二级及以上医疗机构公共卫生职能承担现况调查

目的 了解我国二级及以上医疗机构公共卫生职能的承担情况。方法 对4个省进行实地调研,对180家二级及以上医院进行问卷调查。结果 上报医疗机构对15项公共卫生职能的承担数为0.78,发文组与设置组承担数更高。各项公共卫生工作在医疗机构的开展情况不尽相同。院内公共卫生职能管理分散。结论 建议在二级及以上医院内部单独设置公共卫生科（处）,统筹全院公卫工作,并对各级各类医疗机构的公卫职责进行重新划分。     

我国二级及以上医疗机构开展公共卫生工作现况分析

目的 对二级以上医疗机构疾病预防控制等公共卫生工作现况进行评估。方法 对全国10个省163家医院进行二级以上医疗机构公共卫生工作开展基本情况调查和人员基本情况调查的问卷调查;对全国34个省、自治区、直辖市和新疆生产建设兵团进行函调以及对浙江、河南、辽宁和甘肃4个省进行实地调研。结果（1）医疗机构应承担的公共卫生职能与落实情况相差甚远。（2）医疗机构从事公共卫生工作积极性不高。（3）医疗机构在公共卫生工作中接受多个部门管理,但在工作中缺乏协调。结论（1）弥合临床医疗服务体系与公共卫生体系的割裂状态。（2）增强医疗机构从事公共卫生工作积极性。（3）加强督察考核,促进公共卫生工作的落实。     

二级及以上公立医疗机构公共卫生相关科室设置分析

目的 摸底二级以上医疗机构公共卫生工作的组织方式,并对其设置公共卫生职能科室的必要性进行讨论。方法 检索北大法律信息数据库查找相关政府文件,梳理医疗机构设置公共卫生相关科室的要求。对发文要求设立公共卫生科室的省份和对比省份的163家医疗机构进行问卷调查。结果 原卫生部要求500张床位以上的医疗机构设立预防保健科,2003年以后部分省份发文要求二级以上医疗机构设立疾病预防控制或公共卫生科。72.5%的发文地区医疗机构和39.8%的未发文地区医疗机构设立了公共卫生相关科室,二级以上公立医疗机构设置公共卫生科室对公共卫生职责的承担有促进作用。结论 二级以上医疗机构应当设置公共卫生职能科室,以促进公共卫生职责的落实。     

我国医疗机构公共卫生工作相关法律法规分析

阐述了我国医疗机构公共卫生工作的背景和现状,对现行法律法规等文件进行了汇总、梳理,分析了当前法律法规中存在的问题并提出可行性政策建议,旨在不断提升我国医疗机构公共卫生管理水平,更好地保障公众健康。     

政府补偿与监管机制改革对公立医疗机构公共卫生及公益性服务的影响分析

目的 分析上海市闵行区政府补偿与监管机制改革对公立医疗卫生机构的公共卫生和公益性服务状况的影响。方法 收集2008—2012年闵行区12家社区卫生服务中心的公共卫生服务和公益性服务,以及3家综合性医院的公益性服务的指标数据,并将部分指标与上海市同期的平均水平进行比较分析。结果 改革后,闵行区社区卫生服务中心公共卫生服务能力显著提升,服务质量保持在较高水平,服务效率也有所改进,公共卫生服务数量明显优于上海市平均水平。结论 闵行区政府补偿与监管机制改革对公立医疗卫生机构的公共卫生和公益性服务的提供有积极的影响,但未来需要关注对公益性服务的激励和补偿,尤其是补偿机制和标准更为明确和细化。     

Survey of Tuberculosis Hospitals in China: Current Status and Challenges

Background

Hospitals will play an increasingly important role in delivering TB services in China, however little is known in terms of the current landscape of the hospital system that delivers TB care.

Methodology/Principal Findings

In order to examine the status of TB hospitals we performed a study in which a total of 203 TB hospitals, with 30 beds or more, were enrolled from 31 provinces and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps. Of the 203 hospitals, 93 (45.8%) were located in the eastern region of China, 84 (41.4%) in the central region, and 26 (12.8%) in the western region, while there were 34.6 million TB patients in western China, accounting for 34.6% of the TB burden nationwide. The total number of staff in these 203 hospitals was 83,011, of which 18,899 (22.8%) provided health services for TB patients, (physicians, nurses, lab technicians, etc). Although both the overall number of the health care workers and TB staff in the 203 hospitals increased from the year 1999 to 2009, the former increased by 52%, while the latter increased only by 34%, showing that the percentage of TB staff declined significantly (χ² = 181.7, P<0.01). The total annual income of the 203 hospitals increased 5.5 fold from 1999 to 2009, while that from TB care increased 3.8 fold during the same period. TB care and control experienced a relatively slower development during this period as shown by the lower percentage of TB staff and the lesser increase in income from TB care in the hospitals.

Conclusions/Significance

In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that hospital resources are scarcer in western China as compared with eastern China. In view of the current findings, policymakers are urged to address the uneven distribution of medical resources between the underdeveloped west and the more affluent eastern provinces.     

