西藏热泉沉积物的硫氧化细菌多样性及其影响因素

【目的】探究西藏热泉沉积物中硫氧化细菌群落多样性及其环境影响因素。【方法】选取西藏5个地热区的25个热泉样点,现场测量各采样点的水体理化参数,并采集热泉水和沉积物样品。通过功能基因(硫代硫酸盐水解酶编码基因:soxB)克隆文库分析方法,研究沉积物样品中硫氧化细菌群落的组成和多样性,并统计分析其与环境参数之间的相关性。【结果】克隆文库分析结果显示,西藏热泉沉积物样品中的硫氧化细菌主要分属于α-Proteobacteria、β-Proteobacteria和γ-Proteobacteria纲。研究样品中的硫氧化菌群落香农指数与溶解有机碳的浓度(R=0.489,P0.05)呈显著正相关。另外,统计发现西藏各热泉之间的硫氧化菌群落组成差异较大,其优势硫氧化细菌种群差异明显,大多数样点的优势硫氧化细菌种群为β-Proteobacteria,少量样点以α-Proteobacteria和γ-Proteobacteria为主。Mantel检验结果显示,西藏热泉样品中的硫氧化细菌群落组成与温度、硫化物、电导率、海拔、总溶解固体和pH显著(P0.05)相关。【结论】西藏热泉沉积物中的硫氧化细菌群落广泛分布,且主要以变形菌门为主。地理隔离和理化差异导致了热泉沉积物样品间的硫氧化菌群落组成差异。     

三峡库区水体中固氮微生物多样性及其影响因素

【目的】研究分析不同时空条件下三峡库区水体固氮微生物多样性,并探讨其与地球化学参数的相关性。【方法】采集三峡库区不同时间(三月份和六月份)和空间(干流与支流)的水体样品,对其进行地球化学参数分析,并通过构建克隆文库分析样品中固氮功能基因(nifH)的多样性进而探讨其与水体地化参数的相关关系。【结果】统计分析显示三峡库区水体固氮微生物α-多样性和群落组成具有时空差异。支流水体样品的固氮微生物α-多样性高于干流水体样品;六月水体样品的固氮微生物α-多样性高于三月水体样品。三峡库区三月水体样品中的固氮微生物群落以Proteobacteria (50.3%)和Firmicutes (40.0%)为主;六月水体样品的固氮微生物群落以Proteobacteria(48.4%)、Firmicutes(25.4%)和Cyanobacteria(19.0%)为主。Mantel检验结果显示:固氮微生物群落结构的差异与温度、pH和DIC等地球化学参数具有显著(P0.05)相关性,其中温度和pH的相关性系数最大。【结论】三峡库区固氮微生物的种群结构和多样性具有时空差异,影响三峡水库水体中固氮微生物群落结构与多样性的主要环境因素为温度和pH,同时浊度、DIC、氨氮也对库区水体固氮微生物群落结构和多样性有一定的影响。     

鄱阳湖河湖交错带枯水期水体细菌群落空间分布

【背景】界面微生物群落组成研究日益成为微生态系统的研究热点之一。【目的】探究鄱阳湖河湖交错带枯水期水体细菌群落空间分布。【方法】选取鄱阳湖河湖交错带的典型采样点11个,现场采集水样,进行理化指标分析。运用扩增子测序获得了上述样品的16SrRNA基因序列数据。根据多样性指数和丰富度指数计算比较11个采样点样品的微生物群落多样性和丰富度。根据β多样性距离矩阵,利用相似度树状图对细菌群落进行聚类分析,研究鄱阳湖河湖交错带微生物分布差异。基于冗余分析(Redundancy Analysis,RDA)研究理化因子与微生物群落分布之间的关系。【结果】鄱阳湖河湖交错带水体为中性或微酸性水质、总氮含量在V类标准以上、总磷含量在Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ类标准间波动。鄱阳湖河湖交错带水体细菌优势种组成大体相似,只是其相对丰度有所区别,其中门级微生物群落优势类群为:变形菌门(Proteobacteria,36.18%)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes,22.18%)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes,17.06%)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria,8.87%)和蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria,4.43%)。水体中变形菌门以γ-变形菌为优势菌群,以β-变形菌为次优势菌群;属分类水平上,相对丰度最高的是放线菌门(Actinobacteria)的其他属类(11.4%)。乐安河(R9采样点)与鄱阳湖长江交汇处(H11采样点)的细菌α多样性指数较高,万家桥(N2采样点)、赣江鄱阳湖交汇处(W6采样点)和瑶湖(Y10采样点)的α多样性指数最低。从细菌群落组成看:鄱阳湖大湖池保护区(W7采样点)、乐安河(R9采样点)和鄱阳湖长江交汇处(H11采样点)群落组成相似,其余8个采样点群落组成相似。pH值(P=0.735 2)、总氮(P=0.761 4)和总磷(P=0.612 8)是影响微生物群落分布的主要环境因子。【结论】鄱阳湖河湖交错带枯水期水体细菌群落空间分布差异较为明显,其空间地理差异叠加人类活动的扰动,影响了植被、水文、富营养化程度等,从而导致水体理化指标的差异,进而影响细菌群落的组成,水体理化指标相似的区域细菌群落组成也相似。水体富营养化严重的区域细菌多样性低。该研究有助于深层次了解鄱阳湖河湖交错的生态系统结构和功能,可为鄱阳湖水环境治理和生态保护提供相应的技术支持,对维持鄱阳湖生态平衡有着重要的意义。     

