大豆品种早熟18抗疫霉根腐病基因的SSR分子标记

大豆品种早熟18是抗疫霉根腐病的有效抗源。本研究鉴定和分子标记早熟18的抗疫霉根腐病基因,以期为该品种的有效利用及分子辅助育种奠定基础。以感病大豆品种Williams与早熟18杂交建立分离群体。抗性遗传分析表明,早熟18对大豆疫霉菌抗性由1个显性单基因控制,该基因被定名为RpsZS18。SSR标记连锁分析表明,RpsZS18位于大豆分子遗传连锁群D1b上的SSR标记Sat_069和Sat_183之间,与这两个标记的遗传距离分别为10．0cM和8．3cM。RpsZS18是D1b连锁群上鉴定的第一个抗疫霉根腐病基因。     

白菜和白菜型油菜角果相关性状遗传分析

以种荚差异显著的白菜自交不亲和系（P1）和白菜型油菜自交系（P2）为亲本及杂交获得的4个基本世代（P1、P2、F1、F2）为材料,应用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型对其种荚相关性状进行遗传分析。结果表明,芸薹种作物的种荚长度(SPL)性状及喙长（SBL）性状均受加性-显性-上位性多基因控制（C-0模型）,多基因遗传率分别为83.16%和68.67%;种荚宽度(SPW)性状受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因控制（E-0模型）,其主基因遗传率为20.40%,多基因遗传率为78.34%。种荚相关各性状均以多基因遗传为主,种荚宽度性状受环境因素影响较小,为1.26%;种荚长度、喙长受环境因素影响较大,分别达16.89%和25.36%。针对芸薹种作物种荚性状的改良要以多基因为主,并注意环境条件影响。以种荚差异显著的白菜自交不亲和系（P1）和白菜型油菜自交系（P2）为亲本及杂交获得的4个基本世代（P1、P2、F1、F2）为材料,应用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型对其种荚相关性状进行遗传分析。结果表明,芸薹种作物的种荚长度(SPL)性状及喙长（SBL）性状均受加性-显性-上位性多基因控制（C-0模型）,多基因遗传率分别为83.16%和68.67%;种荚宽度(SPW)性状受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因控制（E-0模型）,其主基因遗传率为20.40%,多基因遗传率为78.34%。种荚相关各性状均以多基因遗传为主,种荚宽度性状受环境因素影响较小,为1.26%;种荚长度、喙长受环境因素影响较大,分别达16.89%和25.36%。针对芸薹种作物种荚性状的改良要以多基因为主,并注意环境条件影响。     

国外大豆种质资源的基因挖掘利用现状与展望

中国已从美国和日本等22个国家引进大豆近等基因系、特殊遗传材料、大豆育成品种等2156份。经过评价已编入中国大豆品种资源目录。本文对国外引进大豆种质资源的特点及在中国研究与利用中所取得的成绩进行了总结,提出利用引进国外种质拓宽中国大豆品种遗传基础的表型和分子证据,回顾了国外种质在建立大豆抗胞囊线虫、抗疫霉根腐病、脂氧酶缺失、胰蛋白酶抑制剂缺失和抗草甘膦EPSP酶等特性的鉴定体系、标记和定位重要性状（耐盐性、抗大豆花叶病、无脂氧酶、无胰蛋白酶抑制剂）基因、开展分子标记辅助背景选择研究方面发挥的重要作用。我国大豆育种的实践证明,国外种质的利用促进了中国大豆新品种产量的增长、品质的改进和抗性的提高。因此,今后重视国外种质资源的有目的性的引进．加强时国外种质资源的深入研究,为国外种质资源在中国大豆遗传育种学、表型组学、基因组学、蛋白组学和酶学等领域的有效利用创造条件。     

甘蔗—大豆间作对大豆鲜荚产量和农艺性状的影响

为探讨甘蔗-大豆间作模式对大豆鲜荚产量和农艺性状的影响,于2009—2011年连续3年在广州市华南农业大学农场进行大田试验,试验设置2种施氮水平(常规施氮(525kg·hm-2)和减量施氮(300kg·hm-2))和3种种植模式(甘蔗-大豆(1∶1)、甘蔗-大豆(1∶2)、单作大豆)。结果表明:甘蔗-大豆间作(1∶2)模式下,2009年减量施氮水平的大豆鲜荚产量较常规施氮水平提高了33%,2010和2011年不同施氮水平间均无显著差异;甘蔗-大豆间作模式对大豆的单株鲜荚重、多粒荚数和百粒鲜重无显著影响;大豆单株鲜荚重与多粒荚数在不同种植模式下均呈显著相关(P<0.05),在常规施氮间作模式下与大豆单株荚数呈显著相关(P<0.05)。甘蔗-大豆间作没有降低大豆的单株鲜荚产量,也没有对大豆的农艺性状产生负面影响,从增产增收、提高土地生产力来考虑,减量施氮模式下甘蔗-大豆间作具有一定的可行性。     

