应用CRISPR/Cas9技术构建YOD1基因敲除小鼠

目的:应用CRISPR/Cas9技术构建去泛素化酶YOD1基因敲除小鼠。方法:针对YOD1基因设计单链向导RNA(sg RNA)识别序列,构建sg RNA质粒,与Cas9质粒体外转录、纯化后注射入受精卵,通过PCR和测序验证得到F0代阳性小鼠。配繁两代后,取同窝对照的野生型(WT)和敲除(KO)小鼠的主要组织器官研磨,使用免疫印迹(WB)技术检测各组织YOD1蛋白的表达,确证YOD1敲除小鼠模型是否成功建立。统计YOD1杂合子(HET)自交存活后代各基因型比例,分析是否有胚胎致死表型。解剖小鼠分析主要组织器官的表型,进一步利用H.E.染色分析KO小鼠是否存在自发的病理改变。通过血糖耐受实验(GTT)分析KO小鼠的血糖调控能力。结果:基因组测序和WB检测结果显示KO小鼠中YOD1被明显敲除,YOD1敲除小鼠模型成功建立。YOD1杂合子自交后代各基因型比例符合孟德尔定律,提示KO小鼠非胚胎致死。YOD1敲除小鼠肝脏显著小于WT小鼠。GTT结果表明敲除YOD1不影响小鼠的血糖稳态。结论:应用CRISPR/Cas9技术成功构建YOD1基因敲除小鼠。KO小鼠正常出生,无任何胚胎发育缺陷。与WT小鼠相比,KO小鼠肝脏显著减小,但无显著的自发病理变化,KO小鼠血糖控制亦无显著差异。     

基于CRISPR/Cas9系统建立SNX11基因敲除A549细胞系

为了建立SNX11基因稳定敲除A549细胞系,本研究通过构建针对人SNX11基因的特异性打靶慢病毒载体,将该慢病毒感染A549细胞系,使用嘌呤霉素对慢病毒感染阳性的A549细胞进行筛选,利用梯度稀释法获得单细胞并扩增培养,提取细胞基因组DNA,PCR扩增后进行测序验证,同时提取细胞蛋白后利用Western Blot方法进行蛋白敲除验证,最后进行细胞活性检测和脱靶效应评估。最后,本研究获得了一株SNX11基因敲除A549细胞系;通过脱靶效应评估,结果显示最可能的20个脱靶位点均不存在脱靶现象;该基因敲除对细胞增殖活性没有影响。本研究成功构建了一株SNX11基因敲除A549细胞系,为SNX11蛋白的功能研究建立了细胞模型。     

利用CRISPR/Cas9技术构建基因编辑大鼠模型

RNA介导的CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑系统由单链引导RNA(sgRNA)与核酸酶Cas9构成。在细胞内,sgRNA能够按照碱基互补配对的原则引导Cas9与靶点结合,由Cas9切割目标DNA,造成双链DNA断裂(double stranded break, DSB)。在随后的DNA修复过程中,细胞主要进行非同源末端连接(non-homologous end joining,NHEJ)或在有修复模板存在的情况下进行重组修复(homology directed repair, HDR)。如果将CRISPR/Cas9系统以及修复模板通过显微注射的方式导入大鼠的胚胎内,就能借助细胞的修复机制实现大鼠胚胎的基因编辑,由此构建各种基因修饰大鼠模型。本文详细介绍了利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术构建大鼠模型的具体操作步骤,以期为相关领域的科研人员提供一种大鼠基因修饰模型的构建方法。     

CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术在丝状真菌中的应用

随着对丝状真菌基因水平研究的不断深入,CRISPR/Cas9技术作为先进的基因编辑技术,已被广泛应用于丝状真菌的基因编辑。探究了CRISPR/Cas9系统在不同丝状真菌中的应用情况,主要从sgRNA的构建与表达、Cas9蛋白的改造与表达、不同的DNA双链断裂修复（DNA double-strand break,DSB）方式等方面进行概述,并对编辑效率、脱靶效应进行总结,旨在为今后丝状真菌中CRISPR/Cas9系统的构建及改良提供思路。     

