乌桕人工林小气候的初步观测

本文报道对8年生乌柏人工林内的光照、温度、湿度进行初步观测的结果:在夏目林内行间的相对照度为52.3％,株间的相对照度为22.7％;日平均气温林内比林外降低0.2—0.4℃,日平均相对湿度增加3.3—6.1％。     

林下人参生理特性和生长与林内生态因子的关系

结合模拟试验,对林下人参的生理活动及生长过程与林内生态因子的关系进行 了观测研究．结果表明,林内光照、水分、温度等因子与林下人参生长的关系极为密切．一 般林内光照在中等条件下,即相对光照在１０～３５％左右．林分郁闭度约０．６～０．８,土壤含 水量在 ３５～４０％时人参生长最好;林下人参的物候进程及生长与温度的关系密切．林内 温度在５℃左右人参芽胞开始萌动,１５℃左右地上茎高生长进入速生期,６月上旬生长停 止．因此,人为调节各种生态因子在适宜的范围内有利于林下人参的生长．     

西双版纳望天树林林窗小气候特征研究

 对西双版纳望天树林林窗小气候要素的季节变化、水平差异进行了观测研究,并对比分析了两个大小不同林窗内温度垂直分布状况、相对湿度差别。结果表明：大林窗内温度、湿度、光照的日变化均比林内大;大林窗中央光照强度为林内的10倍以上,太阳总辐射量、净辐射量为林内的5倍以上,大林窗中央的蒸发耗热量大于林内,且均占各自净辐射的较大比例(70％～80％),干季大林窗内温度、湿度日变化比雨季剧烈,大林窗内具有两个加热层(幼苗冠层、地表),小林窗仅有一个加热层(幼树冠层),且前者的加热强度大于后者,相对湿度日变化则是大林窗内较剧烈。     

北京门头沟主城区及其城郊森林大气污染物时空变化特征

由于前人对城市大气污染物时空变化特征研究结论缺乏统一性, 以及城市森林及其周边大气污染物协同变化规律研究结果的不确定性, 研究以建立在北京市门头沟的3套固定空气质量监测站为依托, 以主要大气污染物SO2和氮氧化物为研究对象, 分析典型居民区、林缘和林内主要大气污染物浓度的日、月、季及特定天气下的变化规律, 拟揭示北京门头沟主城区及其城郊森林大气污染物时空变化特征。研究结果表明, 秋季林内SO2浓度为夜间高于白天, 其余大部分为白天高于夜间; 林内氮氧化物的日变化特征为双峰型, 居民区为单峰型; 居民区、林缘空气中SO2的日变化规律表现为单峰型, 林内SO2日变化秋季为凹面型, 冬季无明显特征; 林内、林缘、居民区空气中SO2浓度均为冬季高于秋季, 林内、居民区空气中NO2为秋季高于冬季, NO、NOx冬季与秋季无显著差异; 居民区、林内SO2在2月份达到峰值, 林缘1月达到峰值, 林内氮氧化物10-11月份达到峰值, 居民区11-12月达到峰值; 居民区氮氧化物显著高于林内, SO2为林内、居民区显著高于林缘。在典型大气污染过程中, 秋季林内空气中氮氧化物浓度波动幅度较居民区小且具有明显的滞后特征, 冬季林内空气中NO、NOx浓度波动幅度较居民区小且无明显滞后特征, 秋、冬季节林内空气中SO2浓度波动幅度较林缘、居民区大且无明显滞后特征; 不同观测点大气污染物浓度显著正相关。城郊森林可以对其周边城市的大气污染物起到缓冲、抵抗和吸收作用, 但特定天气条件下, 森林中的大气污染物会向城市中扩散。     

