海藻糖产生菌的筛选及其发酵条件研究

通过液体发酵筛选,从土壤中分离的241株菌株及保藏的95株菌株中得到15株海藻糖生产菌,对这些菌株进一步筛选得到产海藻糖最多的一株菌Bacillus sp。其发酵最适合条件为：以麦芽糖为碳源,发酵初始pH值7.0,接种量为6%,30℃条件下培养48h,另外该菌株在分别以葡萄糖和蔗糖为碳源的培养基中都能产生海藻糖。     

一株海藻糖合成酶产生菌的鉴定及产酶条件优化

目的对一株海洋来源的产海藻糖合成酶菌株进行鉴定及产酶条件的初步优化。方法通过16SrDNA基因序列的同源性分析,对一株来源于东海海水的海藻糖合成酶产生菌进行鉴定,并通过单因素分析初步研究其培养特性和最佳的发酵条件。结果该菌16SrDNA序列与GenBank中已知序列相比,最高相似度为100％,鉴定为假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）,命名为Pseudomonassp．A50。其最佳碳源和氮源分别为2％麦芽糖和0．5％酵母膏,最佳NaCl浓度为2．5％,在初始pH7．8,接种量1％,装液量125mL／250mL,28℃,130r／min发酵48h,海藻糖合成酶活力达到最高。结论此产海藻糖合成酶菌株为假单胞菌属,优化后,海藻糖合成酶活力达到14．16U／mL。     

胶样菌CB39产海藻糖的研究

从长白山天池水中筛选到一株低温条件下产糖的细菌。通过薄层层析、成脎反应、毛细管等速电泳以及红外光谱法确定该糖为海藻糖;经鉴定此菌株是胶样菌属中的一个新种(ColloidesSp.)定名为CB39;与已报道的产海藻糖菌株不同的是,菌株CB39能将产生的海藻糖分泌到细胞外,18℃时其培养液中海藻糖含量为2562mg/g干菌体;采用紫外诱变法筛选到一株在25℃条件下产海藻糖量为4167mg/g干菌体的高产突变株5,产糖量是同温度下野生菌的8倍。     

绿僵菌产海藻糖水解酶培养条件研究

丝状真菌绿僵菌能产生一系列二糖水解酶,其中包括海藻糖水解酶。这些酶在绿僵菌对昆虫的致病过程中起着重要的作用。本文研究了不同碳源、氮源对金龟子绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum菌株CQMa102产生与分解昆虫血淋巴中海藻糖等二糖相关的海藻糖水解酶活性的影响。结果表明:分别以葡萄糖、麦芽糖、蔗糖、山梨醇和可溶性淀粉为碳源,金龟子绿僵菌均可产生海藻糖水解酶,但最佳碳源是可溶性淀粉,因为由其诱导产生的海藻糖水解酶具有最高的总活性和比活性以及更多的同工酶,山梨醇次之。硝态氮(NaNO₃)作为唯一氮源时,几乎检测不出海藻糖水解酶活性,而铵态氮((NH₄)₂SO₄)或NaNO₃和有机氮(蛋白胨和酵母浸膏)混合氮源作氮源时,海藻糖水解酶活性都很高。在绿僵菌菌丝提取液和滤液的海藻糖水解酶活性比较中发现:CQMa102在多数碳源的培养基中产生的海藻糖水解酶主要分泌到培养基中,仅有少数结合在细胞壁上。     

一株产海藻糖合成酶极地细菌的鉴定

从来源于极地的微生物中筛选得到一株产海藻糖合成酶的耐冷细菌S1,通过形态特征、培养特征、生理生化特征及16S rRNA基因序列分析,初步鉴定该菌为恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida)。     

■爱德华氏菌变异株C9605及对鳖的致病性研究

从患白板综合症的病鳖分离到一株细菌（C9605）,该菌为革兰氏阴性,直杆状,周生鞭毛。接触酶阳性,氧化酶阴性,还原硝酸盐,对多粘菌素不敏感,不利用柠檬酸盐和丙二酸盐作唯一碳源,不从甘露醇、蔗糖、海藻糖、L-阿拉伯糖产酸。根据这些特性,菌株可归于爱德华氏菌。但是该菌发酵木糖产酸,产生H2S,耐青霉素,故鉴定为爱德华氏菌变异株（Edwardsiellaictalurivariationstrain）。人工感染实验证实,该菌株是鳖白板综合症的病原菌。     

Hui爱德华氏菌变异株C9605及对弊的致病性研究

从患白板综合症的病鳖分离到一株细菌（Ｃ９６０５）,该菌为革兰氏阴性,直杆状,周生鞭毛。接触酶阳性,氧化酶阴性,还原硝酸盐,对多粘菌素不敏感,不利用柠檬酸盐和丙二酸盐作唯一碳源,不从甘露醇、蔗糖、海藻糖、Ｌ－阿拉伯糖产酸。根据这些特性,菌株可归于Ｈｕｉ爱德华氏菌。但是该菌发酵木糖产酸,产生Ｈ２Ｓ,耐青霉素,故鉴定为Ｈｕｉ爱德华氏菌变异株。人工感染实验证实,该菌株是鳖白板综合症的病原菌。     