构建基于CRISPR/Cas9技术敲除ALOX5的质粒

旨在利用CRISPR/Cas9技术构建敲除花生四烯5-脂氧合酶基因(Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase gene,ALOX5)的重组质粒。设计合成3对靶向敲除ALOX5第六外显子的sgRNA,将其分别插入到CRISPR/Cas9质粒骨架pX458载体中,转化感受态大肠杆菌DH5α后挑取克隆,通过测序评估重组质粒是否构建成功。将构建好的重组质粒转染293T细胞,在荧光显微镜下观察转染效果,挑取转染成功的细胞,用试剂盒提取转染细胞基因组DNA,PCR扩增含敲除位点的DNA片段,用测序技术获得核苷酸序列,用DNAStar软件分析转染细胞中ALOX5基因敲除情况。测序结果表明2对双链sgRNA寡核苷酸已插入质粒,且序列正确,靶向ALOX5基因的重组质粒pX458-sgRNAs-ALOX5构建成功。其在293T细胞中的转染效率约为50%,用一代测序法未检测到sgRNAs的切割效果。初步表明利用CRISPR/Cas9技术成功构建靶向ALOX5基因的重组质粒pX458-sgRNAs-ALOX5。     

CRISPR/Cas9技术在斑马鱼基因修饰中的应用

CRISPR/Cas9系统的应用促进了基因编辑技术的快速发展,现已成功地在不同模式生物中实现了高效的基因修饰,包括DNA序列的点突变、大片段删除以及外源基因的定向插入等。现就CRISPR/Cas9系统在斑马鱼模式动物中建立基因敲除和敲入品系的最新研究进展作一综述。     

利用CRISPR/Cas9技术构建斑马鱼prkd1基因敲除品系

蛋白激酶D1 (protein kinase D1, PKD1;也称作PRKD1)是蛋白激酶家族成员之一,该家族由3种结构相关的应激激活酶组成,可调节机体多种生物学功能,主要涉及细胞增殖、分化、凋亡、免疫调节、心脏收缩、血管生成和癌症等,其中PRKD1与心脏肥大、收缩和缺血再灌注损伤的底物磷酸化有关。相关研究报道,先天性心脏病患者存在PRKD1基因突变,但其在心脏中的特异性功能和分子机制并未阐明。为了便于后期研究PRKD1基因在人类早期心脏发育的作用机制,本文拟利用CRISPR/Cas9技术构建斑马鱼prkd1基因敲除品系。首先,通过生物信息学网站筛选出两个最佳的基因敲除靶位点,合成相应靶位点的单链向导RNA (single guide RNA,sg RNA)和引物;然后,将两个靶位点的sg RNA进行体外转录,并将其与Cas9蛋白混合后共同注射到斑马鱼的1-细胞期;最后,对基因敲除后的F0、F1、F2及F3代斑马鱼的胚胎和成鱼进行有效性鉴定及表型观察。结果显示,靶位点附近出现了不同程度的碱基缺失;成功构建了F1代能够稳定遗传的prkd1基因敲除的3个亚系;与野生型相比, F3代纯合子...     

利用CRISPR/Cas9技术构建敲除MEIS2基因的HEK293T人胚肾细胞系

CRISPR/Cas9系统作为一种新型的基因组编辑技术,利用人工设计的向导RNA(singleguide RNA,sg RNA)介导外源表达的Cas9蛋白与基因组靶点特异性结合以实现对基因组DNA的特异性切割,切割后的基因组DNA通过非同源末端连接或同源重组的方式进行修复,从而实现基因的敲除、敲入等。MEIS2属于一类高度保守的同源盒转录因子MEIS家族,研究发现,MEIS2广泛参与胚胎的早期发育及肿瘤的发生发展,但其发挥作用的机制目前还不是很清楚。该研究针对MEIS2基因作用的功能域,设计两个靶向MEIS2基因Exon3和Exon8的sg RNA,通过SURVEYOR分析及Western blot检测,确认了所设计sg RNA的有效性。进一步通过细胞分选及Western blot检测筛选出稳定敲除MEIS2基因的HEK293T细胞株。最后,通过序列测定确认MEIS2发生了移码突变。综上所述,该研究利用CRISPR/Cas9技术成功建立了完全敲除MEIS2的HEK293T细胞株,为研究MEIS2的功能和作用机制提供了有效工具。     

