TRANSPLACENTAL EFFECT OF ETHINYL ESTRADIOL ON MOUSE VAGINAL EPITHELIUM *

The effect of prenatal administration of ethinyl estradiol (EE) on the vaginal epithelium of adult mice was examined histologically. The mice were the offspring of JCL/ICR strain mice given orally 0.02 mg/kg body weight/day or 0.01 mg/kg/day of EE dissolved in olive oil from day 11 to day 17 of gestation at a stage when the urogenital sinus has just appeared in the embryos. The control mice were offspring of those fed with the vehicle alone. Autopsies were performed at 10 to 14 weeks of age. Another group of mice exposed to 0.02 mg/kg/day of EE or vehicle alone in utero, were spayed at 16 weeks of age and killed at 32 weeks of age. In the experimental nonspayed mice, hyperplasia of the vaginal epithelium with intense cornification was seen. The epithelium was significantly thicker than in the controls and showed an EE dose-response relation. One of the 16 mice exposed to 0.01 mg/kg/day of EE in utero had cystic or gland-like structures in the stroma and mucus-secreting cells in the surface epithelium consisting of columnar cells. In some experimental spayed mice, vaginal hyperplasia with cornified epithelium and hypertrophy of the ovarian interstitial tissue without corpus luteum were seen. These results indicate that EE can cross fetal membranes and affect undifferentiated cells in the urogenital sinus and/or Müllerian epithelium.     

骤冷与饥饿对小鼠胃影响的实验研究

当机体受饥饿与寒冷等因素刺激后, 由于应激反应, 可导致物质代谢的变化, 并造成机体损害。为探讨饥饿及饥饿与骤冷对动物胃的影响,本实验用健康昆明种小鼠２５ 只,随机分成正常组５ 只,饥饿组１０只, 饥饿后再予冷刺激组１０ 只（下称骤冷组）。采用组织化学及酶组织化学方法观察糖原（ＰＡＳ反应）,ＳＤＨ（琥珀酸脱氢酶）, ＬＤＨ （乳酸脱氢酶）, ＣｈＥ （胆碱酯酶）, Ｍｇ２＋ －ＡＴＰａｓｅ （镁激活三磷酸腺苷酶）, ＭＡＯ（单胺氧化酶）。结果显示： １． 饥饿时胃粘膜层ＰＡＳ反应, ＳＤＨ、ＣｈＥ活性显著下降, 肌间神经丛ＭＡＯ活性增强。２． 饥饿后骤冷时胃粘膜层出血, 胃粘膜ＰＡＳ反应、ＳＤＨ 活性更显著下降, 而肌间神经丛的ＣｈＥ、ＭＡＯ 活性明显增强。     

急性肾功能衰竭对肝损害的实验研究

探讨急性肾功能衰竭 (以下简称为 ARF)时尿毒症毒素对肝的损害情况 ,为临床防治提供形态学依据。Wistar大白鼠 32只 ,随机分成正常对照组 ,14只 ;双输尿管结扎结扎组 ,18只。模型建成后 2 3- 37小时内将动物处死 ,取肝组织作NOS、 MAO、 SDH、 L DH、 Ch E、 ATPase、 ACP等项酶组织化学显色及超微结构观察。结果显示 :实验组 SDH、 Mg2 + -ATPase 的活性均由正常的强阳性 ( )下降为阳性 (+) ;MAO、 Ch E的活性均由正常的中等阳性 ( )下降为阳性(+) ;ACP、 L DH的活性均由阳性 (+)增强到中等阳性 ( ) ;NOS活性由正常的弱阳性 (± )增强为阳性 (+) ;肝细胞器结构受损。结果表明 :ARF的尿毒素的大量淤积通过影响肝脏酶的活性来干扰和抑制糖代谢、三羧酸循环、蛋白质合成及解毒等功能 ,并导致肝损害发生。 2用改良的 NADPH-黄递酶法可显示肝组织 NOS的存在 ,该法操作简便 ,经济 ,特别适用于同时需要留取活组织做其它检查者。当输尿管结扎时 ,NOS的确切作用有待于进一步探讨     

THE EFFECT OF MITOTIC INHIBITORS ON MYOGENESIS IN VITRO

The effect of colchicine and other antimitotic drugs was studied in cultures of 11-day chick embryo breast muscle. Exposure of such cultures to 10^-6 M colchicine results in fragmentation of the elongate myotubes into rounded, cytoplasmic sacs (myosacs) containing various numbers of nuclei. Comparison of the dose-response relation between myotube fragmentation and metaphase arrest suggests that the underlying mechanism may be similar in both cases. Low temperature does not duplicate the effects of colchicine. Glycerinated myotubes are not affected by the mitotic inhibitors. The effect of colchicine on myotubes is reversible. Myosacs elongate within several days after removal from colchicine. However, the regenerated myotubes fail to incorporate additional mononucleated cells. Colchicine does not interfere with the process of fusion itself, but the metaphase block prevents cells from entering that phase of the cell cycle during which fusion can occur. Cells arrested in mitosis by colchicine do not recover when incubated in normal medium. Colcemid-induced arrest is reversible and does not prevent subsequent fusion of the cells.     