爱德华氏菌变异株C9605及对鳖的致病性研究

从患白板综合症的病鳖分离到一株细菌（C9605）,该菌为革兰氏阴性,直杆状,周生鞭毛。接触酶阳性,氧化酶阴性,还原硝酸盐,对多粘菌素不敏感,不利用柠檬酸盐和丙二酸盐作唯一碳源,不从甘露醇、蔗糖、海藻糖、L-阿拉伯糖产酸。根据这些特性,菌株可归于爱德华氏菌。但是该菌发酵木糖产酸,产生H₂S,耐青霉素,故鉴定为爱德华氏菌变异株（Edwardsiellaictalurivariationstrain）。人工感染实验证实,该菌株是鳖白板综合症的病原菌。     

酵母海藻糖酶缺失突变株的构建及其耐性

[目的]构建酵母海藻糖酶缺失突变株,并进行耐性分析,进一步研究海藻糖与酵母耐性之间的关系,为商业生产打下一定的基础.[方法]利用同源重组的方法,敲除了编码酸性海藻糖酶的ATH1基因和中性海藻糖酶的NTH1基因,构建了酸性海藻糖酶缺失突变株(△ath1)、中性海藻糖酶缺失突变株(△nth1)和双缺失突变株(△ath1△nth1),并进行了耐性分析.[结果]结合PCR和Southernblot的结果,验证了突变株构建的正确.所有突变株的海藻糖积累量和细胞密度均高于亲本,冷冻、高温、高糖和酒精耐性提高了.[结论]说明海藻糖含量与酵母耐性有一定的相关性.突变株耐性的改善,表明它们在酿造和烘焙产业中具有潜在的商业价值.     

海藻糖合酶产生菌筛选、鉴定及目的基因克隆

目的:为筛选出一株产海藻糖合酶的菌株,并以此菌的全DNA为模板,克隆出产海藻糖合酶的目的基因片段。方法:实验过程中采用了常规筛选菌种、快速提取细菌全基因、显微镜观察菌种、热启动PCR技术、电泳纯化回收基因片段、EcoRⅠ和HindⅢ双酶切鉴定目的基因片段等方法。结果:在电镜下可观察到有芽孢、杆菌;菌株16S rRNA基因扩增产物共计1490个碱基;PCR方法扩增出阳性克隆大约1700bp的基因片段。结论:通过生理、形态、结构特征分析及16S rRNA基因全序列比较得出结论:筛选到一株短小芽孢杆菌;PCR扩增出阳性克隆片段,全长1722bp,为实验所要的编码海藻糖合酶的基因片段。     

Bacteroides sp. strain D8, the first cholesterol-reducing bacterium isolated from human feces

The microbial community in the human colon contains bacteria that reduce cholesterol to coprostanol, but the species responsible for this conversion are still unknown. We describe here the first isolation and characterization of a cholesterol-reducing bacterium of human intestinal origin. Strain D8 was isolated from a 10(-8) dilution of a fresh stool sample provided by a senior male volunteer with a high capacity to reduce luminal cholesterol to coprostanol. Cholesterol-to-coprostanol conversion by strain D8 started on the third day, while cells were in stationary phase, and was almost complete after 7 days. Intermediate products (4-cholesten-3-one and coprostanone) were occasionally observed, suggesting an indirect pathway for cholesterol-to-coprostanol conversion. Resting-cell assays showed that strain D8 could reduce 1.5 mumol of cholesterol/mg bacterial protein/h. Strain D8 was a gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped organism identified as a member of the genus Bacteroides closely related to Bacteroides vulgatus, based on its morphological and biochemical characteristics. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain D8 was most similar (>99.5%) to those of two isolates of the recently described species Bacteroides dorei. Phylogenetic tree construction confirmed that Bacteroides sp. strain D8 clustered within an independent clade together with these B. dorei strains. Nevertheless, no cholesterol-reducing activity could be detected in cultures of the B. dorei type strain. Based on Bacteroides group-specific PCR-temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis, there was no correlation between the presence of a band comigrating with the band of Bacteroides sp. strain D8 and cholesterol conversion in 11 human fecal samples, indicating that this strain is unlikely to be mainly responsible for cholesterol conversion in the human population.     