利用CRISPR/Cas9技术建立斑马鱼Asb11基因敲除品系

Asb11基因被报道与斑马鱼Notch信号的激活有关,本研究室过去的研究显示该基因在心肌和骨骼肌中特异性表达。因此推测Asb11基因可能是心脏发育相关候选基因。为了阐明Asb11基因在斑马鱼心脏发育过程中的作用,本文利用CRISPR/Cas9打靶技术构建敲除Asb11基因的斑马鱼品系。首先在线分析筛选出Asb11基因最适合的打靶位点,然后PCR扩增出Asb11基因gRNA的双链c DNA,再将Asb11基因的gRNA和Hcas9的mRNA共同注射到斑马鱼胚胎Ⅰ细胞期胚胎中。进行打靶的有效性检测,发现Asb11基因的一号外显子出现了碱基的缺失,表明CRISPR/Cas9系统对Asb11基因的敲除是有效的。对其F0代、F1代、F2代进行筛选,成功获得了Asb11基因敲除的斑马鱼品系,为探究Asb11在心脏发育中的作用奠定了基础。     

Mosaicism in CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing

The CRISPR/Cas9 system is a rapid, simple, and often extremely efficient gene editing method. This method has been used in a variety of organisms and cell types over the past several years. However, using this technology for generating gene-edited animals involves a number of obstacles. One such obstacle is mosaicism, which is common in founder animals. This is especially the case when the CRISPR/Cas9 system is used in embryos. Here we review the pros and cons of mosaic mutations of gene-edited animals caused by using the CRISPR/Cas9 system in embryos. Furthermore, we will discuss the mechanisms underlying mosaic mutations resulting from the CRISPR/Cas9 system, as well as the possible strategies for reducing mosaicism. By developing ways to overcome mosaic mutations when using CRISPR/Cas9, genotyping for germline gene disruptions should become more reliable. This achievement will pave the way for using the CRISPR technology in the research and clinical applications where mosaicism is an issue.     

Optimized CRISPR/Cas9 strategy for homology-directed multiple targeted integration of transgenes in CHO cells

Site-specific integration has emerged as a promising strategy for precise Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line engineering and predictable cell line development (CLD). CRISPR/Cas9 with the homology-directed repair (HDR) pathway enables precise integration of transgenes into target genomic sites. However, inherent recalcitrance to HDR-mediated targeted integration (TI) of transgenes results in low targeting efficiency, thus requiring a selection process to find a targeted integrant in CHO cells. Here, we explored several parameters that influence the targeting efficiency using a promoter-trap-based single- or double-knock-in (KI) monitoring system. A simple change in the donor template design by the addition of single-guide RNA recognition sequences strongly increased KI efficiency (2.9–36.0 fold), depending on integration sites and cell culture mode, compared to conventional circular donor plasmids. Furthermore, sequential and simultaneous KI strategies enabled us to obtain populations with ~1–4% of double-KI cells without additional enrichment procedures. Thus, this simple optimized strategy not only allows efficient CRISPR/Cas9-mediated TI in CHO cells but also paves the way for the applicability of multiplexed KIs in one experimental step without the need for sequential and independent CHO–CLD procedures.     

The CRISPR/Cas9 system produces specific and homozygous targeted gene editing in rice in one generation

The CRISPR/Cas9 system has been demonstrated to efficiently induce targeted gene editing in a variety of organisms including plants. Recent work showed that CRISPR/Cas9‐induced gene mutations in Arabidopsis were mostly somatic mutations in the early generation, although some mutations could be stably inherited in later generations. However, it remains unclear whether this system will work similarly in crops such as rice. In this study, we tested in two rice subspecies 11 target genes for their amenability to CRISPR/Cas9‐induced editing and determined the patterns, specificity and heritability of the gene modifications. Analysis of the genotypes and frequency of edited genes in the first generation of transformed plants (T0) showed that the CRISPR/Cas9 system was highly efficient in rice, with target genes edited in nearly half of the transformed embryogenic cells before their first cell division. Homozygotes of edited target genes were readily found in T0 plants. The gene mutations were passed to the next generation (T1) following classic Mendelian law, without any detectable new mutation or reversion. Even with extensive searches including whole genome resequencing, we could not find any evidence of large‐scale off‐targeting in rice for any of the many targets tested in this study. By specifically sequencing the putative off‐target sites of a large number of T0 plants, low‐frequency mutations were found in only one off‐target site where the sequence had 1‐bp difference from the intended target. Overall, the data in this study point to the CRISPR/Cas9 system being a powerful tool in crop genome engineering.     