白颈长尾雉(Syrmaticus ellioti Swinhoe)的生态研

本研究于1983年5月至1985年8月采用步行跟踪、典型样地调查等方法在浙江省内进行。 白颈长尾雉以常绿阔叶林和常绿针阔混交林为最适生境。乔木盖度低于50％时其活动强度明显下降,低于30％即绝迹。 白颈长尾雉春季存在两个日活动高峰。第一高峰在上午5∶00—7∶00出现;第二高峰在下午3∶00—7∶00之间。该雉白昼始止活动的时间和光照度有关,早晨,光照度达17—450lX开始活动;傍晚,在110—5lx光照度时停止活动。另外,活动还受天气的影响。 白颈长尾雉在浙江省分布于西部、南部和东部山区。但数量十分稀少,按C=10000N/WT计算,开化县夏、冬两季的相对密度为0.035只/公颐和0.069只/公顷。     

白颈长尾雉(Syrmaticus ellioti Swinhoe)的生态研究

本研究于1983年5月至1985年8月采用步行跟踪、典型样地调查等方法在浙江省内进行。 白颈长尾雉以常绿阔叶林和常绿针阔混交林为最适生境。乔木盖度低于50％时其活动强度明显下降,低于30％即绝迹。 白颈长尾雉春季存在两个日活动高峰。第一高峰在上午5∶00—7∶00出现;第二高峰在下午3∶00—7∶00之间。该雉白昼始止活动的时间和光照度有关,早晨,光照度达17—450lX开始活动;傍晚,在110—5lx光照度时停止活动。另外,活动还受天气的影响。 白颈长尾雉在浙江省分布于西部、南部和东部山区。但数量十分稀少,按C=10000N/WT计算,开化县夏、冬两季的相对密度为0.035只/公颐和0.069只/公顷。     

长白山阔叶红松林的温度效应

森林温度特征的研究是揭示森林生态系统功能、评估森林环境效益的基础.对2004年长白山阔叶红松林林内外空气温度和土壤温度进行了观测,结果表明:林内外空气温度、土壤温度明显不同.白天林内气温一般低于林外,夜间高于林外.昼间气温差夏季较大,7月平均差值为1.6 ℃;夜间气温差冬季较大,1月平均差值为1.5℃.空气温度和土壤温度的日振幅总是林内小于林外,7月空气温度日振幅林内比林外低1.7℃,4月土壤温度日振幅林内比林外低5.8℃.     

北京西山典型城市森林内PM_(2.5)动态变化规律

城市森林内PM2.5浓度的状况可以直接反映城市森林对PM2.5的净化效果,也是居民休闲游憩关心的森林环境问题。选择北京西山3种典型的游憩型城市森林,通过对林内PM2.5浓度一年四季昼夜24h内变化的同步观测,分析了不同类型城市森林内PM2.5浓度的季节变化、日变化以及影响因素,结果表明:(1)北京西山3种游憩林内PM2.5浓度多数时候远低于城区对照值,在春、夏、秋三季都达到了国家城市化地区的标准,甚至在春季、秋季还达到了国家一类地区的标准。(2)城市森林在不同季节对PM2.5的净化效果存在差异,林内PM2.5浓度总体上呈现冬季夏季秋季春季的规律。(3)林内PM2.5浓度在一天24h内有很大变化波动,夜间浓度总体上高于白天,日变化曲线近似呈"双峰双谷"型,两个高峰出现在夜晚和早上,两个低谷出现在凌晨和中午前后。一年四季白天低谷出现时间有所不同,春季15:00左右、夏季13:00—17:00、秋季13:00—15:00、冬季9:00—11:00。(4)PM2.5在不同类型游憩林内的变化趋势和浓度值存在一定差异。郁闭度较大的侧柏林夜间PM2.5浓度总体上高于其它两种林型,其高峰和低谷出现时间延迟,高峰值大,高峰期持续时间长,且这种规律在秋季表现得更明显。(5)基于上述研究认为,北京西山城市森林为居民在PM2.5污染比较突出的都市背景下提供了一个相对清洁、健康的森林游憩环境,春季、夏季、秋季全天以及冬季9:00—11:00均是森林中PM2.5状况健康而适宜外出游憩的时段。     

