橙花破布木染色体制片及核型分析

为了解橙花破布木的遗传背景,以其根尖为试验材料,采用体细胞染色体常规制片法着重探索取材和预处理两个实验环节,选取染色体分散较好的细胞进行数目确定及核型分析。结果表明:(1)橙花破布木最佳取材时间为9:30～10:00和14:00～14:30,最佳预处理试剂及时间为饱和对二氯苯预处理2h;(2)橙花破布木染色体数目为32条,共16对染色体,为二倍体植物;核型公式为2n=2X=32=32m,核型属于"1A"型;染色体组绝对长度变化范围为0.38～0.69μm,相对长度(%)变化范围为4.48～8.24,相对长度组成为2n=2L+14M1+14M2+2S;核型不对称系数(As.K%)为58.40%。研究结果为破布木属植物染色体制片技术及核型分析提供参考,也可为橙花破布木基因进行染色体定位等细胞遗传学及表观遗传学研究奠定基础。     

内葵杂3号染色体核型分析

对内蒙古地区的栽培品种内葵杂3号三交种和单交种了进行了核型分析。其结果为:内葵杂3号三交种和单交种的染色体数均为2n=34,各具一对随体染色体。三交种第2对染色体具随体且为近中部着丝粒染色体,其余为中部着丝粒染色体,染色体相对长度变异范围4.105%～7.703%,核型公式为2n=2x=34=32m+2sm(2sat),核型类型属于1A型;单交种均为中部着丝粒染色体,第4对染色体具随体,染色体相对长度变异范围3.661%～8.128%,其核型公式为:2n=2x=34=34m(2sat),核型类型属于1B型。     

中间锦鸡儿(caranaga intermedia)染色体变异研究

对中间锦鸡儿(caranaga intermedia)种子根尖染色体进行检测,统计分析了染色体数目和结构变异类型.核型分析结果表明中间锦鸡儿正常核型为2n=2x=16=14m+2sm,还发现了核型公式为2n=2x=16+1B=1st+9m+2sm+1m(sAT)+1sm(SAT)+2m(SAT)+1B;核型公式为2n=2x=16+1B=6sm+8m+2m(SAT)+IB;以及核型公式为2n=2x=15=7sm+8m的变异类型.本研究首次发现了中间锦鸡儿存在B染色体和中间随体,此外还发现存在单体植株.随体具有个体差异,有中间随体和端部随体两种,且无论个体间和个体内B染色体均存在数目和结构的多态性.对其中120粒种子根尖染色体结果统计分析.发现具有15条染色体的植株占0.83%;具有16条染色体的植株占89.17%;具有17条染色体的植株占3.3%;具有18条染色体的植株占2,5%,其中有一个体中多于的一条染色体始终呈点状;19条染色体的植株占1.67%,5条多于染色体的占0.83%,而多余染色体条数在1～3之间变动的植株占1.67%.     

小水榕染色体数目及核型分析

以小水榕根尖为材料,通过取材时间,8-羟基喹啉、饱和对二氯苯2种药剂预处理,并以细胞中有丝分裂相的数目、染色体的清晰度、分散程度为指标,探索出适于小水榕染色体分析的方法.结果表明:小水榕有丝分裂中期在一天的16:00达到高峰期,取样时间确定在16:00.饱和对二氯苯水溶液预处理2 h,卡诺氏固定液固定2 h,1 mol/L盐酸60 ℃水浴中解离3 min～4 min,并以醋酸洋红染色效果较好.小水榕核型为2 n=2 x=30=12 m+14 sm+4 st,属于"2B"类型.     

加拿大引进的二倍体燕麦种质的核型鉴定

采用常规压片法对砂燕麦、西班牙燕麦和短燕麦3个二倍体燕麦种进行了核型研究。结果表明:砂燕麦染色体核型公式为2n=2x=14=10m+4sm(2SAT),具近中部和中部着丝点染色体,第4对染色体组的短臂上有1对随体,核不对称系数为68.17%;西班牙燕麦染色体核型公式为2n=2x=14=10m+4sm(2SAT),具近中部和中部着丝点染色体,第7对染色体短臂上有1对随体,核不对称系数为59.31%;短燕麦染色体核型公式为2n=2x=14=6m+4sm+4st(2SAT),具近端部、近中部和中部着丝点染色体,第6对染色体组的短臂上有1对随体,核不对称系数为63.91%。虽然3个燕麦种的核型均为2A,但它们的染色体形态有明显不同,比较认为砂燕麦相对进化,短燕麦次之,西班牙燕麦较原始。本研究对燕麦种质资源的核型分析及进化地位研究具有参考价值。     

不同地域乌拉尔甘草基因组的FISH分析与染色体识别

在核型分析与染色体识别基础上,分别以番茄45S和5S rDNA为探针,对3种不同地域的乌拉尔甘草进行FISH分析.结果表明:内蒙古鄂托克前旗的乌拉尔甘草核型公式为2n=2x=16=6m+10sm (2SAT),新疆阿勒泰地区的乌拉尔甘草核型公式为2n=2x=16=4m+12sm(2SAT),内蒙古喀喇沁旗乌拉尔甘草核型公式为2n=2x=16=4m+12sm(2SAT);其第8染色体均带有随体.3种乌拉尔甘草基因组内均有1对5S rDNA和1对45S rDNA杂交位点.核型分析显示,5S rDNA杂交位点均位于第2染色体的短臂部位,45S rDNA杂交位点均位于第8染色体的次缢痕和随体部位.45S与5S rDNA在3种乌拉尔甘草中期分裂相上的位点数和分布情况高度一致,表明来自3种不同地域的乌拉尔甘草在染色体结构水平上没有较大的分化.     