芝麻蒴果性状研究进展与展望

芝麻是传统优势特色油料作物,我国是世界芝麻主产国之一,也是全球第一消费国和进口国,选育稳定高产的优良品种是芝麻产业发展的重要任务。构成芝麻产量的主要因素是蒴果数、每蒴果粒数和粒重,芝麻蒴果性状对于产量的形成至关重要,蒴果性状的研究为高产、适宜机械化芝麻品种的遗传改良奠定了理论基础。本文对芝麻蒴果相关性状研究进展进行了综述。主要从数量性状和质量性状综述了蒴果形态性状研究;从蒴果大小和物质积累的变化规律方面综述了蒴果生长发育研究;还综述了芝麻蒴果成熟开裂、组织结构、抗裂蒴性鉴定及抗裂品种选育研究;以及蒴果性状相关遗传学、分子标记和基因研究等。最后对芝麻蒴果性状今后研究的重点任务和发展方向等进行了展望,提出应继续加强芝麻蒴果相关性状研究,尤其是蒴果大小、单株蒴果数、每蒴果粒数、抗裂蒴性等的研究,通过蒴果的改良提高芝麻单株产量,助力高产芝麻新品种选育;并聚焦于高抗裂蒴芝麻基因资源的精准鉴定、深入发掘与创新利用,选育抗裂蒴新品种,破解芝麻抗裂蒴性遗传改良的科学难题,推动芝麻生产机械化进程;同时深化芝麻抗裂蒴性功能标记和基因的发掘与应用研究,解析抗裂蒴性分子机理,应用于芝麻分子育种。     

菜用大豆产量相关性状的遗传分析

对 19个菜用大豆品种与产量有关的10个农艺性状进行遗传分析的结果表明,生育期和主茎节数遗传力偏高;单株荚数、分枝数遗传力偏低;单株产量、单株荚数的遗传变异系数很大,其遗传进度的值也较大;生育期的遗传变异系数小, 遗传进度也小,遗传相关分析结果表明,产量与生育期、单株结荚数相关关系密切。菜用大豆遗传参数分析结果与前人对食用大豆的研究结果趋势一致。     

东北春大豆种质资源表型分析及综合评价

种质资源是大豆遗传育种和解析复杂数量性状的基础,通过对种质资源的评价,可指导育种实践中优异互补亲本的选择,提高优异基因交流累加和新品种培育的效率。本研究选用来自东北三省一区1923-2010年间选育的340份春大豆种质资源,通过在牡丹江地区对12个表型性状的2年综合鉴定,评价品种群体遗传变异特点和筛选优异种质资源,结果表明:(1)春大豆种质资源表型变异丰富。除生育期年份间差异不显著外,其他性状品种间和年份间均呈显著的差异,且2年变化趋势相同。有效分枝数变异幅度最大,其次是主茎荚数、单株粒重和株高,这些性状选择潜力较大,品质性状的变异幅度较小,选择潜力有限;(2)表型性状特征频率分布均符合正态分布。受育成单位纬度和育种目标的影响,生育期呈现北早南晚,北部育成品种营养体较小、植株矮小、节数相对较少、脂肪含量较高,南部育成品种营养体较大、植株高大、单株有效节数多且主茎单节最多荚数多,部分品种蛋白质含量相对较高;(3)采用主成分分析方法综合评价表明,吉育71的ZF值最高,综合性状表现最好,表型性状与ZF值相关分析结果显示,生育期、株高、主茎节数、地上部生物产量、收获指数、主茎荚数和主茎单节最多荚数等7个表型性状可作为春大豆种质资源综合评价指标。在大豆育种中应重视利用具有丰富遗传多样性的基因资源,在亲本选配时适当选择综合性状优良、育种性状优势互补的种质。     