长白山温带阔叶红松林对温湿环境的调节效应

森林具有改善气候、调节微环境的作用,森林小气候的研究对于揭示森林生态系统功能、评估森林生态环境效益具有重要意义.本研究以长白山阔叶红松林为例,基于2003—2014年林内通量塔气象资料及其附近气象站空旷地的同时段气象资料,对其最高、最低和平均气温、相对湿度和表层土壤温度的日变化和季节变化进行对比分析.结果表明: 林内气温和相对湿度分别呈现单峰型和U型日变化规律,日较差较林外低2.31 ℃和8.3%,表层土壤温度日变化趋于恒定,阔叶红松林减缓了温湿度的日变化.夏季主要为降温效应,冬季表现出显著的增温效应.夏季林内气温和土温比林外低1.30和3.91 ℃;冬季林内气温和土温比林外高2.06和5.44 ℃.森林对最高温和最低温的调节效应显著.在季节尺度上,夏季森林降低最高气温和土温1.80和5.45 ℃,冬季提高最低气温和土温3.69和7.92 ℃.在年尺度上,林内年最高气温和土温分别较林外低1.60和4.99 ℃,年最低气温和土温分别较林外高1.12和8.82 ℃.森林对土温的调节效应强于对气温的调节效应.气温和土温均以对低温的保温作用为主.     

延安公路山辽东栎林优势植物水分适应性及适应类型分析

以陕西省延安公路山辽东栎林群落为对象,测定林内外不同状态下12种优势植物的水势日进程、自然饱和亏、临界饱和亏等水分利用参数,分析它们在林内和林外孤立木状态下的水分利用多样性和水分平衡策略,以揭示辽东栎群落水分利用多样性在群落持续发育中的作用.结果表明:(1)在林内或林外12种优势植物的水势日变化趋势基本一致,一天内每一时段物种间水势值跨度不同,林内种间水势跨度为0.85～1.93 Mpa,林外种间水势跨度为0.6～1.83Mpa;林内物种间日最低水势(-1.43～-3.05 Mpa)及临界饱和亏(63.12%～92.59%)变幅较大;各优势植物水势日进程与气象因子显著相关.(2)林内外各时段物种间水势跨度不同,14:00和17:00林外物种间水势跨度大于林内;12种植物的水势日变化与林内有显著差异(P<0.05),且在林内和林外环境下水分参数具有相似变化趋势.(3)根据黎明前水势、日最低水势、自然饱和亏、临界饱和亏将辽东栎林内12种优势植物水分利用策略聚类分为 4个水分适应类型,每个适应类型具有特殊的水分适应方式.可见,辽东栎群落内12种优势植物的水分利用参数及其对环境适应表现出多样性特点,为该群落持续发育奠定了基础.     

Evidence that the C-terminus of OprM is involved in the assembly of the VceAB-OprM efflux pump

Although the architecture of tripartite multiple drug resistance (MDR) efflux pumps of Gram-negative bacteria has been well characterized, the means by which the components recognize each other and assemble into a functional pump remains obscure. In this study we present evidence that the C-terminal domain of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa OprM and the α-helical hairpin domain of Vibrio cholerae VceA play an important role in the recognition/specificity/recruitment step in the assembly of a functional, VceAB-OprM chimeric efflux pump. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence directly linking the C-terminal domain of an outer membrane efflux protein to its recruitment during the assembly of a tripartite efflux pump.     

心脑血管疾病大额住院消费统计分析

通过对医院2004-2006年心脑血管疾病大额住院消费(消费大于50000元,以下简称大额消费)病例发病率高的前五种疾病的构成情况、药费、材料费消耗情况进行分析,认为加强大额病例中发病率高的病种的重点管理,是降低医疗费用的有效途径。建议制定常见病大额病种预定额付费方案和审查报销制度;采用适宜技术;控制药费,防止过度医疗,有效地遏制医疗费用的过快增长。     

Studies on the energy coupling sites of photophosphorylation IV. The relation of proton fluxes to the electron transport and ATP formation associated with Photosystem II

1. By using dibromothymoquinone as the electron acceptor, it is possible to isolate functionally that segment of the chloroplast electron transport chain which includes only Photosystem II and only one of the two energy conservation sites coupled to the complete chain (Coupling Site II, observed P/e₂ = 0.3–0.4). A light-dependent, reversible proton translocation reaction is associated with the electron transport pathway: H₂O → Photosystem II → dibromothymoquinone. We have studied the characteristics of this proton uptake reaction and its relationship to the electron transport and ATP formation associated with Coupling Site II.