THE FINE STRUCTURE OF THE GALL BLADDER EPITHELIUM OF THE MOUSE

Sections of mouse gall bladder epithelium fixed by perfusion with buffered osmium tetroxide have been studied in the electron microscope as an example of simple columnar epithelium. The free surface presents many microvilli, each presenting a dense tip, the capitulum, and displaying a radiating corona of delicate filaments, the antennulae microvillares. Very small pit-like depressions, representing caveolae intracellulares, are encountered along the cell membrane of the microvilli. The free cell surface between microvilli shows larger cave-like depressions, likewise representing caveolae intracellulares, containing a dense material. The lateral cell borders are extensively folded into pleats, which do not interdigitate extensively with corresponding folds of the adjacent cell membrane. The terminal bars are shown to consist of thickened densities of the cell membrane itself in the region of insertion of the lateral cell wall with the free cell surface. This thickening is associated with an accumulation of dense cytoplasmic material in the immediate vicinity. The terminal bar is thus largely a cytoplasmic and cell membrane structure, rather than being primarily intercellular in nature. The basal cell membrane is relatively straight except for a conical eminence near the center of the cell, projecting slightly into the underlying tunica propria. The basal cell membrane itself is overlain by a delicate limiting membrane, which does not follow the lateral contours of the cell. Unmyelinated intercellular nerve terminals with synaptic vesicles have been encountered between the lateral walls of epithelial cells. A division of the gall bladder epithelial cell into five zones according to Ferner has been found to be convenient for this study. The following cytoplasmic components have been noted, and their distribution and appearance described: dense absorption granules, mitochondria, Golgi or agranular membranes, endoplasmic reticulum or ergastoplasm, ring figures, and irregular dense bodies, perhaps lipoid in nature. The nucleus of these cells is also described.     

CIRCADIAN INFLUENCE ON THE WAVE FORM OF THE FREQUENCY OF LABELED MITOSES IN MOUSE CORNEAL EPITHELIUM

The FLM was studied in mouse corneal epithelium at two different phases of the mouse circadian system. The following results were obtained: (1) a circadian rhythm was found in the corneal mitotic index of both experimental groups, with the peak near 09.00 hours, the trough near 21.00 hours and a 10-fold difference in values between the peak and the trough; (2) when ³H-TdR was injected at 09.00 hours, the first wave of labelled mitoses rose earlier, attained a broader peak and fell later when compared to the first wave of labeled mitoses obtained when ³H-TdR was injected at 21.00 hours; and (3) in both experimental groups there was a suggestion of a second wave of labeled mitoses, especially in the group injected with ³H-TdR at 21.00 hours, where a flat second wave appeared in the region of 60–90 hr. Transit times derived from FLM curves obtained from such synchronous populations of cells are of questionable validity. Circadian rhythmicity and other causes of synchronization must be ruled out before accepting a single FLM curve as a valid indication of transit times.     

THE INFLUENCE OF INJECTED TRITIATED THYMIDINE ON THE MITOTIC CIRCADIAN RHYTHM IN THE EPITHELIUM OF THE HAMSTER CHEEK POUCH*

The initial effect of an injection of TdR-5-³H (1 μCi/g body weight; 6 Ci/mmol) in the cheek pouch epithelium of the Syrian hamster is an increase in the mitotic index. The increase is observed 1–5 hr after injection, depending upon the time of day when the injection is given, and is followed by compensatory variations in mitotic index. This deviation from the normal circadian rhythm in the mitotic index appears to depend on the fraction of G₂-cells at the time of injection. The main effect is a shortening of t_g2. No effect is observed after injection of non-radioactive TdR or isotonic saline. The results of the present experiment emphasize that unexpected results may be obtained when using mitotic indices from animals labelled with ³H-TdR, as well as the risks of using the PLM-method in a partially synchronized system.     