集群分离分析法在大豆性状遗传定位中的研究进展

大豆是重要的油料作物,同时也是人类食用植物蛋白及畜牧业饲料蛋白的主要来源,在国家粮食结构和粮食安全中占有重要地位。利用简单高效的遗传定位方法,对大豆主要农艺性状进行相关基因挖掘,开发紧密连锁分子标记,有利于加快大豆的分子标记辅助选择及分子设计育种进程。集群分离分析法（BSA,bulked segregant analysis）是一种利用样本混池的建库方式对极端性状进行QTL定位的方法,因其具有“快速、准确、经济、实用”的特点,已成为当下应用较为广泛的基因定位方法。随着高通量测序技术的兴起,基于全基因组重测序的BSA方法更为广泛地应用在粮油作物、蔬菜花卉等物种中,并且成功定位出许多农艺性状相关的基因。本文简要介绍了BSA方法及流程步骤,总结了BSA在大豆农艺性状、抗逆性状以及雄性不育性状遗传定位中研究进展,并讨论了下一代测序（NGS,next-generation sequencing）背景下BSA的机遇与挑战,以及BSA在大豆分子标记辅助选择（MAS）育种中发展趋势,以期为高产优质大豆品种的选育提供重要的理论基础。     

河南夏大豆产量相关性状的遗传分析

以10个河南夏大豆主栽品种为材料,对与株粒重有关的10个农艺性状进行了遗传相关、遗传参数和通径分析。试验结果表明：株高、每节粒重、株有效荚数、粒茎比和株粒重呈高度正相关,与环境相关较小;株高与粒茎比的遗传力较大,每荚粒数与每节粒重的遗传力较小;各性状对株粒重的重要贡献的大小依次为每节粒重、株有效荚数与粒茎比。因此,大力提高节粒重、株有效荚数与粒茎比是河南夏大豆高产育种的方向。     

大豆抗豆秆黑潜蝇遗传的初步研究

为研究大豆品种抗蝇性遗传规律,利用5个品种配制了3个杂交组合,在田间利用自然虫源,对P_1、P_2、F_1、F_2和F_3的抗感反应进行鉴定。结果表明,大豆品种抗蝇性系受单个显性主基因控制;可能受某些微效多基因及环境的修饰。在大豆抗蝇性遗传中未发现细胞质遗传效应。     

Fine mapping of a major quantitative trait locus that regulates pod shattering in soybean

Legumes represent the second most important family of crop plants, accounting for ~27 % of the world’s crop production. While some legumes are grown as forages or vegetables, most crop legumes are grown for harvesting their nutritious seeds. The legume seeds are contained in the pod, which is composed of a single seed-bearing carpel that, when matures, splits open along two seams, a process called pod dehiscence or pod shattering. Pod shattering before or during harvest causes yield losses of grain legumes. Moreover, the dominant shattering trait of the wild progenitors is a limiting factor for efficient introgression of value-added traits into elite breeding lines. Knowledge of the genetic mechanisms underlying pod shattering will facilitate breeding of shattering-resistant varieties, expedite introgression of agronomically favorable traits from wild species to elite breeding lines, and enrich our understanding of the evolution of seed dispersal and crop domestication in diverse crop species. Here we report fine mapping of a major quantitative trait locus (designated as qPDH1) that regulates pod shattering in soybean (Glycine max). A combination of linkage and association mapping allowed us to delimit the qPDH1 locus within a 47-kb region on chromosome 16. The data reported here will facilitate positional cloning of the underlying gene and the development of breeder-friendly genetic markers for marker-assisted selection in soybean.     

Identification of SNPs tightly linked to the QTL for pod shattering in soybean

The pod shattering or dehiscence is essential for the propagation of pod-bearing plant species in the wild, but it causes significant yield losses during harvest of domesticated crop plants. Identifying novel molecular makers, which are linked to seed-shattering genes, is needed to employ the molecular marker-assisted selection for efficiently developing shattering-resistant soybean varieties. In this study, a genetic linkage map was constructed using 115 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) developed from crosses between the pod shattering susceptible variety, Keunol, and resistant variety, Sinpaldal. A 180 K Axiom® SoyaSNPs data and pod shattering data from two environments in 2001 and 2015 were used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for pod shattering. A major QTL was identified between two flanking single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, AX-90320801 and AX-90306327 on chromosome 16 with 1.3 cM interval, 857 kb of physical range. In sequence, genotype distribution analysis was conducted using extreme phenotype RILs. This could narrow down the QTL down to 153 kb on the physical map and was designated as qPDH1-KS with 6 annotated gene models. All exons within qPDH1-KS were sequenced and the 6 polymorphic SNPs affecting the amino acid sequence were identified. To develop universally available molecular markers, 38 Korean soybean cultivars were investigated by the association study using the 6 identified SNPs. Only two SNPs were strongly associated with the pod shattering. These two identified SNPs will help to identify the pod shattering responsible gene and to develop pod shattering-resistant soybean plants using marker-assisted selection.     

