植物源活性物质对昆虫生殖的干扰作用

昆虫的繁盛与其强大的生殖能力密切相关,而环境友好的植物源活性物质是可持续的害虫防治方法之一,能够通过多种作用机制影响昆虫的生殖发育。本文从昆虫生殖行为、生长发育、生殖细胞或器官、生殖地位与性比、共生微生物等方面,综述了植物源活性物质对昆虫生殖干扰机理的研究进展及相关的应用情况,以期为昆虫生殖发育干扰的进一步研究与害虫综合防控技术的研发提供参考。     

In vitro assessment of reproductive toxicity of tobacco smoke and its constituents

Epidemiological studies have repeatedly shown that reproductive processes in pregnant women are adversely affected by exposure to cigarette smoke. The potential reproductive targets of smoke during pregnancy include the ovaries, oviducts, uterus, placenta, umbilical cord, and embryo/fetus. In vitro methods for studying the effects of smoke and its individual components have been developed and applied to each of these reproductive targets. In vitro assays have been useful in determining the biological processes that are affected in the reproductive organs and in identifying the cellular and molecular targets of smoke in each organ. In vitro methods have also been used to study the mechanism of action of smoke constituents, such as nicotine, on specific processes in reproductive organs and to screen smoke solutions to identify the molecules that affect reproduction. In general, data collected in vitro have confirmed, extended, and helped explain what has been learned from epidemiological studies. This review summarizes some of the in vitro assays that have been used to study cigarette smoke's effect on the nonpregnant and pregnant female reproductive tract and spotlights examples of their applications.     

Roles of microRNAs in mammalian reproduction: from the commitment of germ cells to peri‐implantation embryos

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are active regulators of numerous biological and physiological processes including most of the events of mammalian reproduction. Understanding the biological functions of miRNAs in the context of mammalian reproduction will allow a better and comparative understanding of fertility and sterility in male and female mammals. Herein, we summarize recent progress in miRNA‐mediated regulation of mammalian reproduction and highlight the significance of miRNAs in different aspects of mammalian reproduction including the biogenesis of germ cells, the functionality of reproductive organs, and the development of early embryos. Furthermore, we focus on the gene expression regulatory feedback loops involving hormones and miRNA expression to increase our understanding of germ cell commitment and the functioning of reproductive organs. Finally, we discuss the influence of miRNAs on male and female reproductive failure, and provide perspectives for future studies on this topic.     

一氧化氮与雄性生殖系统

一氧化氮是近年来发现的一种重要的生物信号分子和效应分子 ,在生物体内 ,L 精氨酸在一氧化氮合酶的作用下生成一氧化氮后 ,以自分泌或旁分泌形式作用于自身或邻近的细胞 ,发挥信号传导和细胞毒性等多种生理功能。近年来的研究表明 ,一氧化氮对雄性生殖系统上至下丘脑 ,下到性腺、附性器官都具有十分重要的生理调节作用。     

Proteome mapping of the Drosophila melanogaster male reproductive system

The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is an excellent model organism for studying insect reproductive biology. Although the gene expression profiles of both male and female reproductive organs have been studied in detail, their proteomic profiles and functional characteristics largely remained to be clarified. In this study, we conducted proteome mapping of the male internal reproductive organs using 2‐DE. We identified a total of 440 protein components from gels of the male reproductive organs (testis, seminal vesicle, accessory gland, ejaculatory duct, and ejaculatory bulb). A number of proteins associated with odorant/pheromone‐binding, lipid metabolism, proteolysis, and antioxidation were expressed tissue specifically in the male reproductive system. Based on our proteomic data set, we constructed reference proteome maps of the reproductive organs, which will provide valuable information toward a comprehensive understanding of Drosophila reproduction.     