福州左海湖细菌群落与环境的关系

摘要:【目的】揭示福州左海湖水体细菌群落时空动态变化与其相应环境因子的关系。【方法】通过DAPI荧光染色法、变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)和构建16S rRNA基因克隆文库分析相结合的分子生物学技术,系统研究了福州左海湖在2011－2013为期两年的水体细菌丰度与群落结构的时空变化情况,并结合多元统计分析的方法,探讨了细菌群落组成与相关环境因子的对应关系。【结果】左海湖全年总细菌介于4.91×106－18.71×106 cells/mL之间,细菌丰度具有显著的季节性变化特征;DGGE和克隆文库分析结果表 明,左海湖细菌群落结构空间差异不明显,季节变化对菌群结构的影响更为显著;系统进化分析表明,左海湖细菌菌群归属于11个门类,其中最优势菌群为β-Proteobacteria和Cyanobacteria,较优势菌群为α-Proteobacteria、Actinobacteria 和Bacteroidetes。冗余分析(RDA)结果显示,pH、水温(WT)、总氮(TN)、总磷 (TP)和叶绿素a(Chla)是影响左海湖细菌群落组成的主要环境因子。【结论】左海湖中存在较丰富的细菌多样性,水体环境的季节间差异对其细菌群落组成的影响要大于不同采样点间的差异,但在优势菌群组成方面比较稳定,均为β-Proteobacteria和Cyanobacteria。     

5株北极微藻藻际环境的细菌多样性

对5株北极微藻,如脆杆藻(Fragilariopsis sp.)、微单胞藻(Micromonas sp.)、四棘藻(Attheya septentrionalis)、海链藻(Thalassiosira sp.)和小球藻(Chlorella sp.)的不同生长时期的粘附细菌和游离细菌的16S rRNA基因进行PCR-DGGE分析,研究藻际环境的细菌多样性。结果表明,5株微藻具有不同的藻际微生物群落结构组成,其中微单胞藻、脆杆藻、四棘藻和海链藻的藻际细菌主要由Cyanobacteria(藻蓝细菌)、α-Proteobacteria(α-变形菌纲)和γ-Proteobacteria(γ-变形菌纲)组成,仅微单胞藻和脆杆藻检测出CFB(Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteroides,噬纤维菌-屈挠杆菌-拟杆菌)。小球藻由Cyanobacteria、CFB、α-Proteobacteria和β-Proteobacteria(β-变形菌纲)组成。微单胞藻的藻际菌群结构稳定,不同生长时期的游离细菌和粘附细菌组成差异不明显。3株硅藻-脆杆藻、四棘藻和海链藻的游离细菌主要由γ-Proteobacteria组成,小球藻的游离细菌主要为β-Proteobacteria,而5株微藻的粘附细菌主要由Cyanobacteria组成。从DGGE图谱来看,在脆杆藻生长的延滞期、指数期和稳定期,其藻际游离细菌和粘附细菌的16S rRNA基因扩增条带数量和位置均有明显差异,但优势扩增条带较稳定;其他4株藻粘附细菌和游离细菌的扩增条带比较稳定,说明藻际关联菌群结构较稳定。藻菌种间特异性关系为不同微藻藻株提供了重要的线索,同时也带来更多的隐藏在藻际环境中的信息。     