Formation Mechanism and Occurrence Law of Pod Shattering in Soybean: A Review

Seed shattering refers to the phenomenon in which the pods split along the abdominal and back sutures before the crop is received, so that the seeds are spread. Seed shattering is vital to the reproduction of their offspring in wild plants, but it is also the main cause of crop yield loss reason. Pod-explosion resistance is a complex process of physical and physiological and biochemical reactions. Soybean seed shattering phenomenon is widespread, which severely restricts the development of soybean industry. Seed shattering (pod cracking or fruit dropping) is essential for the reproduction of its offspring in wild plants, but it is also the main cause of crop yield loss. This article analyzes the morphology and structure of pods related to seed shattering from the morphology of pods. On the basis of the regularity of the occurrence of seed shattering and the summary of phenotypic index identification methods, physiologically introduced the regulation mechanism of key enzymes and endogenous hormones on seed shattering. The localization, labeling and cloning of seed shattering genes are introduced in molecular biology. The study focused on reviewing the latest advances in the research on soybean seed shattering characteristics, and discussed with the research results of related crops. Finally, the research and application of soybean seed shattering resistance were prospected for several aspects.     

Characters of Pod Anatomy Associated with Resistance to Pod-Shattering in Soybean

Seven characteristics of pod anatomy were studied for theirassociation with resistance to pod-shattering in 16 soybean[Glycine max (L.) Merrill] varieties and strains. The thicknessand length of the bundle cap on the dorsal side of the pod andpod-wall thickness were found to be significantly negativelycorrelated with the degree of pod-shattering. Further statisticalanalyses confirmed that these three anatomical characters werealmost equally important and could potentially serve as criteriafor the selection of resistance to pod-shattering. The identifiedtraits/sites in the pod represent sclerenchymous structuresand may provide the structural basis of resistance to pod-shatteringin soybean.Copyright 1995, 1999 Academic Press Pod, anatomy, shattering, soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill     

Genomic dissection of pod shattering in common bean: mutations at non‐orthologous loci at the basis of convergent phenotypic evolution under domestication of leguminous species

The complete or partial loss of shattering ability occurred independently during the domestication of several crops. Therefore, the study of this trait can provide an understanding of the link between phenotypic and molecular convergent evolution. The genetic dissection of ‘pod shattering’ in Phaseolus vulgaris is achieved here using a population of introgression lines and next‐generation sequencing techniques. The ‘occurrence’ of the indehiscent phenotype (indehiscent versus dehiscent) depends on a major locus on chromosome 5. Furthermore, at least two additional genes are associated with the ‘level’ of shattering (number of shattering pods per plant: low versus high) and the ‘mode’ of shattering (non‐twisting versus twisting pods), with all of these loci contributing to the phenotype by epistatic interactions. Comparative mapping indicates that the major gene identified on common bean chromosome 5 corresponds to one of the four quantitative trait loci for pod shattering in Vigna unguiculata. None of the loci identified comprised genes that are homologs of the known shattering genes in Glycine max. Therefore, although convergent domestication can be determined by mutations at orthologous loci, this was only partially true for P. vulgaris and V. unguiculata, which are two phylogenetically closely related crop species, and this was not the case for the more distant P. vulgaris and G. max. Conversely, comparative mapping suggests that the convergent evolution of the indehiscent phenotype arose through mutations in different genes from the same underlying gene networks that are involved in secondary cell‐wall biosynthesis and lignin deposition patterning at the pod level.     

Fine mapping and development of DNA markers for the <Emphasis Type="Italic">qPDH1</Emphasis> locus associated with pod dehiscence in soybean

Pod dehiscence (shattering) is a major cause of yield loss in mechanical harvesting of soybeans. To develop useful selection markers, we conducted a high-resolution mapping of a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) controlling pod dehiscence, designated as qPDH1. The progeny of a residual heterozygous line, which was a recombinant inbred line segregating only for the genomic region around qPDH1, was screened for flanking markers to obtain various recombinants in the vicinity of the QTL. Analysis of the relationship between degree of pod dehiscence and graphical genotype of these lines confined the location of qPDH1 to a 134-kb region on chromosome 16 (formerly linkage group J), where ten putative genes were predicted to be present. None of these genes showed significant sequence homology with the Arabidopsis genes that have previously been reported to be associated with pod dehiscence, suggesting the presence of a novel gene and mechanism underlying pod dehiscence in soybean. Sequencing analysis of the parental shattering-resistant and -susceptible cultivars for the candidate genes revealed a high-frequency nucleotide polymorphism in this genomic region between the cultivars. Three markers were developed using insertion/deletion variations in the region. Polymorphism at these marker loci was basically conserved between diverse shattering-resistant and -susceptible cultivars/lines, suggesting the versatility and usefulness of these markers for marker-assisted selection.     