我国

目的 了解全国三级甲等医院现有网站的建设与使用情况以及全国各地区在医院网站建设方面的差距,并且指出在网站建设方面的存在的不足。方法 通过采用人工调研方式对全国653家三级甲等医院的网站建设情况进行调查,并使用比较研究法对调查数据进行分析。结果 在网站建设功能中“检索功能”完善情况较差,建设比例达12.6%;受众对于“交互功能”建设指标中“预约挂号”“医疗咨询”的需求较高,但全国三甲医院网站中分别只有73.6%和57.7%的医院设立了以上两个功能。结论 为了更好地与患者有效沟通,医院“交互功能”应得到进一步的重视和完善。     

上海市医院人力资源结构现状与预期调查

?????? 目的 征询上海市各级医院对医院人力资源结构合理配置的意见与建议;摸清医院当前学科发展和人力资源状况,职称与编制、职称与岗位之间的矛盾;了解各级各类职称的现状和核定比例预期。方法 采用文献检索法、分层随机抽样法和专家访谈法,并以开放式与封闭式相结合的问卷调查形式,了解医院的基本资料、医院编制人员结构比例与设置、卫生专业技术人员职称结构与设置以及编外人员职称聘任情况等,通过访谈了解实现医院人力资源结构合理配置的意见与建议。数据采用SPSS17.0进行统计分析。结果现聘人员职称结构比例已突破高、中级限额,编制外用工对医院职称评审与聘任产生较大影响。结论 建议尽快出台新的医院编制核定方案,调整上海市医院职称结构比例设置,规范非人事主管部门出台人员配置标准,强化上海市与岗位聘任相结合的全行业评审。     

Clinical and Microbiological Investigation of Fungemia from Four Hospitals in China

In this study, fungemia cases from four tertiary hospitals located in Shanghai and Anhui province in China from March 2012 to December 2013 were enrolled to investigate clinical features, species distribution, antifungal susceptibility and strain relatedness. During the study period, 137 non-duplicate cases and their corresponding isolates were collected. Six different genera of fungi were identified, of which Candida spp. were the most common (126/137, 91.97 %), with C. albicans predominating (48/137, 35.03 %). The non-Candida fungi rate reached 8.03 % (11/137), and Pichia spp. was the most common (5/137, 3.65 %). Compared with C. albicans, non-C. albicans fungi-associated fungemia was more likely in younger (p = 0.004) and male patients (χ ² = 6.2618, p = 0.0123) and patients from ICUs (χ ² = 6.3783, p = 0.0116). Overall, the susceptible/WT rates of common Candida spp. to fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, flucytosine, amphotericin B and caspofungin were 74.63, 92.31, 93.16, 96.58, 100 and 95.69 %, respectively. C. tropicalis and C. guilliermondii had a low susceptibility to fluconazole: 79.95 and 77.78 %, respectively. No isolates were resistant/WT to caspofungin, but C. parapsilosis and C. guilliermondii had high MIC₉₀ values; 1 and 2 mg/L, respectively. In terms of genotyping, MLST was taken for C. glabrata and C. tropicalis, while microsatellite marker analysis was used for C. albicans and C. parapsilosis. C. glabrata was predominantly clone ST7, accounting for 75 %, while the other isolates showed genetic diversity. Considering the increased proportion of non-C. albicans fungi and the presence of endemic clones of C. glabrata, it is essential to undertake additional surveillance of fungemia.     

北京市属医院手术分级管理现状调查与分析

目的 了解北京市医管局所属的22家市属医院现有手术分级管理工作开展现状,探讨其在运行中出现的问题,并提出改进意见。方法 采用问卷普查的方法,发放《市属医院手术分级管理现况调查表》至22家市属医院进行调研,通过被调查机构的相关负责人员填写收集数据。结果 22家市属医院除3家因专业特色未开展手术分级管理,其余19家医院均已进行,但手术分级目录、医师授权、动态管理工作进展各异。各家医院在制定手术分级目录时参照的标准不统一;84.2%的医院是按照手术级别对医师进行授权,参考指标为职称、手术级别和手术技能;14家医院已对手术分级进行信息化管理。结论 统一手术分级目录、扩充医师授权体系、完善分级管理信息系统是加强手术分级管理进一步落实的重要举措。     

基于DEA的Malmquist指数的我国大型综合医院跨期效率研究

目的 评价大型综合医院效率。方法 采用DEA的CCR模型、BCC模型进行年度分析，再采用Malmquist指数进行跨期分析。结果 在所研究的22所大型综合医院中，2006—2007年有68.2%的医院处于规模报酬固定阶段；2006—2007年，63.6%的医院生产率变化主要是受到技术变化的影响，13.6%生产率变化是受到效率变化的影响，其他变化则是技术变化和效率变化共同作用。结论 研究期间，22所大型综合医院纯技术效率基本稳定，多数医院处于规模报酬固定阶段，生产率主要受技术变化的影响。