南大西洋深海热液区可培养硫氧化微生物多样性及其硫氧化特性

【目的】探索南大西洋热液环境中的硫氧化细菌多样性并研究其硫氧化特性。【方法】通过富集培养和分离纯化获得硫氧化细菌,利用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)分析富集菌群组成结构,采用离子色谱法对获得的硫氧化细菌硫氧化特性进行检测。【结果】从南大西洋深海环境样品中共分离到48株菌,分属于alpha-Proteobacteria(28株,58.3%)、Actinobacteria(11株,22.9%)和gama-Proteobacteria(9株,18.8%)共3个门,其中Thalassospira、Martelella和Microbacterium为优势属。DGGE结果表明深海热液环境样品中微生物多样性丰富且不同站位存在差异。硫氧化特性研究结果表明,约60%的分离菌株具有硫氧化能力,可以氧化S_2O_3~(2–)生成SO_4~(2–)。获得一株硫氧化能力较强的潜在新种L6M1-5,在实验条件下可高效氧化S_2O_3~(2–),最大氧化速率可达0.56 mmol/(L·h)。【结论】南大西洋深海热液环境中可培养硫氧化细菌多样性丰富,为研究热液环境中的硫循环过程提供了实验材料和理论参考;同时高效硫氧化菌的获得,为工业化含硫废水的处理提供了良好的菌种资源。     

冲绳海槽热液区可培养硫氧化细菌多样性及其硫氧化特性

冲绳海槽热液区独特的地质环境孕育了特殊的生物群落,硫氧化细菌作为生物地球化学循环的重要参与者在热液生态系统中发挥着至关重要的作用。【目的】通过硫氧化菌株的分离培养揭示冲绳海槽热液区可培养硫氧化细菌的多样性和硫氧化活性。【方法】采用多种培养基对冲绳海槽热液区不同沉积物样品中的硫氧化细菌进行富集培养和分离纯化;利用16S rRNA基因序列确定硫氧化细菌的分类地位并进行系统发育分析;采用碘量法对典型硫氧化菌株硫氧化活性进行检测。【结果】本研究从冲绳海槽热液区样品中共分离鉴定85株硫氧化细菌,分属于α-变形菌纲、γ-变形菌纲、放线菌门和厚壁菌门,优势属为氢弧菌属(Hydrogenovibrio)、拉布伦氏菌属(Labrenzia)、深海海旋菌属(Thalassospira)和海杆状菌属(Marinobacter)。硫氧化活性检测结果表明,7株典型硫氧化菌株对硫代硫酸钠的降解活性介于31%–100%之间,其中泰坦尼克号盐单胞菌SOB56 (Halomonas titanicae SOB56)、南极海杆状菌SOB93(Marinobacter antarcticus SOB93)、印度硫氧化粗杆菌SOB107 (Thioclava indica SOB107)和嗜温氢弧菌CJG136 (Hydrogenovibrio thermophiles CJG136)可以完全降解硫代硫酸钠。【结论】冲绳海槽热液区可培养硫氧化细菌的多样性丰富,为研究该热液区的硫循环过程提供了实验材料和理论基础,多种硫氧化活性菌株的获得极大地丰富了菌种资源,为探究深海热液区硫循环的能量代谢途径和分子机制奠定基础。     

青海湖3种类型高寒湿地甲烷氧化菌群落特征

【背景】甲烷氧化菌在维持湿地生态系统碳平衡方面发挥着重要作用,青海湖高寒湿地具有十分重要的生态地位,但目前有关该地区甲烷氧化菌的研究相对较少。【目的】探究不同类型高寒湿地土壤甲烷氧化菌的群落特征与驱动因素。【方法】以青海湖流域内的小泊湖沼泽湿地、鸟岛湖滨湿地、瓦颜山河源湿地为研究对象,通过高通量测序技术对土壤甲烷氧化菌进行检测。【结果】3种不同类型高寒湿地土壤甲烷氧化菌的优势菌门均为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)。鸟岛湖滨湿地与瓦颜山河源湿地的甲烷氧化菌α多样性存在显著差异(P<0.05),而小泊湖沼泽湿地与二者的甲烷氧化菌α多样性的差异不显著(P>0.05)。LEfSe分析表明,不同类型高寒湿地共存在40个差异菌群,尤以瓦颜山河源湿地差异菌群数量最多,从门到属水平均存在显著差异。冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)表明,甲烷氧化菌菌群变化的主要驱动因子为土壤温度、土壤水分、电导率。【结论】整体而言,青海湖3种类型高寒湿地土壤理化性质及甲烷氧化菌群落多样性均存在差异,且部分菌群的相对丰度具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。     