脂氧素A_4对大鼠急性肝衰竭的保护作用

目的观察脂氧素A4(LXA4)对大鼠急性肝衰竭的保护作用并初步探讨其机制。方法采用D-氨基半乳糖(D-GalN)+脂多糖(LPS)建立大鼠急性肝衰竭动物模型。30只大鼠随机分为四组:正常组、模型组、脂氧素组、四氢化吡咯二硫代氨基甲酸酯(PDTC)组。肝组织病理切片观察肝组织损伤情况;自动生化仪检测肝功能;ELISA法检测血清TNF-α及IL-6水平;免疫组化法检测肝组织核因子κB(NF-κB)表达。结果大鼠急性肝衰竭时,肝组织炎症坏死明显,肝脏转氨酶明显升高,血清IL-6及TNF-α水平显著升高,肝组织NF-κB表达明显增强;脂氧素组及PDTC组组织学改变均明显好转,肝脏转氨酶、细胞因子及NF-κB表达明显下降(与模型组比较,P0.01,);脂氧素组及PDTC组比较,上述指标之间P0.01。结论 LXA4对大鼠急性肝衰竭有明显的保护作用,这种保护作用部分是通过阻断肝组织NF-κB活化,减少促炎细胞因子的释放来实现的。     

双歧杆菌总DNA对小鼠IL—2,NK活性影响的研究

目的 从双歧杆菌、大肠杆菌提取ＤＮＡ,用ＤＮＡ免疫小鼠,观察免疫功能的变化,探讨双歧杆菌ＤＮＡ对小鼠免疫功能的影响,并作对比研究。方法 肌肉注射提取的双歧杆菌ＤＮＡ、大肠杆菌ＤＮＡ,颈椎处死后,检测脾细胞的免疫功能,同时提取ＩＥＬ细胞与ＤＮＡ共孵育,检测它对ＩＥＬ细胞的激活情况及细胞因子产生情况,以自然杀伤细胞（ＮＫ）活性,白细胞介素２（ＩＬ－２）产生能力为指标,测定小鼠上述各项指标变化。结果 双歧杆菌ＤＮＡ、大肠杆菌ＤＮＡ肌肉注射后,小鼠以上两项指标与相应对照组相比较均明显提高（Ｐ〈０．０５）。双歧杆菌ＤＮＡ提高小鼠ＮＫ活性与ＩＬ－２水平程度大于大肠杆菌ＤＮＡ的作用（Ｐ〈０．０１）。结论 双歧杆菌ＤＮＡ可快速激活ＮＫ活性,提高体内ＩＬ－２水平。其效能优于大肠杆菌ＤＮＡ。     

THE EFFECT OF TRANSPOSITION TO JEJUNUM ON EPITHELIAL CELL KINETICS IN AN ILEAL SEGMENT

Epithelial cell kinetics were studied in an ileal segment after transposition to proximal jejunum. The number of cells per villus column in the transposed ileum increased after 4-7 days to reach values normal for jejunum after 14-30 days. This increase was accompanied by a simultaneous increase in the number of cells per crypt column up to 130% of values in jejunum and ileum in situ. The percentage of labelled crypt cells, after labelling with ³H-thymidine, and the relative size of the proliferative cell compartment in the crypt in the transposed ileum did not differ from values in the ileum in situ at any time interval after surgery. The total proliferative activity per crypt, which was determined by scintillation counting of isolated crypts after ³H-thymidine labelling, increased two-fold from 7 days after surgery. Cell migration studies showed that the increase in the number of villus cells was probably not caused by a change in the life span of the epithelial cells. It seems that the increase in the number of villus cells in ileal epithelium after transposition to proximal jejunum is brought about by an enlargement of the crypt, while the relative size of the proliferative cell compartment in the crypt remains unchanged.     

A STUDY ON THE ESTRADIOL-INDUCED AUGMENTATION OF A SPECIFIC CELL PRODUCT IN THE VAGINAL EPITHELIUM OF THE NEONATAL MOUSE

The epithelial content of an estradiol-sensitive immunological marker (CVA) has been quantified by mixed haemagglutination on tissue sections from the vagina of neonatal mice exposed to different schedules of estradiol treatment.
Daily administration of estradiol-17β (5 μg/day) was especially efficient in elevating the CVA content when the hormone was administered during the first four days after birth.
Following a single injection of estradiol-17β (5 μg in aqueous suspension) on one of the first five days of life, the vaginal epithelium reacted with a more vigourous CVA accumulation when challenged with estradiol at a later time. The effect was most pronounced for days 2 and 3. The possibility that this early effect of estradiol may involve other mechanisms than those operative in the estradiol action at later stages, is discussed.     

THE EFFECT OF THYMIDINE ON THE DURATION OF G1 IN CHINESE HAMSTER CELLS

The generation time of a Chinese hamster cell line was varied by the use of different lots of sera in the culture media. Analysis of the division waves following thymidine synchronization showed that lengthening of the generation time was a result of an increase in duration of the G₁ phase and that thymidine treatment reduced the duration of G₁ back to its minimum value.     