2. The initial phase of H⁺ uptake, analyzed by a flash-yield technique, exhibits linear kinetics (0–3 s) with no sign of transient phenomena such as the very rapid initial uptake (“pH gush”) encountered in the overall Hill reaction with methylviologen. Thus the initial rate of H⁺ uptake obtained by the flash-yield method is in good agreement with the initial rate estimated from a pH change tracing obtained under continuous illumination.

3. Dibromothymoquinone reduction, observed as O₂ evolution by a similar flash-yield technique, is also linear for at least the first 5 s, the rate of O₂ evolution agreeing well with the steady-state rate observed under continuous illumination.

4. Such measurements of the initial rates of O₂ evolution and H⁺ uptake yield an H⁺/e⁻ ratio close to 0.5 for the Photosystem II partial reaction regardless of pH from 6 to 8. (Parallel experiments for the methylviologen Hill reaction yield an H⁺/e⁻ ratio of 1.7 at pH 7.6.)

5. When dibromothymoquinone is being reduced, concurrent phosphorylation (or arsenylation) markedly lowers the extent of H⁺ uptake (by 40–60%). These data, unlike earlier data obtained using the overall Hill reaction, lend themselves to an unequivocal interpretation since phosphorylation does not alter the rate of electron transport in the Photosystem II partial reaction. ADP, P_i and hexokinase, when added individually, have no effect on proton uptake in this system.

6. The involvement of a proton uptake reaction with an H⁺/e⁻ ratio of 0.5 in the Photosystem II partial reaction H₂O → Photosystem II → dibromothymoquinone strongly suggests that at least 50% of the protons produced by the oxidation of water are released to the inside of the thylakoid, thereby leading to an internal acidification. It is pointed out that the observed efficiencies for ATP formation (P/e₂) and proton uptake (H⁺/e⁻) associated with Coupling Site II can be most easily explained by the chemiosmotic hypothesis of energy coupling.     

Partial purification and properties of Galleria mellonella larvae proteolytic inhibitors acting on Metarhizium anisopliae toxic protease

Gel permeation, preparative isoelectric focusing, and affinity chromatography were used to purify three inhibitors of proteolytic activity from perchloric acid extracts of last instar Galleria mellonella larvae. Electrofocusing experiments revealed three isoinhibitors with different isoelectric points: inhibitor I-1 with p1 of pH 5.6, inhibitor I-2, pH 7.7, and inhibitor I-3 (of small inhibitory activity), pH 8.6. By affinity chromatography on trypsin-Sepharose 4B the I-1 was purified 9.7 ×, but 71.1% of inhibitory activity was lost. Molecular mass of the inhibitory complex was 12,600 Da. I-1 and I-2 are relatively stable to heat at several pHs with minor stability at pH 10. I-1 and I-2 inhibit serine proteases about 2.5 times as much as sulfhydryl proteases. In the same ratio protease P-1 and protease P-2 from Metarhizium anisopliae are inhibited.     

THE DEATH OF BIOETHICS (AS WE ONCE KNEW IT)

Fast forward 50 years into the future. A look back at what occurred in the field of bioethics since 2010 reveals that a conference in 2050 commemorated the death of bioethics. In a steady progression over the years, the field became increasingly fragmented and bureaucratized. Disagreement and dissension were rife, and this once flourishing, multidisciplinary field began to splinter in multiple ways. Prominent journals folded, one by one, and were replaced with specialized publications dealing with genethics, reproethics, nanoethics, and necroethics. Mainstream bioethics organizations also collapsed, giving way to new associations along disciplinary and sub‐disciplinary lines. Physicians established their own journals, and specialty groups broke away from more general associations of medical ethics. Lawyers also split into three separate factions, and philosophers rejected all but the most rigorous, analytic articles into their newly established journal. Matters finally came to a head with global warming, the world‐wide spread of malaria and dengue, and the cost of medical treatments out of reach for almost everyone. The result was the need to develop plans for strict rationing of medical care. At the same time, recognition emerged of the importance of the right to health and the need for global justice in health. By 2060, a spark of hope was ignited, opening the door to the resuscitation of bioethics and involvement of the global community.     

