云南鲤属(Cyprinus)鱼类的分类整理

关于鲤属鱼类的分类,过去已有两次比较系统的研究,但对亚属的划分、种下阶元的判定等仍有争议。原因是分类所循的外形性状变异较大,且多互相重叠。本文试从骨骼比较入手,寻找新的、较为稳定的分类依据。经比较分析,鲤属鱼类的第一脊椎横突、上颌骨、上筛骨、额骨、枕骨突、犁骨、下咽骨和下颌骨等存在明显差异,可作为划分亚属和种的鉴别特征。据此重新分类整理,认为Mesocyprinus亚属仍能成立,首次把产于洱海的厚唇鲤cyprinus crassilabris Chen et Hwang归入杞麓鲤Cyprinus carpio chilia Wu et al.的同物异名;Cyprinus pellegrini pellegrini Tchang,Cyprinus pellegrini barbatus Chen et Hwang,Cyprinns yunnanensis yunnanensis Tchang和Cyprinus yunnanensis daliensis Chen et Hwang在骨骼上有明显分化,由亚种提升为各自独立的种。整理后云南共有鲤属鱼类12个种和亚种,以骨骼特征做出检索表。     

A phenetic investigation of Vicia L.subgenus Vicia (Leguminosae, Vicieae)

Morphological data were gathered from 1539 herbarium specimens representing the taxa of Vicia subgenus Vicia. Specimens were scored for 43 vegetative, 84 inflorescence, 23 legume and 24 seed characters. The data were analysed using cluster analysis and ordination techniques. The results of the analysis were used to produce a classification of the subgenus. The proposed classification contains nine sections, nine series, 38 species, 14 subspecies and 22 varieties. The classification is discussed in relation to previous classifications.     

Enzyme polymorphism in Malayan rats of the Subgenus Rattus

Electrophoretic variation in nine red cell proteins was analysed in 256 specimens belonging to six species of Malayan Rattus (including one with two subspecies) of the subgenus Rattus. The average proportion of loci heterozygous per individual for the taxa analysed is 0.04. With the exception of Rattus rattus diardii, R. tiomanicus tiomanicus and R. t. jalorensis, individuals of the other species could be identified by specific electrophoretic phenotypes of one or more of the markers analysed. Relationships among the species studied were elucidated by the classical and phenetic approaches employing electrophoretic characters. The results obtained by the two approaches were similar in most respects and they corresponded better with results based on morphological characters than those based on cytological characters.     

Use of the biochemical analysis of muscle proteins to help the classification of polychromic individuals of the genus Symphodus.

Among Labrid fishes (Wrasses), polychromy is very frequent. Indeed, a few species of Symphodus show individuals with a peculiar colouration. On one hand, electrophoretic analysis of muscular proteins (myosin and parvalbumins) reveals no differences between the normal individuals and the coloured morphs of the three species. On the other hand, these analyses display disparities between fishes of the two subgenus (Crenilabrus and Symphodus). Biochemical characters seem to have evolved in the same way that morphological and behavioural ones: the subspecies based only on differences in colouration are not confirmed but the differences between subgenus are revealed.     

中国伪卷绵蚜属研究及新亚属新种新亚种记述

本文通过对中国伪卷绵蚜属的研究,发现1新亚属,即卵伪卷绵亚属Oothecabius;7新种,即北京伪卷绵蚜Thecabius(Thecabius)bei jingensis Zhang, sp. nov. ;吸杨伪卷绵蚜T. (T. )populisuctus Zhang, sp. nov. ;短毛伪卷绵蚜T.(Oothecabius)brach ychaetus Zhang, sp. nov. ;南京伪卷绵蚜T. (O. )nan jingensis Zhang, sp. nov, ;次生伪卷绵蚜T. (O. )sequelus Zhang, sp. nov. ;峨眉伪卷绵蚜T. (Parathecabius)emeianus Zhang, Sp. nov. ;钟伪卷绵蚜T. (P. )Zhongi Zhang, sp. nov. 。1新亚种,即东方伪卷绵蚜岷亚种T. (T. )orientalis minensis Zhang, ssp. nov. 。对该属与近缘属之间的系统演化关系进行了研究,并且给出亚属及种的检索表。模式标本存放在中国科学院动物研究所标本馆。     