小鼠基础代谢率与繁殖输出和繁殖期末器官的关系

以封闭式流体压力呼吸计测定KM小鼠(Mus musculus)的基础代谢率(BMR);采用残差分析和Pearson相关分析检验BMR与繁殖输出、内脏器官的相关性。哺乳末期BMR显著高于繁殖前,繁殖前BMR与繁殖输出不相关,但哺乳末期BMR与体重、摄食量、胎仔数和胎仔重、内脏器官和消化道显著正相关;与消化道器官的相关性高于其他内脏器官。研究结果支持"哺乳期较高的BMR有利于消化系统增强消化和吸收能力,以增加能量摄入用于繁殖输出"的假设。     

Role of growth hormone and prolactin in the control of reproduction: what are we learning from transgenic and knock-out animals?

Growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I), and prolactin (PRL) can influence various aspects of reproductive functions in both females and males. However, the physiological role of PRL and the GH-IGF-I axis in the control of reproduction has been difficult to define, and the recent availability of knock-out (KO) animals allows re-examination of this issue. PRL-receptor (R)-KO and PRL-KO females are sterile because of luteal failure. In addition, these mice have severe deficits in the development of oocytes and early embryos. However, male fertility is not affected in the PRL-KO and in most of the PRL-R-KO animals. IGF-KO animals have an infantile reproductive system and are sterile. GH-R-KO mice can reproduce, but their breeding performance is reduced, particularly in females. These data indicate that IGF-I signaling is required for normal reproductive development and confirm the requirement for PRL for fertility in the female mouse. GH resistance leads to quantitative deficits in reproductive development and functions, but does not preclude fertility in either sex. We suspect that PRL and the GH-IGF-I axis provide partially overlapping (redundant) regulatory inputs to the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, and consequently, targeted disruption of either signaling pathway has relatively mild consequences on many functions related to reproduction. Overexpression of heterologous or homologous GH in transgenic animals can lead to severe reproductive deficits, including female sterility in some of the lines. Studies in GH transgenics should allow the identification of mechanisms that mediate the effects of chronic overexposure to GH on reproduction.     

雌激素受体在垂体中的作用

垂体和性腺是生殖轴重要组成部分,两者之间的协同与制衡是动物维持正常生长发育的保证。性腺产生的雌激素可以反馈调控垂体神经内分泌活动。近年来,随着基因芯片和差异表达谱分析技术的发展,垂体内雌激素受体介导的基因调控网络不断取得进展,垂体生殖生理功能备受关注。通过综述雌激素及其受体在促性腺激素、催乳素、生长激素合成分泌中的调控作用,以及雌激素对垂体生长发育的影响,探讨雌激素受体通过垂体影响生殖过程,希望能为进一步研究雌激素及其受体的生殖生理作用开拓思路。     

Distribution of APGWamide-immunoreactivity in the brain and reproductive organs of adult Pygmy squid, Idiosepius pygmaeus

The neuropeptide APGWamide is involved in the control of the reproductive behavior in molluscs. Using immunocytochemistry, we investigated the distribution of APGWa-immunoreactive neurons in the brain and reproductive organs of adult male and female specimen of Idiosepius pygmaeus. The study showed that the APGWamide-immunoreactive neurons and fibers are localized in the dorsal basal and vertical lobes of the supraesophageal mass, the palliovisceral lobe of the posterior subesophageal mass and olfactory lobe of the optic tract in male brains, with the highest number of APGWamide-immunoreactive neurons in the palliovisceral and olfactory lobes. In females, only the palliovisceral and olfactory lobes contained APGWa-immunoreactive neurons. The number of APGWamide-immunoreactive neurons in male I. pygmaeus brain is significantly higher than in females. Furthermore, APGWamide-immunoreactive fibers are localized exclusively in male reproductive organs and mantle muscles. Together these data suggest a role for APGW-amide in the control of male reproduction.     