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated disruption of TaNP1 genes results in complete male sterility in bread wheat

Male sterile genes and mutants are valuable resources in hybrid seed production for monoclinous crops.High genetic redundancy due to allohexaploidy makes it difficult to obtain the nuclear recessive male sterile mutants through spontaneous mutation or chemical or physical mutagenesis methods in wheat.The emerging effective genome editing tool,CRISPR/Cas9 system,makes it possible to achieve simultaneous mutagenesis in multiple homoeoalleles.To improve the genome modification efficiency of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in wheat,we compared four different RNA polymerase(Pol) Ⅲ promoters(TaU3 p,TaU6 p,OsU3 p,and OsU6 p) and three types of sgRNA scaffold in the protoplast system.We show that the TaU3 promoter-driven optimized sgRNA scaffold was most effective.The optimized CRISPR/Cas9 system was used to edit three TaNP1 homoeoalleles,whose orthologs,OsNP1 in rice and ZmIPE1 in maize,encode a putative glucose-methanol-choline oxidoreductase and are required for male sterility.Triple homozygous mutations in TaNP1 genes result in complete male sterility.We further demonstrated that anyone wild-type copy of the three TaNP1 genes is sufficient for maintenance of male fertility.Taken together,this study provides an optimized CRISPR/Cas9 vector for wheat genome editing and a complete male sterile mutant for development of a commercially viable hybrid wheat seed production system.     

Increased efficiency of targeted mutagenesis by CRISPR/Cas9 in plants using heat stress

The CRISPR/Cas9 system has greatly improved our ability to engineer targeted mutations in eukaryotic genomes. While CRISPR/Cas9 appears to work universally, the efficiency of targeted mutagenesis and the adverse generation of off‐target mutations vary greatly between different organisms. In this study, we report that Arabidopsis plants subjected to heat stress at 37°C show much higher frequencies of CRISPR‐induced mutations compared to plants grown continuously at the standard temperature (22°C). Using quantitative assays relying on green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter genes, we found that targeted mutagenesis by CRISPR/Cas9 in Arabidopsis is increased by approximately 5‐fold in somatic tissues and up to 100‐fold in the germline upon heat treatment. This effect of temperature on the mutation rate is not limited to Arabidopsis, as we observed a similar increase in targeted mutations by CRISPR/Cas9 in Citrus plants exposed to heat stress at 37°C. In vitro assays demonstrate that Cas9 from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpCas9) is more active in creating double‐stranded DNA breaks at 37°C than at 22°C, thus indicating a potential contributing mechanism for the in vivo effect of temperature on CRISPR/Cas9. This study reveals the importance of temperature in modulating SpCas9 activity in eukaryotes, and provides a simple method to increase on‐target mutagenesis in plants using CRISPR/Cas9.     

CRISPR/Cas9介导的外源基因靶向插入鸡EAV-HP基因组

本研究旨在通过CRISPR/Cas9介导外源基因靶向插入鸡EAV-HP基因组。首先设计特异性引物并扩增鸡内源性病毒(EAV-HP)左右同源臂和增强型绿色荧光蛋白(eGFP)基因表达盒,然后通过重叠延伸PCR技术将两个同源臂DNA连接至eGFP表达盒两侧,获得全长DNA片段LER,并克隆至pMD19-T载体,获得携带eGFP基因的供体载体pMDT-LER。随后在HEK293T细胞中验证供体载体pMDT-LER能成功表达eGFP后,将EAV-HP打靶载体和供体载体共转染至DF-1细胞,观察绿色荧光阳性细胞,提取细胞基因组,PCR检测外源基因eGFP成功整合至鸡基因组EAV-HP位点。最后,将转基因细胞DF-1传至第7代,用PCR和Western blotting检测eGFP在转基因细胞中稳定表达。文中初步验证外源基因eGFP能整合至鸡EAV-HP位点并稳定表达,为转基因鸡的研究提供新整合位点。