPR/Cas9 were efficiently transmitted through the germline to F₁. Obvious phenotypes were observed in the G0 generation after mutation of germ cell or somatic cell-specific genes. For example, loss of Nanos2 and Nanos3 in XY and XX fish resulted in germ cell-deficient gonads as demonstrated by GFP labeling and Vasa staining, respectively, while masculinization of somatic cells in both XY and XX gonads was demonstrated by Dmrt1 and Cyp11b2 immunohistochemistry and by up-regulation of serum androgen levels. Our data demonstrate that targeted, heritable gene editing can be achieved in tilapia, providing a convenient and effective approach for generating loss-of-function mutants. Furthermore, our study shows the utility of the CRISPR/Cas9 system for genetic engineering in non-model species like tilapia and potentially in many other teleost species.     

利用CRISPR/Cas9技术构建大鼠L2细胞α-ENaC基因敲除稳定细胞株

利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术构建大鼠L2细胞α-ENaC基因敲除的细胞株,研究α-ENaC基因对细胞增殖的影响。构建敲除α-ENaC基因的CRISPR/Cas9表达载体和筛选报告载体,通过转染和嘌呤霉素筛选获得单克隆细胞株,Western Blot、测序确定突变的细胞株,CCK-8检测突变细胞株的增殖活力。成功构建靶向α-ENaC基因第一外显子的CRISPR/Cas9表达载体和筛选报告载体,嘌呤霉素筛选后,挑选8个单细胞克隆中有两个单细胞克隆α-ENaC蛋白表达下降,一个单细胞克隆α-ENaC蛋白不再表达,测序结果显示3个单细胞克隆分别为2个单等位基因突变和1个双等位基因突变,且未发现脱靶现象。突变细胞株的增殖活力降低,其中双等位基因突变细胞株增殖活力降低更为显著。因此,利用CRISPR/Cas9结合SSA-RPG报告载体成功获得了α-ENaC基因敲除的L2细胞株,α-ENaC与细胞增殖有关。     

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of myostatin in Chinese indigenous Erhualian pigs

CRISPR/Cas9 has emerged as one of the most popular genome editing tools due to its simple design and high efficiency in multiple species. Myostatin (MSTN) negatively regulates skeletal muscle growth and mutations in myostatin cause double-muscled phenotype in various animals. Here, we generated myostatin mutation in Erhualian pigs using a combination of CRISPR/Cas9 and somatic cell nuclear transfer. The protein level of myostatin precursor decreased dramatically in mutant cloned piglets. Unlike myostatin knockout Landrace, which often encountered health issues and died shortly after birth, Erhualian pigs harboring homozygous mutations were viable. Moreover, myostatin knockout Erhualian pigs exhibited partial double-muscled phenotype such as prominent muscular protrusion, wider back and hip compared with wild-type piglets. Genome editing in Chinese indigenous pig breeds thus holds great promise not only for improving growth performance, but also for protecting endangered genetic resources.     

CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术在致瘤病毒感染研究中的应用

成簇的规律间隔的短回文重复序列及其相关蛋白9〔clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9),CRISPR/Cas9〕基因编辑技术的发现源于真细菌和古细菌中CRISPR/Cas系统介导的适应性免疫机制研究。该技术利用特异性向导RNA识别靶点基因,引导核酸内切酶Cas9对其切割,并通过同源重组或非同源末端连接完成对目的DNA的编辑。某些病毒感染机体后,可将其基因组整合到宿主细胞基因组中或潜伏于组织中而无法被彻底清除,从而引起持续性感染。本文参考2013年以来CRISPR/Cas9基因组编辑技术的最新相关研究报道,重点综述其在人类免疫缺陷病毒1型(human immunodeficiency virus type 1,HIV-1)、人乳头瘤病毒(human papillomavirus,HPV )、乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus, HBV)、 Epstein-Barr病毒(Epstein-Barr virus,EBV)等致瘤病毒感染相关疾病研究中的应用,并概括其作用于这些病毒的有效靶点。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">CAR1</Emphasis> deletion by CRISPR/Cas9 reduces formation of ethyl carbamate from ethanol fermentation by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</Emphasis>