A Study on the Genus Rhododendron L. Subsection Neriiflora Sleumer in China

The subsection Neriiflora Sleumer is one of the largest subsections of Rhododendron subgenus Hymenanthes, containing 27 species, 8 subspecies and 24 varieties. All the species are divided into four groups according to morphological characters, relationships among the species and their geographical distribution. The evolution and relationships of the group are discussed. The Group D is of highly specialized morphological characters. The subsection has its modern distribution center in the Hengduan Mountains in south-westernChina.     

中国森林田鼠族系统分类研究进展(啮齿目:仓鼠科:䶄亚科)

森林田鼠族（Myodini）是䶄亚科（Arvicolinae）的重要类群,广泛分布于整个全北区及东洋区部分区域,该族目前存在的分类学问题是缺乏化石标本、短时间的物种分化、有限分子样本和部分类群采样困难等综合因素影响的结果。近年中国森林田鼠族的系统分类研究成果主要有：（1）绒鼠属（Eothenomys）的采样和系统发育研究基本涵盖了全部类群,发现1新亚属和4新种,分别为川西绒鼠亚属（Ermites）和石棉绒鼠（Eothenomys shimianensis）、金阳绒鼠（E.jinyangensis）、美姑绒鼠（E.meiguensis）、螺髻山绒鼠（E.luojishanensis）,原来被普遍接受的黑腹绒鼠福建亚种（E.melanogaster colurnus）、中华绒鼠康定亚种（E.chinensis tarquinius）、西南绒鼠康定亚种（E.custos hintoni）被证实为3个独立有效种,滇绒鼠（E.eleusis）、丽江绒鼠（E.fidelis）的种级分类地位进一步得到确认;大绒鼠贡山亚种（E.miletus confinii）和黑腹绒鼠滇西亚种（E.melanogaster libonotus）实为克钦绒鼠（E.cachinus）的同物异名。（2）基于形态和分子系统发育的研究支持恢复东亚䶄属（Craseomys）的属级分类地位,同时解决了䶄属（Myodes）的非单系起源问题;研究进一步证实山西䶄（Craseomys shanseius）应为棕背䶄的山西亚种（Craseomys rufocanus shanseius）。（3）高山䶄属（Alticola）的平颅高山䶄亚属（Platycranius）分类地位受到分子系统发育研究结果质疑,该亚属的唯一物种平颅高山䶄（Alticola strelzowi）与高山䶄属指名亚属物种聚在同一枝;库蒙高山䶄（A.stracheyi）实为斯氏高山䶄（A.stoliczkanus）的同物异名。基于近年系统分类研究结果,目前中国森林田鼠族分布有5属共30种。     

A phylogeny for the Old World newts, genus Triturus: biochemical and behavioural data

A reconstruction is presented of the phylogenetic relationships withing Triturus . Two different data sets are used. Protein electrophoretic data were scored for 19 presumptive gene loci in nine species (Rafinski & Arntzen, 1987) and a set of 16 behaviour characters from the courtship of Triturus was scored for the same nine species. When these are analysed in concernt, a single, fully resolved and robust solution is found. Consequently, two subgenera are recognized: Triturus and Palaeotriton , the former including all te medium- and large-bodied species: T. alpestris, T. vittatus, T. marmoratus, T. cristatus and its three former subspecies ( T. carnifex, T. dobrogicus and T. Karelini ); the latter comprising the small-bodied species: T. bascai, T. italicus, T. helveticus, T. vulgaris and T. montandoni . Within the subgenus Triturus, T. alpestris and T. vittatus are sister taxa to the remaining members of the subgenus. Similarly, T. boscai and T. italicus are a monophyletic group, sister to T. vulgaris, T. helveticus and T. montandoni . Alternative solutions may be found on the basis of a quantitative analysis of the behavioural characters employed in this study. An alternative phylogenetic tree is included as an example.     