丙酮丁醇梭菌(Clostridium acetobutylicum)原生质体融合育种研究

为了提高丙酮丁醇梭菌(Clostridium acetobutylicum)的丁醇耐受能力和培养基总糖产丁醇的转化率,通过原生质体融合的方法,研究了溶菌酶浓度及其作用时间、再生培养基种类、55℃条件下菌体致死时间、不同PEG分子量以及作用时间、Ca^2+和Mg^2+不同的添加量对丙酮丁醇梭菌原生质体制备、融合、再生的影响,得到了一套比较系统的丙酮丁醇梭菌的原生质体融合条件,同时通过气相色谱检测了融合菌的产溶剂能力并计算总糖转化率。结果显示,最终得到的215I菌株的总糖转化率比原始菌株提高了34.7%,产丁醇能力比原始菌株提高了32.2%,并且发现1株融合菌能产生新物质。原生质体融合方法在丙酸丁醇梭菌育种方面有广泛的应用潜力,通过融合得到的菌株为丁醇生产奠定了基础。     

The strategy of strain selection for a mixed culture performing rapid conversion of a mixture of polyaromatic compounds

The strain Sphingomonas sp. VKM V-2434 converts the mixture of seven polyaromatic compounds (PACs): fluorene, dibenzothiophene, carbazole, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, and pyrene. The effect of each of the above PACs on the rate of mixture conversion was determined. The following two strains, which utilize the substances inhibiting the studied process, were added to the culture: strain FON-11 utilizing 9-fluorenone (fluorene metabolite) and strain CBZ-21 utilizing carbazole. In the case of the mixed culture of three strains, conversion rates were 1.5 and 1.2–3.8 times higher for the PAC mixture and its individual components, respectively, than the rates for Sphingomonas sp. VKM V-2434 monoculture. The degree of degradation of PAC conversion products increased from 32 to 44%. The rate of PAC conversion by the mixed culture exceeded the sum of conversion rates for the individual component strains; this cooperative effect was particularly marked for anthracene and pyrene.     

ATP production by an AMP deaminase-impaired mutant of a methanol yeast,Candida boidinii

A mutant strain, which was impaired with respect to its ability to grow on AMP as the sole nitrogen source, was derived from Candida boidinii (Kloeckera sp.) no. 2201. AMP deaminase of the mutant strain exhibited the same allosteric patterns as those of the wild type strain. The specific activity in the cell-free extract of the mutant strain, however, was lower than that of the wild type strain. Sorbitol-treated cells of the mutant strain produced ATP from AMP at a high conversion rate (95 mol%).     

Stereoselective epoxidation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">cis</Emphasis>-propenylphosphonic acid to fosfomycin by a newly isolated bacterium <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">simplex</Emphasis> strain S101

In industry, fosfomycin is mainly prepared via chemical epoxidation of cis-propenylphosphonic acid (cPPA). The conversion yield of fosfomycin is less than 50% in the whole process and a large quantity of waste is produced. Biotransformation by microorganisms is an alternative method of preparation. This kind of conversion is more delicate, environmentally friendly, and the conversion yield of fosfomycin would be higher. In this work, an aerobic bacterium capable of transforming cPPA to fosfomycin was isolated. The organism, designated as strain S101, was identified as Bacillus simplex by morphological and physiological characteristics as well as by analysis of the gene encoding the 16S rRNA. Fosfomycin was assayed by two means, bioassay and gas chromatography (GC). Glycerol was a good carbon source for growth and cPPA conversion of strain S101. When cPPA was used as the sole carbon source, neither growth nor conversion to fosfomycin occurred. The optimum cPPA concentration in the conversion medium was 2,000 μg ml⁻¹. After 6 days of incubation, the concentration of fosfomycin reached its maximum level (1,838.2 μg ml⁻¹), with a conversion ratio of 81.3%. Air was indispensable for the growth but not for the conversion to fosfomycin. Furthermore, vanadium ions were found to be essential for the conversion. High concentrations of cPPA had fewer inhibitory effects on the growth of strain S101.     

Bacteroides sp. Strain D8, the First Cholesterol-Reducing Bacterium Isolated from Human Feces

The microbial community in the human colon contains bacteria that reduce cholesterol to coprostanol, but the species responsible for this conversion are still unknown. We describe here the first isolation and characterization of a cholesterol-reducing bacterium of human intestinal origin. Strain D8 was isolated from a 10⁻⁸ dilution of a fresh stool sample provided by a senior male volunteer with a high capacity to reduce luminal cholesterol to coprostanol. Cholesterol-to-coprostanol conversion by strain D8 started on the third day, while cells were in stationary phase, and was almost complete after 7 days. Intermediate products (4-cholesten-3-one and coprostanone) were occasionally observed, suggesting an indirect pathway for cholesterol-to-coprostanol conversion. Resting-cell assays showed that strain D8 could reduce 1.5 μmol of cholesterol/mg bacterial protein/h. Strain D8 was a gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped organism identified as a member of the genus Bacteroides closely related to Bacteroides vulgatus, based on its morphological and biochemical characteristics. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain D8 was most similar (>99.5%) to those of two isolates of the recently described species Bacteroides dorei. Phylogenetic tree construction confirmed that Bacteroides sp. strain D8 clustered within an independent clade together with these B. dorei strains. Nevertheless, no cholesterol-reducing activity could be detected in cultures of the B. dorei type strain. Based on Bacteroides group-specific PCR-temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis, there was no correlation between the presence of a band comigrating with the band of Bacteroides sp. strain D8 and cholesterol conversion in 11 human fecal samples, indicating that this strain is unlikely to be mainly responsible for cholesterol conversion in the human population.     