Functional Role of miRNAs: Key Players in Soybean Improvement

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) is an agro-economic crop growing across the world to cater nutrition for both human and animal feed due to the high oil and protein content in its edible seeds. The genes and QTLs associated with important agronomic traits in this crop have already been identified and validated for soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Phytophthora root and stem rot, Pythium root rot and aphid resistance, seed quality, nutrient values, and also employed for genetic improvement in soybean. In the last decade, micro RNAs (miRNAs) have been considered the effector molecules, so the detection and characterization of novel miRNAs in soybean have been taken up by several workers. The advancement in the strategy of sequencing and tools of bioinformatics during last decade has contributed to the discovery of many soybean miRNAs, thus miRNA can be used as a tool in molecular breeding studies, and this has opened new vistas for miRNA mediated genetic improvement of soybean to augment crop productivity as well as nutritional quality. This review addresses the current state of understanding of miRNAmediated stress responses, nutrient acquisition, plant development and crop production processes in soybean.     

LegumeDB1 bioinformatics resource: comparative genomic analysis and novel cross-genera marker identification in lupin and pasture legume species.

The identification of markers in legume pasture crops, which can be associated with traits such as protein and lipid production, disease resistance, and reduced pod shattering, is generally accepted as an important strategy for improving the agronomic performance of these crops. It has been demonstrated that many quantitative trait loci (QTLs) identified in one species can be found in other plant species. Detailed legume comparative genomic analyses can characterize the genome organization between model legume species (e.g., Medicago truncatula, Lotus japonicus) and economically important crops such as soybean (Glycine max), pea (Pisum sativum), chickpea (Cicer arietinum), and lupin (Lupinus angustifolius), thereby identifying candidate gene markers that can be used to track QTLs in lupin and pasture legume breeding. LegumeDB is a Web-based bioinformatics resource for legume researchers. LegumeDB analysis of Medicago truncatula expressed sequence tags (ESTs) has identified novel simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers (16 tested), some of which have been putatively linked to symbiosome membrane proteins in root nodules and cell-wall proteins important in plant-pathogen defence mechanisms. These novel markers by preliminary PCR assays have been detected in Medicago truncatula and detected in at least one other legume species, Lotus japonicus, Glycine max, Cicer arietinum, and (or) Lupinus angustifolius (15/16 tested). Ongoing research has validated some of these markers to map them in a range of legume species that can then be used to compile composite genetic and physical maps. In this paper, we outline the features and capabilities of LegumeDB as an interactive application that provides legume genetic and physical comparative maps, and the efficient feature identification and annotation of the vast tracks of model legume sequences for convenient data integration and visualization. LegumeDB has been used to identify potential novel cross-genera polymorphic legume markers that map to agronomic traits, supporting the accelerated identification of molecular genetic factors underpinning important agronomic attributes in lupin.     

A platform for soybean molecular breeding: the utilization of core collections for food security

Soybean is an important crop not only for human consumption but also for its addition of nitrogen to the soil during crop rotation. China has the largest collection of cultivated soybeans (Glycine max) and wild soybeans (Glycine soja) all over the world. The platform of soybean core, mini core and integrated applied core collections has been developed in the past decade based on systematic researches which included the sampling strategies, statistical methods, phenotypic data and SSR markers. Meanwhile, intergrated applied core collections including accessions with single or integrated favorite traits are being developed in order to meet the demand of soybean breeding. These kinds of core collections provide powerful materials for evaluation of germplasm, identification of trait-specific accessions, gene discovery, allele mining, genomic study, maker development, and molecular breeding. Some successful cases have proved the usefulness and efficiency of this platform. The platform is helpful for enhancing utilization of soybean genetic resources in sustainable crop improvement for food security. The efficient utilization of this platform in the future is relying on accurate phenotyping methods, abundant functional markers, high-throughput genotyping platforms, and effective breeding programs.     

油菜抗裂果性研究简述

本文简述了油菜易裂果性的危害、抗裂果性研究的意义及国内外研究现状和进展;也介绍了我国现有的主要抗裂果性油菜资源,并提出国内应开展油菜抗裂果性遗传机理研究和转基因研究的建议。