中国淡水三角涡虫染色体变化与生殖的关系

利用空气干燥法对淡水三角涡虫的染色体进行研究。结果表明：三角涡虫的染色体数目为n=8,2n=16,2n=24,为二倍体2n=2x=16、三倍体2n=3x=24和混合倍体2n=2x=16,2n=3x=24,有时也可见到非整倍体。以有性生殖为主的类群．有性生殖期间有性个体大量存在,生殖器官比较发达．染色体为二倍体;以无性生殖为主的类群,很少出现有性个体,染色体为三倍体;既有有性生殖又有无性生殖的类群,有性生殖期间,生殖器官发育稍差,染色体主要为混合倍体．有时出现二倍体或三倍体。本文对影响三角涡虫性成熟的因素也进行了讨论。     

Estrogen regulation of testicular function

Evidence supporting a role for estrogen in male reproductive tract development and function has been collected from rodents and humans. These studies fall into three categories: i) localization of aromatase and the target protein for estrogen (ER-alpha and ER-beta) in tissues of the reproductive tract; ii) analysis of testicular phenotypes in transgenic mice deficient in aromatase, ER-alpha and/or ER-beta gene; and, iii) investigation of the effects of environmental chemicals on male reproduction. Estrogen is thought to have a regulatory role in the testis because estrogen biosynthesis occurs in testicular cells and the absence of ERs caused adverse effects on spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis. Moreover, several chemicals that are present in the environment, designated xenoestrogens because they have the ability to bind and activate ERs, are known to affect testicular gene expression. However, studies of estrogen action are confounded by a number of factors, including the inability to dissociate estrogen-induced activity in the hypothalamus and pituitary from action occurring directly in the testis and expression of more than one ER subtype in estrogen-sensitive tissues. Use of tissue-specific knockout animals and administration of antiestrogens and/or aromatase inhibitors in vivo may generate additional data to advance our understanding of estrogen and estrogen receptor biology in the developing and mature testis.     

桃儿七不同器官中营养成分分布状况及其生态学意义

植物生殖生态学是植物学领域中刚刚兴起并迅速发展的学科 ,近年来生活史进化理论的研究 ,使繁殖分配 (ｒｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｅａｌｌｏｃａｔｉｏｎ (ＲＡ ) )与繁殖投资(ｒｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｅｅｆｆｏｒｔ (ＲＥ) )研究成为植物生态学研究的主要焦点[7] 。目前在植物繁殖分配与繁殖投资研究中 ,通常用生物量作为衡量指标 ,这种方法遇到两个疑难问题 :一是各种成分在植物器官中的含量及比例各不相同 ,而且各种成分在植物生长发育过程中所起的生理功能也是不等价的 ,因此 ,在重量相同时 ,各器官的综合营养价值及生理功能是不等价的 ,生…     

植物离体器官发生控制机理研究进展

植物离体器官发生不仅是获得大量无性繁殖植物和进行基因转化的重要途径, 而且亦是研究植物发育问题的主要实验系统之一。迄今为止, 包括营养器官和生殖器官在内的几乎所有的器官都可以在离体条件下得到再生, 为深入研究植物离体器官发生的分子机理奠定了基础。本文着重介绍了营养器官发生过程基因表达的调节及重要功能基因的作用, 并对器官特征决定基因在生殖器官发生过程中的作用进行了分析, 提出了揭示离体器官发生分子机理的主要途径。     

PIP1 and PIP2 aquaporins are differentially expressed during tobacco anther and stigma development

Several processes during sexual reproduction in higher plants involve the movement of water between cells or tissues, such as occurs during dehiscence of the anther and hydration of the pollen grain after it is deposited on a stigma. To get more insight in these processes, a set of putative aquaporins was cloned and it was found that at least 15 are expressed in reproductive organs, which indicates that the control of water flow is important for reproduction. Functional studies in Xenopus laevis oocytes using two of the cDNAs showed that NtPIP2;1 is an efficient aquaporin, whereas NtPIP1;1 is not. Expression studies on RNA and protein levels showed that PIP1 and PIP2 genes are differently expressed in reproductive organs: PIP1 RNA accumulates in the stigma, and PIP1 and PIP2 RNA can be detected in most tissues of the anther.     