Enormous advances in genome editing technology have been achieved in recent decades. Among newly born genome editing technologies, CRISPR/Cas9 is considered revolutionary because it is easy to use and highly precise for editing genes in target organisms. CRISPR/Cas9 technology has also been applied for removing unfavorable target genes. In this study, we used CRISPR/Cas9 technology to reduce ethyl carbamate (EC), a potential carcinogen, which was formed during the ethanol fermentation process by yeast. Because the yeast CAR1 gene encoding arginase is the key gene to form ethyl carbamate, we inactivated the yeast CAR1 gene by the complete deletion of the gene or the introduction of a nonsense mutation in the CAR1 locus using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. The engineered yeast strain showed a 98 % decrease in specific activity of arginase while displaying a comparable ethanol fermentation performance. In addition, the CAR1-inactivated mutants showed reduced formation of EC and urea, as compared to the parental yeast strain. Importantly, CRISPR/Cas9 technology enabled generation of a CAR1-inactivated yeast strains without leaving remnants of heterologous genes from a vector, suggesting that the engineered yeast by CRISPR/Cas9 technology might sidestep GMO regulation.     

利用CRISPR/Cas9技术对人多能干细胞进行高效基因组编辑

CRISPR/Cas9技术提供了一个全新的基因组编辑体系。本文利用CRISPR/Cas9平台,在人胚胎干细胞株中对选取的一段特定基因组区域进行了多种基因组编辑：通过在基因编码框中引入移码突变进行基因敲除;通过单链DNA提供外源模板经由同源重组定点敲入FLAG序列;通过同时靶向多个位点诱导基因组大片段删除。研究结果表明CRISPR/Cas9可以对多能干细胞进行高效基因编辑,获得的突变干细胞株有助于对基因和基因组区域的功能进行分析和干细胞疾病模型的建立。     

Recent advances in CRISPR/Cas9 mediated genome editing in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus subtilis</Emphasis>

Genome editing using engineered nucleases has rapidly transformed from a niche technology to a mainstream method used in various host cells. Its widespread adoption has been largely developed by the emergence of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system, which uses an easily customizable specificity RNA-guided DNA endonuclease, such as Cas9. Recently, CRISPR/Cas9 mediated genome engineering has been widely applied to model organisms, including Bacillus subtilis, enabling facile, rapid high-fidelity modification of endogenous native genes. Here, we reviewed the recent progress in B. subtilis gene editing using CRISPR/Cas9 based tools, and highlighted state-of-the-art strategies for design of CRISPR/Cas9 system. Finally, future perspectives on the use of CRISPR/Cas9 genome engineering for sequence-specific genome editing in B. subtilis are provided.     

Creating cell and animal models of human disease by genome editing using CRISPR/Cas9

A set of unique sequences in bacterial genomes, responsible for protecting bacteria against bacteriophages, has recently been used for the genetic manipulation of specific points in the genome. These systems consist of one RNA component and one enzyme component, known as CRISPR (“clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats”) and Cas9, respectively. The present review focuses on the applications of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in the development of cellular and animal models of human disease. Making a desired genetic alteration depends on the design of RNA molecules that guide endonucleases to a favorable genomic location. With the discovery of CRISPR/Cas9 technology, researchers are able to achieve higher levels of accuracy because of its advantages over alternative methods for editing genome, including a simple design, a high targeting efficiency and the ability to create simultaneous alterations in multiple sequences. These factors allow the researchers to apply this technology to creating cellular and animal models of human diseases by knock‐in, knock‐out and Indel mutation strategies, such as for Huntington's disease, cardiovascular disorders and cancers. Optimized CRISPR/Cas9 technology will facilitate access to valuable novel cellular and animal genetic models with respect to the development of innovative drug discovery and gene therapy.