淫羊藿属十二个种的核型

用细胞压片法对12个淫羊藿属(Epimedium)植物的根尖有丝分裂进行了观察,并对其核型进行了比较研究。结果表明:这12种淫羊藿在核型上基本相似,都有1对中间随体染色体,而且都为对称核型。粗毛淫羊藿(E.acuminatum)、印江淫羊藿(E.yinjiangense)、单叶淫羊藿(E.simplicifloum)、巫山淫羊藿(E.wushanense)、光叶淫羊藿(E.myrianthum)、宝兴淫羊藿(E.davidi)、罗甸淫羊藿(E.luodianense)、木鱼坪淫羊藿(E.franchetii)、箭叶淫羊藿(E.sagittatum)、E.pubigerum、高山淫羊藿(E.alpinum)等11个种的核型公式均为2n=2x=6m(2SAT) 6sm,而黔岭淫羊藿(E.leptorrhizum)的核型公式为2n=2x=8m(2SAT) 4sm。结果显示12种淫羊藿的体细胞染色体数目均为2n=12,基数X=6;都属于对称核型、都有1对中间随体;染色体均为m、sm两种类型。     

荞麦属2个野生荞麦种的染色体核型研究

对荞麦属皱叶野荞麦(Fagopyrum crispatifolium J.L.Liu)及其近缘种细柄野荞麦[F.gracilipes (Hemsl.) Dam.et Diels]的染色体核型进行了分析.结果表明,2个野生荞麦的染色体数目均为2n=4x=32,但二者在随体数目、染色体长度等方面差异明显,染色体核型不同,皱叶野荞麦的核型公式为:30m(4SAT)+2sm,细柄野荞麦的核型公式为:32m,属首次报道.     

香水月季(Rosa odorata Sweet)不同变种的染色体及核型分析

采用常规压片法对采自11个地点的4个变种进行了以染色体形态和倍性为主的核型分析。结果表明:(1)香水月季原变种是2倍体,核型公式为:2n=2x=14=12m+2sm,核型为1A。(2)大花香水月季4个居群的染色体形态很相似,都是2倍体,核型全为1A,核型公式均是2n=2x=14=12m+2sm,居群间差异主要表现在染色体组的相对长度构成上。(3)桔黄香水月季是2倍体,核型公式为2n=2x=14=10m+4sm,核型为1A。(4)来自不同地方的粉红香水月季在染色体数量和形态上有较大的差异。木家桥和永春的是3倍体,核型公式分别为2n=3x=21=18m+3sm和2n=3x=21=21m;红桥、富民和小河的是2倍体,核型公式分别为2n=2x=14=12m+2sm、2n=2x=14=10m+4sm和2n=2x=14=12m+2sm;除富民的核型为1B外,其他地方的核型均是1A。基于研究结果,讨论了香水月季的核型特征、细胞遗传分化模式、丰富的变异及其在育种中的应用。     

菊科栽培植物黄莺花的核型分析

研究了我国广东佛山栽培的菊科(Astcraccae)植物黄莺花(Solidago canadensis var.gilvocanescens Rydb.)的染色体数目和核型.其染色体数目为2n=18,带有一对随体,核型公式为2n=2x=18=14m+4sm(2SAT),核型类型为"2A"型.     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

Coiled-coil nanomechanics and uncoiling and unfolding of the superhelix and alpha-helices of myosin

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.     

Synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay

3-O-Carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-O-Ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1H and 13C NMR data (APT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-O-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin and used for immunization of rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was established based on the polyclonal antiserum and a 125I-labeled hapten-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate as the radioligand. Parameters of the RIA: sensitivity: 12 pg per tube, 50% intercept: 140 pg per tube, working range: 20-4000 pg per tube. The cross-reactivity of a panel isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens was either negligible (e.g. formononetin 0.07%; biochanin A 0.06%) or not detectable at all. The major immunoreactive peak in HPLC fractions from an alfalfa extract had the same retention time as coumestrol standard and represented 94.8% of the signal. The remaining 5.2% of immunoreactivity was distributed between five minor peaks. We conclude that after the validation for particular matrices, the method will be a useful tool for analysis of coumestrol, especially in low volume and low concentration samples.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Effect of soil salinity and water stresses on growth and content of nitrogen,chloride and phosphate of wheat and triticale

Summary Three wheats and one triticale were grown, up to flowering stage, in pots on calcareous soil adjusted to a range of salinities (S₁=3.5, S₂=6, S₃=8.5, and S₄=11 mmhos/cm, 20°C, soilpaste extract) by adding solution consisting of 3∶2∶1 of Na-, Ca- and Mg chlorides in chemical equivalent amounts. Moisture in the pots was kept at 100% (W₁), 40% (W₂) and 20% (W₃) of the available water. The vegetative growth, nitrogen and phosphate were affected by S and W treatments, chloride was affected only by S. The interaction S×W affected only dry weight. Varietal effect was observed between wheat as a group and triticale. Multiple quadratic regression equations of these properties on salinity and water revealed that the higher the available water the wider the range of tolerable salinity. Triticale was relatively more tolerant to water stress. Salinity increases Cl and decreases N, whereas water stress enhances N accumulation to a certain extent. However, in triticale at S₃ and S₄ the effect of water stress on N was overshadowed by the excessive salinity. This did not occur for the wheat (Florence). P trends were described. R² for P was low (0.7435–0.3603) which made interpretations rather difficult.     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.