A STUDY ON CHINESE THECABIUS KOCH 1857, WITH DESCRIPTION OF NEW SUBGENUS,NEW SPECIES AND NEW SUBSPECIES (HOMOPTERA: PEMPHIGIDAE)1)

Abstract The present paper deals with the genus Thecabius Koch from China, including 3 subgenera, 9 species and 1 subspecies, among them 1 subgenus, 7 species and 1 subspecies are new to science. The key to the Chinese species of Thecabius is given. At the same time, we discuss the evolutionary relationship between Thecabius and other closely related genera. The specimens studied including the types are deposited in the Institute of. Zoology, Academia Sinica.     

A morphometric analysis of Prunus spinosa, P. domestica ssp. insititia, and their putative hybrids in Denmark

The taxonomy of Prunus subgenus Prunus is notoriously problematic and reliable discriminating characters for species and subspecies identification are missing. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed on different morphological data sets and useful diagnostic characters for Prunus spinosa and P. domestica ssp. insititia were found. Many traditionally used morphological characters were found unreliable. The hypothesis of widespread hybridization between Prunus spinosa and P. domestica ssp. insititia in Denmark were examined using PCA and HYWIN. It was found that hybrids between the two taxa are rare in Denmark.     

Revision of the Malagasy species of the genus Tricalysia (Rubiaceae)

The Malagasy representatives of the large African genus Tricalysia (tribe Coffeeae s.l.) are revised. Three Malagasy species were hitherto recognized in the genus, namely T. cryptocalyx , T. madagascariensis , and T. ovalifolia . In this study, two species, T. boiviniana and T. leucocarpa , are transferred from the genus Hypobathrum and seven new species and two new subspecies are described, raising the species number for Tricalysia to a total of 12. This marked increase in species number is a recurring pattern for many Malagasy genera in systematically poorly known families such as Rubiaceae. All the species are described in detail and illustrated, and a list of exsiccatae and a distribution map are provided. Furthermore, the characters of the Malagasy taxa are compared with those of the continental African species, and their infrageneric status is discussed. With the exception of T. ovalifolia , a member of subgenus Empogona , all Malagasy species belong to subgenus Tricalysia . Because of their unisexual flowers, these species cannot be accommodated within one of the four existing sections in subgenus Tricalysia . A new section, Androgyne , is therefore recognized.  © 2007 National Botanic Garden of Belgium. Journal compilation © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2007, 155 , 83–126.     

中国四川和宁夏巨须隐翅虫亚属的新种和新纪录(鞘翅目,隐翅虫科,巨须隐翅虫亚科)

报道中国四川和宁夏巨须隐翅虫属Oxyporus Fablicius,巨须隐翅虫亚属subgenus Oxyporus12个种.记述了 4新种,黄缘巨须隐翅虫Oxyporus aureomarginatus,北川巨须隐翅虫O.beichuanus,海螺沟巨须隐翅虫O.hailuogou和肩斑巨须隐翅虫O.humerosus.简述了1新亚种,扬氏高山巨须隐翅虫O.altus yangae的特征.首次记述了黑胸巨须隐翅虫O.nigricollis Zheng的雄性.提供了高山巨须隐翅虫Oxyporus altus Huang,Zhao et Li,仙台巨须隐翅虫O.germanus Sharp,黑腹蕈巨须隐翅虫O.humerocroceus Huang,Zhao et Li,溪巨须隐翅虫O.riparius Zheng,橘红巨须隐翅虫O.rufus(Linné),中华巨须隐翅虫O.sinicus Huang,Zhao et Li,和横沟巨须隐翅虫O.transversesrlcatus Bernhauer的新分布.所有研究标本都附有彩色整体外形图,新种和新的雄性配有特征图.     