长江三峡大坝两侧水体中氨氧化微生物种群结构分析

【目的】研究自然界中的氨氧化微生物对于理解全球氮元素循环至关重要,而人们对于人工坝体对氨氧化微生物种群生态的影响还知之甚少。本工作旨在分析三峡大坝两侧水体中浮游和附着在颗粒表面的氨氧化微生物种群构成的多样性,并试图分析其潜在的控制因素。【方法】在靠近三峡坝体的上游水体及下游水体中各选取1个取样点,在取样点现场测量水体理化参数并收集生物量,采用氨氧化功能基因的mRNA逆转录产物构建克隆文库等技术分析样品中氨氧化微生物种群的多样性。【结果】坝下水体中浊度、溶氧量和氧化还原电位略高于坝上水体。坝体两侧的氨氧化菌以氨氧化古菌(AOA)为主,没有检测到氨氧化细菌(AOB)。坝体两侧水体不同存在方式的AOA组群存在差异:坝上水体中附着在颗粒表面的AOA多样性较高,而坝下水体中浮游的AOA多样性更高;坝上水体中附着在颗粒表面与浮游的AOA种群间的差异明显大于坝下水体。【结论】三峡大坝对坝体两侧水体中AOA种群主体构成的影响不是很明显,但三峡大坝产生的水动力条件改变影响了坝体两侧水体中浮游和附着在颗粒表面的AOA组群分布。     

南明河城区河段细菌多样性与环境因子的关系

摘要:【目的】了解南明河城区河段细菌群落结构及多样性变化,探讨城区河段环境因子对细菌群落结构的影响。【方法】应用对细菌16S rDNA V4区的高通量测序技术,分析和比较了南明河流经城区的5个样点的细菌群落多样性;然后采用冗余分析(RDA)探讨了水体环境因子与细菌多样性的关系。【结果】南明河贵阳区段细菌多样性指数( Shannon-Wiener 指数)分析结果显示,多样性指数平均达7.5,乌当桥采样点的细菌多样性＞水口寺采样点＞五眼桥采样＞花溪大桥采样点＞冠洲桥采样点。序列比对结果显示,南明河内细菌除了部分分类地位不明确的菌群和稀有菌群外,其余分布于11个门包含327个属的细菌,优势菌门为变形菌门(Proteobacterice,66.1%±3.30%),其中γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria,54.76%±4.86%)为优势亚群,假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas,16.92%±0.02%)为优势菌属;RDA结果表明不同菌群受不同环境因子的影响 不同,菌属群落Ⅳ和环境中总氮、总磷显著正相关。【结论】高通量测序分析能获得更为全面的细菌群落多样性信息。河流经过城区后环境因子发生较大变化,影响河流细菌群落结构改变。这为研究河流城市区段的细菌结构多样性及与环境因子的关系提供了新的科学数据。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

广西青藓科分类学修订

通过对采自广西24个县(市)的1 147份青藓科植物标本的逐一鉴定及相关文献的查阅,确认有广西青藓科植物11属、44种,其中包括广西青藓科植物新记录属1属,即拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia),新记录种7种,分别为匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)、阔叶尖喙藓(Oxyrrhynchium latifolium)、泛生尖喙藓(O. vagans)、拟异叶藓(Pseudokindbergia dumosa)、华东细喙藓(Rhynchostegiella sinensis)、长肋拟青藓(Sciurohypnum populeum)和弯叶拟青藓(S. reflexum)。该文提供了修订后的广西青藓科植物名录,并对其中的新记录属、种的主要形态学识别特征、生境和地理分布等进行了详细描述。     

In vitro appraisal of the probiotic value of intestinal lactobacilli

Lactobacilli play a distinctive role in the microbial balance of the chicken gut. In experiments simulating the chicken crop, the antagonism of lactobacilli against Enterobacteriaceae and Salmonella typhimurium was demonstrated and was attributed to lactic acid production. Moreover, adhesion to the crop epithelium was a common characteristic of intestinal lactobacilli. As opposed to salmonellas, lactobacilli were sensitive to deconjugated bile salts at 2.5mm. This sensitivity could lower their chance of proliferation in the small bowel of the chicken tract.The authors are at the Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, State University of Gent, Coupure L., 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.