Survival and metabolism of the harpacticoid copepod Thompsonula hyaenae (Thompson) fed on different diatoms

Survival times and oxygen consumption rates have been determined for a benthic harpacticoid copepod, Thompsonula hyaenae (Thompson), when fed different algal diets. Nauplii and adults lived slightly longer on a diet of Navicula sp. than did those fed N. pelliculosa or a mixture of both naviculoid species. Mean numbers of harpacticoids hatched were significantly higher in cultures of N. pelliculosa. Metabolic rates of non-gravid females fed for one week on N. sp. were significantly lower than those fed N. pelliculosa or the mixture. There was no significant difference in oxygen uptake between animals fed N. pelliculosa and those fed the mixed culture. The smaller size and lower food energy content of N. pelliculosa are reflected in the higher respiratory rates of animals led this diatom species.Based on a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the M.S. degree in Marine Science at the University of South Carolina. Belle W. Baruch Institute for Marine Biology and Coastal Research Contribution No. 114. Research supported by the Oceanography Section, National Science Foundation, NSF Grant DES72-01573 A01.     

Strategy for Stabilizing Enzymes Part Two: Increasing Enzyme Stability by Selective Chemical Modification

The molecular mechanisms of change in the thermal stability of proteins modified with low molecular weight reagents are discussed. The choice of stabilization mechanisms to be used as a general strategy for increasing enzyme stability by chemical modification is addressed. Hydrophilization of nonpolar surface areas is the most simple and reliable approach to artificial stabilization of enzymes for use in applied biochemistry and biotechnology.     

Primeval cells: Possible energy-generating and cell-division mechanisms

Summary It is proposed that the first entity capable of adaptive Darwinian evolution consisted of a liposome vesicle formed of (1) abiotically produced phospholipidlike molecules; (2) a very few informational macromolecules; and (3) some abiogenic, lipid-soluble, organic molecule serving as a symporter for phosphate and protons and as a means of high-energy-bond generation. The genetic material had functions that led to the production of phospholipidlike materials (leading to growth and division of the primitive cells) and of the carrier needed for energy transduction. It is suggested that the most primitive exploitable energy source was the donation of 2H⁺+2e^– at the external face of the primitive cell. The electrons were transferred (by metal impurities) to internal sinks of organic material, thus creating, via a deficit, a protonmotive force that could drive both the active transport of phosphate and high-energy-bond formation.This model implies that proton translocation in a closed-membrane system preceded photochemical or electron transport mechanisms and that chemically transferable metabolic energy was needed at a much earlier stage in the development of life than has usually been assumed. It provides a plausible mechanism whereby cell division of the earliest protocells could have been a spontaneous process powered by the internal development of phospholipids. The stimulus for developing this evolutionary sequence was the realization that cellular life was essential if Darwinian survival of the fittest was to direct evolution toward adaptation to the external environment.     

用离散量的方法识别蛋白质的超二级结构

用离散量的方法,对2208个分辨率在2.5I以上的高精度的蛋白质结构中四类超二级结构进行了识别。从蛋白质一级序列出发,以氨基酸(20种氨基酸加一个空位)和其紧邻关联共同为参数,当序列模式固定长取8个氨基酸残基时,对“822”序列模式3交叉检验的平均预测精度达到78.1%,jack-knife检验的平均预测精度达到76.7%;当序列模式固定长取10个氨基酸残基时,对“1041”序列模式3交叉检验的平均预测精度达到83.1%,jack-knife检验的平均预测精度达到79.8%。