Homologous Recombination Involving a Large Heterology in Escherichia Coli

Recombination between two different deletion alleles of a gene (neo) for neomycin and kanamycin resistance was studied in an Escherichia coli sbcA- recB-C- strain. The two homologous regions were in an inverted orientation on the same plasmid molecule. Kanamycin-resistant plasmids were selected and analyzed. The rate of recombination to form kanamycin-resistant plasmids was decreased by mutations in the recE, recF and recJ genes, but was not decreased by a mutation in the recA gene. It was found that these plasmids often possessed one wild-type kanamycin-resistant allele (neo+) while the other neo allele was still in its original (deletion) form. Among kanamycin-resistant plasmids with one wild-type and one parental allele it was often found that the region between the inverted repeats had been flipped (turned around) with respect to sites outside the inverted repeats. These results were interpreted as follows. Gene conversion, analogous to gene conversion in eukaryotic meiosis, is responsible for a unidirectional transfer of information from one neo deletion allele to the other. The flipping of the region between the inverted repeats is interpreted as analogous to the crossing over associated with gene conversion in eukaryotic meiosis. In contrast with a rec+ strain, these products cannot be explained by two rounds of reciprocal crossing over involving a dimeric form as an intermediate. In the accompanying paper we present evidence that gene conversion by double-strand gap repair takes place in the same E. coli strain.     

Bacteriophage conversion as a factor modifying the intensity of phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus by human leukocytes

Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 8325-4 and its eight variants lysogenized with phages responsible for the synthesis of staphylococcal staphylokinase were used for the study. Influence of phage conversion of S. aureus on its interaction with human leucocytes and influence of prophage on strain susceptibility to intracellular killing by human granulocytes without opsonins were evaluated. It was found that lysogenization of the strain with the bacteriophages decreased in each case reactivity of human leucocytes for staphylococcal strain what was expressed by lower bioluminescence values and by lower percentage of intracellular killing of bacterial cells carrying prophage.     

High-level production of the low-calorie sugar sorbitol by Lactobacillus plantarum through metabolic engineering

Sorbitol is a low-calorie sugar alcohol that is largely used as an ingredient in the food industry, based on its sweetness and its high solubility. Here, we investigated the capacity of Lactobacillus plantarum, a lactic acid bacterium found in many fermented food products and in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals, to produce sorbitol from fructose-6-phosphate by reverting the sorbitol catabolic pathway in a mutant strain deficient for both l- and d-lactate dehydrogenase activities. The two sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Stl6PDH) genes (srlD1 and srlD2) identified in the genome sequence were constitutively expressed at a high level in this mutant strain. Both Stl6PDH enzymes were shown to be active, and high specific activity could be detected in the overexpressing strains. Using resting cells under pH control with glucose as a substrate, both Stl6PDHs were capable of rerouting the glycolytic flux from fructose-6-phosphate toward sorbitol production with a remarkably high efficiency (61 to 65% glucose conversion), which is close to the maximal theoretical value of 67%. Mannitol production was also detected, albeit at a lower level than the control strain (9 to 13% glucose conversion), indicating competition for fructose-6-phosphate rerouting by natively expressed mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase. By analogy, low levels of this enzyme were detected in both the wild-type and the lactate dehydrogenase-deficient strain backgrounds. After optimization, 25% of sugar conversion into sorbitol was achieved with cells grown under pH control. The role of intracellular NADH pools in the determination of the maximal sorbitol production is discussed.     

Screening, identification and kinetic characterization of a bacterium for Mn(II) uptake and oxidation

Following sample collection and screening at a number of Mn-associated mine sites in Northern Australia, a microbial strain was selected for its enhanced rate of Mn uptake. The strain was identified by phylogenetic analysis as a Rhizobium sp. Kinetic studies of Mn(II) uptake and oxidation by this strain in glucose-based media established that the uptake of Mn(II) was much greater than the conversion of Mn(II) to Mn oxide. Chemical analysis and scanning electron microscopy confirmed the production of significant amounts of polysaccharides by this strain. These polysaccharides may play a role both in enhancing Mn(II) accumulation and in minimizing Mn oxide production.