Revision of Dennyus (Collodennyus) lice (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from swiftlets, with descriptions of new taxa and a comparison of host–parasite relationships

Lice of the subgenus Dennyus ( Collodennyus ) are host specific, permanent parasites of swiftlets (Aves: Apodidae). As a prelude to a test of the hypothesis that these lice have cospeciated with their hosts, we revise the taxonomy of the subgenus, redescribing the seven previously recognized species, and adding thirteen new species and three new subspecies. All twenty-three of these louse taxa are found on swiftlets (Apodiformes: Apodidae), with four from hosts of the genus Collocalia , eighteen from Aerodramus , and one from Hydrochous . Successful identification is associated in most cases with females; males are only tenuously separable. A complete host–parasite list for the subgenus Collodennyus is provided, as well as a key for the identification of these taxa. Limited morphological variation within the subgenus has prevented ready extraction of discrete characters for cladistic analysis. In the absence of such characters, a cluster analysis of female and male lice is presented. Comparison of a dendrogram for Dennyus ( Collodennyus ) with a molecular phylogeny for the swiftlet hosts suggests that the history of the swiftlet–louse association has been complex, including episodes of host switching and independent speciation by the lice.     

Systematics of the subgenus Oligocephalus (Teleostei: Percidae: Etheostoma) with complete subgeneric sampling of the genus Etheostoma

The genus Etheostoma is the most diverse clade of freshwater fishes in North America. While studies have been performed with complete sampling of a single subgenus, none have included representatives of all remaining subgenera. The subgenus Oligocephalus is the largest, consisting of 25-27 species in four species groups, and its monophyly has never been clearly demonstrated. The monophyly of this subgenus and its constituent groups was tested using parsimony and Bayesian analyses of ND2 (mtDNA) and the first intron of S7 (nDNA) with complete species sampling from Oligocephalus and complete subgeneric sampling from Etheostoma. Although the subgenus Oligocephalus was not recovered as a monophyletic group in any analyses, monophyletic E. whipplei, Southwestern Darter, and E. spectabile (in part) species groups were recovered in all analyses. All analyses agree that E. okaloosae and both subspecies of E. hopkinsi are not closely related to other members of the subgenus Oligocephalus. E. exile is, however, presenting the strongest evidence yet that recognition of the subgenus Boleichthys is unwarranted.     

Phylogenetic relationships among bumble bees (Bombus Latr.): a reappraisal of morphological evidence

Abstract. Cladistic analyses of morphological characters of adult bumble bees show significantly higher congruence among characters of the male genitalia than among other characters of males and females. Phylogenetic interpretations of groups supported by the combined morphological evidence (even with minimal assumptions) include (1) that the earliest diverging species belong to the para-phyletic subgenus Mendacibombus , together with Bombus nevadensis and B.confusus ; (2) that, in contrast, species of the subgenus Bombus (sensu stricto) share a relatively recent common ancestor with B.pressus and B.rufipes ; and (3) that Psithyrus (the social parasites) is a monophyletic group, and the sister-group of B.persicus. For genus-group nomenclature a single genus Bombus (sensu lato) is recommended, to include Psithyrus as another subgenus. Names for sections and for groups of subgenera are synonymized with subgeneric names.     

梾木属四照花亚属的系统和总览

不同作者对四照花亚属的性状估价不同,因而对其下分类群的分类很不一致。本文据其不同的过冬习性和芽结构与地理分布相关联,建立了两个组、两个系的新系统。并根据"形态地理"学的方法,认为"种"是一组居群,与另一种在形态上需有间断区别,"亚种"是种的组成成分,有一定分布区(若是同域则占居不同生境),形态上有区别,但在分布区交接处有中间类型存在,"变种"是种内限于较狭分布区域成分散分布的变异类形;将该亚属由原来19个种处理成4个种,12个亚种及3个变种。     

Cladistic analysis of the subgenus Anopheles (Anopheles) Meigen (Diptera: Culicidae) based on morphological characters