蜂螫伤引起急性肾功能衰竭9例

本文报告蜂螫伤引起 ARF9例,多为黑蜂螫伤,部分病例合并多脏器损害。除1例非少尿型 ARF 保守治疗痊愈外,8例均经透析治疗。本组治愈率55.6%(5/9).死亡2例皆合并多脏器衰竭.本文还结合文献对蜂螫伤致急性肾功能衰竭机理进行探讨.     

ALTERATION OF CELLULAR PROLIFERATION IN THE ILEAL EPITHELIUM OF SUCKLING AND WEANED RATS: THE EFFECTS OF ISOPROTERENOL

The purpose of this study was to analyse cell proliferation in the ileum before and after neonatal closure to macromolecules and to determine the effects of the sympathomimetic amine, isoproterenol (IPR), on cell cycle parameters. 8- and 28-day-old rats were employed in this study representing the neonatal periods of pre- and post-closure ileum respectively. The duration of the cell cycle phases was determined by the percentage of labeled metaphases technique (PLM) with computerized analysis of the curves. The generation cycle time was longer in 8-day-old suckling rats (18.63 hr) as compared to the older weaned rats (11.85 hr), and most of this 6.78 hr difference was in the G₁-period (4.5 hr). Other proliferative indices were also lower in the suckling rats—mitotic index (1.9 ± 0.4% as compared to 6.7 ± 0.9%), labelling index (26.8 ± 2.5% versus 44.2 ± 2.6%) and migration rate measured as per cent labeled villus cells (8.9 ± 3.1% versus 45.2 ± 3.4%). IPR was found to inhibit cellular proliferation in the ileal epithelium of both age groups. The cell cycle of the ileal epithelium of 8-day-old rats was lengthened from 18.63 to 21.07 hr and 28-day-old rats from 11.85 to 13.98 hr. IPR produced a decrease in mitotic index from 1.9 ± 0.4% to 1.6 ± 0.4% in pre-closure ileum and from 6.7 ± 0.9% to 5.1 ± 0.6% in post-closure ileum. Labeling index decreased from 26.8 ± 2.5% to 20.0 ± 2.0% in 8-day-old rats and from 44.2 ± 2.6% to 31.1 ± 3.0% in 28-day-old rats after IPR administration. There were also significant differences in growth fraction between age groups and a significant decrease in growth fraction after IPR-treatment. From the results of this study it appears that β-adrenergic stimulation has an inhibitory effect on neonatal ileal epithelium.     

青春型双歧杆菌生态制品对小鼠肝癌抑制作用的初步研究

本文观察了青春型双歧杆菌(Bif.a)对小鼠肝癌移植瘤的抑制作用。结果发现,青春型双歧杆菌在瘤细胞移植前或移植后应用均显示了抑制肿瘤生长的作用。将青春型双歧杆菌注入肤腔可激活肤腔巨噬细胞,提高其吞噬功能和非特异性酯酶活性,而加入体外培养的小鼠肝癌细胞未显示有杀伤瘤细胞作用。认为青春型双歧杆菌的抑瘤作用可能是该菌刺激了宿主的免疫活性细胞杀伤了瘤细胞,而非直接杀伤作用。     

CENTRIOLE MORPHOGENESIS IN DEVELOPING CILIATED EPITHELIUM OF THE MOUSE OVIDUCT

The differentiating mouse oviduct has been used for the study of centriole morphogenesis because its epithelium is extensively ciliated and centriole formation occurs in a brief period after birth. Proliferative elements, consisting of an extensive fibrillar meshwork encrusted with 75 mµ granules, were encountered at all ages, but were the only centriole precursors present in younger animals (2–3 days). These large aggregates were found either physically associated with a mature centriole or alone, but never associated with procentrioles. It is likely, therefore, that although proliferative elements may be derived from preexisting centrioles, they do not directly produce new centrioles. An intermediate structure, the condensation form, found primarily in older animals (4–6 days), and produced by the packing of the proliferative element material, gives rise to daughter procentrioles. This association of procentriole and condensation form has been called a generative complex. Condensation forms undergo various stages of depletion, producing hollow spheres with thin walls or small osmiophilic aggregates as procentrioles grow in length and assemble their microtubules. From these observations it is concluded that synthesis of microtubular precursor protein is mediated by the mature centriole and that this protein is packaged into many condensation forms in order to allow the rapid assembly of a large number of centrioles in a brief period of time.     

破坏小鼠卵巢生殖上皮对卵子生成的影响

绪言哺乳类动物雌性生殖细胞的来源和它的演变情形,曾经有许多学者从各方面来进行研究,因为这个问题是一个需要解决的、而且是富有兴趣的生物学的基本问题。在这方面学者们的实验结果与见解都很不一致(Everett,1944),近来关于这个问题还有许多新的研究工作陆续登表,可综合成为三类: