对一些二叠纪-三叠纪房室海绵属种的分类厘订

Ott(1967)归入Cryptocoelia zineli的材料在房室充填物类型方面与Cryptocoelia zitteli的模式标本完全不同,但又不能归入其它属,故建立新属 Vermicoeliao Senowbari-Daryan(1990)归入Cryptocelia siciliana的材料与该属的定义差别很大,应改归入Guangxispongia Wu。Senowbari-Daryan和Rigby(1988)归入Crystothalamia ramosaGlornocystospongia gracilis的材料与该属模式种的水沟系类型不同,应改归入Imbricatocoelia中。Rigby,Fan和Zhang(1989)归入其新种的Glomocystospongia gracilis的材料之一部分(图版19,图5)应改归入Waagen和Wentzel(1887)建立的Carterina之中,即为Carterina gracilis(Rigby,Fan et Zhang)。     

二叠纪-三叠纪礁相房室海绵演化与灭绝

就礁相房室海绵而言,早二叠世的物种数最少,中二叠世的分异度最高,晚二叠世的其次,中三叠世的较少,卡尼斯的增多,诺利期的更多。礁相房室海绵的演化反映出二叠纪－三叠纪有3次灭绝事件,分别发生在中二叠世末期、长兴期末期、卡尼期末期。这3次灭绝事件的规模各不相同：中二叠世末期的灭绝事件规模较小,它使83．8％的中二叠世礁相房室海绵种灭绝;长兴期末期的灭绝规模最大,它使100％的长兴期种灭绝;卡尼期末的灭绝事件规模也较大,它使97．7％的卡尼期种灭绝。     

房室海绵化石的微机研究:性状演化

利用微机对房室海绵进行了１）属的清理工作，２）标准化术语的建立与属的标准化术语描述，３）建数据库，４）性状的统计分析。并发现了房室海绵出水管类型、房室排列方式、房室充填物类型、孔和管、体型和房室形态方面的六大演化趋向。     

钙质海绵之古生态

古生代生物礁中钙质海绵(纤维海绵、房室海绵、硬海绵)的生态位在中三叠世以后被生态竞争能力更强的六射珊瑚所占据.在古生代和中三叠世的钙质海绵礁上,0-10m深度内钙质海绵很发育.由于与钙藻共生,典型的造礁钙质海绵生活在透光带以内,并且在其上部更丰富.钙质海绵礁也会生长到破浪带内并受风浪的破坏而形成倒骨岩和骨屑岩.对古生代的钙质海绵礁而言,倒骨岩和骨屑岩形成于0-3m水深范围内,亮晶骨架岩形成于3-10m深度范围内,灰泥骨架岩形成于10-20m的水深,障积岩形成于20-30m的水深,潜障积岩形成于30-40m的水深.钙质海绵的生长形态与水深的关系与六射珊瑚与水深的关系一样:细枝状的钙质海绵生长在最浅的水中(相当于礁生长带的上部),在稍深的水中(相当于礁生长带的中部和下部)各种形态的海绵都会出现,在更深的水中可以出现特别大的、锥状的海绵.     

江西玉山上奥陶统凯迪阶三衢山组的丛花海绵(Corymbospongia)*

串管海绵在中–晚奥陶世经历了的首次辐射演化事件, 在北美、新南威尔士、哈萨克斯坦、西伯利亚和中国西北等地的上奥陶统地层中皆有报道, 但研究程度较低。本文系华南奥陶系串管海绵首次系统古生物学的报道, 详细描述江西玉山上奥陶统凯迪阶三衢山组的Corymbospongia (丛花海绵属)化石, 并基于C. amplia Rigby, Karl, Blodgett & Baichtal, 2005和C. mica Rigby & Potter, 1986的标本展示该属化石外壁的微孔等特征性结构, 这2个种具有跨板块的生物地理分布。综合串管海绵产出层的碳酸盐岩微相以及伴生钙藻和珊瑚化石等群落分子的指相参照, 识别C. amplia和C. mica均具有明显的生态专属性: C. amplia为造礁生物, 在小型微生物岩中出现; C. mica则代表适应于更浅水生境的平地群落代表。本研究将为从底栖生物群落角度开展扬子区生物地层学及古地理重建提供进一步的依据。     

桂林上泥盆统的串管海绵

串管海绵的Amblysiphonella属在桂林地区融县组的发现,填补该属在晚泥盆世地质历程中的空白。在此之前,国内、外已出版地质文献中未记载该属在泥盆系发现的种。     

贵州寒武纪海绵动物化石组合特征

贵州寒武纪海绵化石丰富。分布广泛,主要产于早寒武世梅树村期的戈仲伍组或牛蹄塘组底部、筇竹寺期的牛蹄塘组和早、中寒武世凯里组。梅树村期的海绵属种单调,主要为六射海绵类麦粒海绵（Triticispongia sp．）及一些海绵骨针,代表寒武纪海绵首次爆发或辐射的前奏和先驱。牛蹄塘组海绵多达13个属,是寒武纪海绵辐射的重要窗口,以普通海绵略占优势,Leptomitus为优势属。凯里组的海绵共计7属,以普通海绵为主。贵州寒武纪海绵动物群的发展具有明显的阶段性和组成的差异性,其演变过程受到环境的制约。贵州早期海绵动物的发现和研究不仅改变了寒武纪生物多样性的认识,而且还为探讨海绵动物本身的起源、辐射提供了重要材料。     

中国南海曲针绣球海绵Iotrochoto sinustyla化学成分的研究

从中国南海曲针绣球海绵Iotrochoto sinustyla分离得到了11个有机化合物。经^1HNMR、^13CNMR、EIMS等波谱技术分析,结合文献对照,确定其结构分别为邻苯二甲酸正丁酯(1),3-酮4-烯豆甾烷(2),3,6-二酮-4-烯豆甾烷(3),胆固醇(4),3-酮-4-烯-6-羟基豆甾烷(5),鲨肝醇(6),3R,3′R-二羟基-β-胡萝卜素(7),胸酰嘧啶(8),胞嘧啶(9),胸苷(10),胞苷(11),本文是对该生物化学成分的首次报道。     

新疆塔里木柯坪地区上奥陶统凯迪阶串管海绵类化石及其滤食选择性探讨北大核心

奥陶纪是串管海绵早期演化的一个关键阶段,记录了该类群的首次大规模辐射演化事件(属级分类单元达15个)。然而,现有大部分奥陶系串管海绵的报道来自澳大利亚东部和北美等地,在中国至今仅发现了两个属,与前述地区相比研究程度偏低。早期研究主要基于形态学特征对串管海绵进行系统分类描述,对其滤食策略知之甚少,因此制约了对此类海绵在奥陶纪底栖生态系统作用的相关探讨。本文系新疆塔里木柯坪地区奥陶纪串管海绵的首次系统古生物学报道,详细描述凯迪阶(上奥陶统)印干组中保存完好的阔室丛花海绵(Corymbospongia amplia)化石的形态学特征,并通过研究标本外壁微孔孔径的大小分布,探讨其滤食选择性。海绵外壁微孔孔径的分析表明:小型和微型浮游生物可能是其食物的主要来源,而多细胞浮游动物因个体尺寸大于海绵外壁微孔,不能被阔室丛花海绵捕获。本研究为奥陶纪串管海绵古生态学及其地球生物学意义的探讨提供了进一步的依据。     

多孔动物的生物学

目前国内多孔动物教材内容颇感陈旧，难于反映现代面貌，本文将近年国外教材有关内容做概括介绍。     

海绵的分类、演化及其地质意义

本文简述了海绵动物的基本特征,比较了硅质海绵与钙质海绵在骨针及骨骼结构上的不同,认为骨针性质与硬体骨骼结构是海绵分类的主要依据。据此把海绵动物划分为普通海绵纲(Class Demospongea)、六射海绵纲(Class Hexactinellida)、钙质海绵纲(Class Calcispongiae)、异射海绵纲(Class Heteractinida)和硬骨海绵纲(Class Sclerospongiae),并进一步讨论了不同类别海绵在地史时期的分布及演化。提出海绵除可作为判别环境的标志外,还是重要的造礁生物。地史时期由海绵形成的成礁期有3次,它们与不同类型碳酸盐岩隆的生成及油气的聚集有密切关系。     

钙质海锦之古生态

古生代生物礁中钙质海绵（纤维海绵、房室海绵、硬海绵）的生态位在中三叠世以后被生态竞争能力更强的六射珊瑚所占据。在古生代和中三叠世的钙质海绵礁上,０－１０ｍ深度内钙质海绵很发育。由于与钙藻共生,典型的造礁钙质海绵生活在透光带以内,并且在其上部更丰富。钙质海绵礁也会生长到破浪带内并受风浪的破坏而形成倒骨岩和骨屑岩。对古生代的钙质海绵礁而言,倒骨岩和骨屑岩形成于０－３ｍ水深范围内,亮晶骨架岩形成于３－１     

介绍双子叶植物叶结构分类术语

本文系统地介绍了双子叶植物叶结构分类术语。这不仅有利于术语规范化,而且有利于国内外同行交流。     

早寒武世马哈螺类的骨骼化特征、分类和演化意义

马哈螺类（maikhanellids)是已知最古老的单板类,以往缺乏系统研究,并在分类上争议较大,文中以滇东早寒武世梅树村阶微小骨骼化石的丰富材料为依据,详细阐述该类群的形态特征和超微结构,探讨其亲缘关系和演化趋势,研究表明,马哈螺类由6个属组成,包括Maikhanella,Ramenta,Ramentoides gen.nov.,Mediata gen.nov.,Yunnanopleure和Purella。各属之间壳形变化较大,但裸露的壳顶和普遍发育的鳞片状或条状突起表明它们在明显的亲缘关系,并显示两个演化方向,即Maikhanella Ramentoides gen.nov.Ramenta和Maikhanella Mediata gen.nov.Yunanopleura-Purella。马哈螺类分布于梅树村期早,中期,Maikhanella是最原始的马哈螺,最先出现在梅树村阶小歪头山段,也是中谊村段下磷矿层唯一的马哈螺,而在该段上磷矿层马哈螺类发生了明显的属种分异,在大少段所有的马哈螺类突然消失,马哈螺类的壳体曾被描述为：骨针状的外骨骼”,“骨片状外骼”和“包裹在中间基质中的骨针”,但当前研究表明,以Maikhanella pristinis和Ramenta cambrina为代表的马哈螺类的内壳层具有早期单板类中较常见的水平交错纤状结构,指示了马哈螺类具有致密成层的壳壁,文中新建2亚科,2属和5种,即Maikhanellinae subfamily nov.,Purellinae subfamily nov.,Maikhanella Perelegans sp.nov.,Ramenta superata sp.nov.,Ramentoides latispinus gen.et sp.nov.,Mediata kunyangensis gen.et sp.nov.,Yunnanopleura longidens sp.nov。     

Seasonal modifications and morphogenesis of the hypercalcified sponge Petrobiona massiliana (Calcarea,Calcaronea)

The periodicity of sexual elements and soft tissue modifications during the life cycle of the hypercalcified sponge Petrobiona massiliana was investigated monthly from June 2006 to November 2007. Sexual reproduction, likely regulated by seawater temperatures, occurred during more than half of the year (from early April to late October); 70% of the samples appeared reproductively active. Specimens of P. massiliana displayed a high plasticity of tissue organization, allowing modulation and rearrangement of their aquiferous systems in response to life cycle phases and environmental changes. Permanent changes were observed in the basal region of the choanosome in non‐reproductive specimens, such as disorganization/restructuring events leading to remodeling of the aquiferous system. Periodic modifications occurring during sexual reproduction included the transformation of choanocytes from a typical form to hourglass and vespiform shapes, and more global disorganization of the basal region of the choanosome during provisioning of oocytes and embryos, followed by restructuring after release of the larvae. Finally, episodic disorganization/reorganization phenomena occurred in a few specimens after unfavorable environmental conditions (e.g., decreasing seawater temperatures). Histological and ultrastructural observations of storage cells, located in peculiar trabecular tracts, suggest a transdifferentiation capacity that allows such soft tissue dynamics.     

REVISED CLASSIFICATION OF THE GENUS PACHYMENIA BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERS

Taxonomic discrimination in the genus Pachymenia (Rhodophyta) in New Zealand is based primarily on phenotypic characters of the thallus. The taxonomic problems raised by this classification method are due to highly variable thallus characters such as blade thickness, blade width, degree of thallus branching, and variation in anatomical characters. Delineation of species is further complicated by a lack of adequate knowledge about the responses of phenotype to environmental variation. There are currently three species recognized in this genus that are endemic to New Zealand: a prostrate species P. crassa , and two erect species, P. laciniata and P. lusoria. In this study, two approaches are used to investigate the current delineation of these species. Morphological and anatomical characters of field collected material and herbarium specimens from throughout the species' distributional ranges were quantified. Multivariate analyses were used to identify discrete phenotypic groups. Species relationships were further analyzed by quantifying the variation found within the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. The results obtained from both approaches will be discussed with regards to possible re-classification of species relationships within this genus. We suggest that the two erect species should be merged, and the currently recognized P. lusoria should be separated into at least two taxonomic groups.     

A crown‐group demosponge from the early Cambrian Sirius Passet Biota,North Greenland

Calibration of the divergence times of sponge lineages and understanding of their phylogenetic history are hampered by the difficulty in recognizing crown versus stem groups in the fossil record. A new specimen from the lower Cambrian (Series 2, Stage 3; approximately 515 Ma) Sirius Passet Biota of North Greenland has yielded a diagnostic spicule assemblage of the extant demosponge lineages Haploscleromorpha and/or Heteroscleromorpha. The specimen has disarticulated approximately in situ, but represents an individual sponge that possessed monaxon spicules combined with a range of slightly smaller sigma, toxa and unique spiral morphologies. The combination of spicule forms, together with their relatively large size, suggests that the sponge represents the stem lineage of Haploscleromorpha + Heteroscleromorpha. This is the first crown‐group demosponge described from the early Cambrian and provides the most reliable calibration point currently available for phylogenetic studies.