In the present study, we used morphological characters to estimate phylogenetic relationships among members of the subgenus Anopheles Meigen. Phylogenetic analyses were carried out for 36 species of Anopheles (Anopheles). An. (Stethomyia) kompi Edwards, An. (Lophopodomyia) gilesi (Peryassú), Bironella hollandi Taylor, An. (Nyssorhynchus) oswaldoi (Peryassú) and An. (Cellia) maculatus Theobald were employed as outgroups. One hundred one characters of the external morphology of the adult male, adult female, fourth-instar larva, and pupa were scored and analyzed under the parsimony criterion in PAUP. Phylogenetic relationships among the series and several species informal groups of Anopheles (Anopheles) were hypothesized. The results suggest that Anopheles (Anopheles) is monophyletic. Additionally, most species groups included in the analysis were demonstrated to be monophyletic.     

Notes on the ground beetle Pterostichus togyusanus (Coleoptera: Carabidae): Phylogenetic evidence for species status and new distribution record

A flightless carabid beetle, Pterostichus bellatrix (Tschitschérine, 1895), which is endemic to the Korean Peninsula, had been thought to comprise two subspecies: the nominotypical subspecies distributed in northern and central parts of the peninsula, and the subspecies P. bellatrix togyusanus Park and Kwon, 1996, distributed in the southern part of the peninsula. A recent study upgraded these two subspecies to species level, but no convincing evidence was provided for this taxonomic change. Our comparative morphology of external and male genital characters revealed that these two species are paraphyletic with respect to Pterostichus syleus Kirschenhofer, 1997, which was described from Liaoning Province, China. Thus, separate species status of P. bellatrix and P. togyusanus was confirmed phylogenetically. Although P. togyusanus has only been known from the type locality, Mt. Deogyusan, we newly record this species from Mt. Jirisan, a mountain located south of the known locality. A revised key to species of the Pterostichus opacipennis species group (= the subgenus Koreonialoe (s. str.) Park and Kwon, 1996), which now includes 14 species, is also provided.     

To the knowledge of the leaf beetle genus Cystocnemis (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae)

Four subspecies of Cystocnemis discoidea are distinguished; two subspecies are described as new to science based on investigation of intraspecific variation in different parts of the species range, and ssp. gebleri was resurrected from synonymy. The ways of speciation in highland-hollow landscapes are discussed. The alpine subspecies C. discoidea oreas ssp. n. has an altibiome disjunction with the nominotypical subspecies. Similarity of the alpine subspecies of C. discoidea to the species from the subgenus Entomomela was found to be the reason of permanent confusion of representatives of these taxa. The subgenus Entomomela is transferred from the genus Oreomela to the genus Cystocnemis. A key to species and subspecies of the genus Cystocnemis is given.     

Geographic variation in the long-nosed snake, Rhinocheilus lecontei (Colubridae): beyond the subspecies debate

Scalation, colour pattern, linear and geometric morphometrics were used to quantify geographical differentiation in the long-nosed snake, Rhinocheilus lecontei, and to test the hypothesis that all four subspecies are morphologically distinct. Also investigated were potential associations between morphological (scalation, colour pattern, linear measurements) and environmental variables (climate, vegetation, soil). Sexual dimorphism was weakest for geometric and strongest for linear morphometric variables. Morphological variables differed widely in their ability to differentiate subspecies. Linear morphometric variables achieved the most statistically significant pairwise Mahalanobis distances between subspecies, while geometric morphometrics largely failed to differentiate them. Colour pattern showed the strongest and linear morphometrics the weakest correlation with environment. Several characters varied continuously along latitudinal or longitudinal gradients, such that, in some cases, the clines for closely related traits were discordant. No one subspecies was consistently divergent in all analyses, leading to the conclusion that the three mainland subspecies are not sufficiently distinct to warrant separate subspecies status. The island subspecies, though not always statistically distinct, is geographically separate from other populations and differs in characters related to size. Given the small number of specimens available, a decision regarding its taxonomic status (i.e. elevation to species level) is best deferred until additional specimens can be examined and data on molecular variation can be analysed.  © 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2004, 83 , 65–85.