植物离体器官发生控制机理研究进展

植物离体器官发生不仅是获得大量无性繁殖植物和进行基因转化的重要途径,而且亦是研究植物发育问题的主要实验系统之一。迄今为止,包括营养器官和生殖器官在内的几乎所有的器官都可以在离体条件下得到再生,为深入研究植物离体器官发生的分子机理奠定了基础。本文着重介绍了营养器官发生过程基因表达的调节及重要功能基因的作用,并对器官特征决定基因在生殖器官发生过程中的作用进行了分析,提出了揭示离体器官发生分子机理的主要途径。     

Cysteine-rich peptides (CRPs) mediate diverse aspects of cell-cell communication in plant reproduction and development

Cell-cell communication in plants is essential for the correct co-ordination of reproduction, growth, and development. Studies to dissect this mode of communication have previously focussed primarily on the action of plant hormones as mediators of intercellular signalling. In animals, peptide signalling is a well-documented intercellular communication system, however, relatively little is known about this system in plants. In recent years, numerous reports have emerged about small, secreted peptides controlling different aspects of plant reproduction. Interestingly, most of these peptides are cysteine-rich, and there is convincing evidence suggesting multiple roles for related cysteine-rich peptides (CRPs) as signalling factors in developmental patterning as well as during plant pathogen responses and symbiosis. In this review, we discuss how CRPs are emerging as key signalling factors in regulating multiple aspects of vegetative growth and reproductive development in plants.     

瘦蛋白对繁殖性能的影响

肥胖基因的产物－瘦蛋白可通过下丘脑或直接作用于卵巢,对动物的青春期发育、生殖器的发育以及性激素的分泌都有重要的调节作用。本拟对瘦蛋白的作用机制及其对繁殖功能的影响作一综述。     

R-Models: A mathematical framework for capturing notions of abstraction and assistance in reproductive systems

R-Models are an approach to capturing notions of assistance and abstraction in reproductive systems, based on labelled transition systems and Gibson's theory of affordances. R-Models incorporate a labelled transition system that describes how a reproductive system changes over the course of reproduction. The actors in the system are represented by a set of entities together with a relation describing the states in which those entities are present, and an affordance-modelling function mapping actions to sets of entities which enable those actions to be performed. We show how R-models can be classified based on whether the reproducer is assisted or unassisted in reproduction, and whether or not the reproducer is active during reproduction. We prove that all assisted and unassisted R-models have a related R-model which has the opposite classification. We discuss the relevance to the field of artificial life, give a potential application to the fields of computer virology, and demonstrate reproduction modelling and classification in action using examples.     

Proteomic Analysis of the Reproductive Organs of the Hermaphroditic Gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis Exposed to Different Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals

Many studies have reported perturbations of mollusc reproduction following exposure to low concentrations (ng/L range) of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). However, the mechanisms of action of these molecules on molluscs are still poorly understood. Investigation of the modifications of protein expression in organisms exposed to chemicals using proteomic methods can provide a broader and more comprehensive understanding of adverse impacts of pollution on organisms than conventional biochemical biomarkers (e.g., heat-shock proteins, metallothioneins, GST, EROD). In this study we have investigated the impacts of four chemicals, which exhibit different endocrine disrupting properties in vertebrates, on the proteome of the hermaphroditic freshwater pulmonate gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis after 21 days of exposure. Testosterone, tributyltin, chlordecone and cyproterone acetate were chosen as tested compounds as they can induce adverse effects on the reproduction of this snail. The 2D-DIGE method was used to identify proteins whose expression was affected by these compounds. In addition to modifying the expression of proteins involved in the structure and function of the cytoskeleton, chemicals had impacts on the expression of proteins involved in the reproduction of L. stagnalis. Exposure to 19.2 µg/L of chlordecone increased the abundance of ovipostatin, a peptide transmitted during mating through seminal fluid, which reduces oviposition in this species. The expression of yolk ferritin, the vitellogenin equivalent in L. stagnalis, was reduced after exposure to 94.2 ng Sn/L of tributyltin. The identification of yolk ferritin and the modification of its expression in snails exposed to chemicals were refined using western blot analysis. Our results showed that the tested compounds influenced the abundance of yolk ferritin in the reproductive organs. Alteration in proteins involved in reproductive pathways (e.g., ovipostatin and yolk ferritin) could constitute relevant evidence of interaction of EDCs with reproductive pathways that are under the control of the endocrine system of L. stagnalis.