最新专利文摘

生物转化玉米芯生产木糖醇的工艺方法 本发明提供了一种生物转化玉米芯生产木糖醇的工艺方法,属于功能糖生产技术领域。其工艺方法包括如下步骤：玉米芯的预处理、玉米芯的酶解、液体菌种的制备、木糖醇的发酵生产、发酵液的分离与提纯。采用生物转化玉米芯的工艺生产木糖醇,工序简单、无环境污染,符合环保要求;工艺过程条件温和,常压下操作,易于安全生产;生产收率高,降低了运行成本,提高了产品的市场竞争力,促进了行业的可持续发展。     

我国滑菇工厂化生产现状及展望

20世纪70年代末,滑菇Pholiota microspora在我国实现了规模化生产,在经历了灭菌方式从半熟料到熟料、出菇方式从盘栽到袋栽的发展过程后,目前生产方式以季节性的熟料层架袋式栽培为主。滑菇的工厂化生产在我国仍处于探索阶段,相较于传统栽培模式,设施调控下的周年规模化生产更强调菌种稳定性、生产的标准化、提高单位面积的经济效益、提高出菇一致性和缩短生产周期等。文中介绍了我国近年的滑菇生产情况,结合我国滑菇生产实际,从品种选择和生产管理等方面对滑菇工厂化生产的栽培和管理关键技术进行了综述,并根据我国滑菇生产实际提出了现阶段工厂化和传统栽培方式相结合的栽培模式,为进一步研究提供信息。     

浅析提高营林生产效益的措施

营林生产是森林形成的基础性工作,本文对林区营林生产现状、营林生产中存在的问题进行了粗略分析,提出了提高营林生产效益的改进措施,为林区营林生产工作的顺利进行提供参考。     

关于日本扁柏人工林光能利用效率的研究 (Ⅱ)群落生产结构对光能分配与利用效率的影响

本文以日本扁柏人工林为研究对象,通过对间伐林分和不间伐林分的生产结构、光能分布、光合速率、枝叶生长等季节变化的观测,进而计算了光能利用效率的季节变化。通过比较研究,证明了生产结构影响光能利用效率,而密度影响群落生产结构。合理的生产结构可以使光能在群落内合理分配、各层叶的光合潜力充分发挥、提高群落的光能利用效率。为了标定林分生产结构的合理性,本文提出了相对光合时间数和相对光能利用率的概念及数学公式。绘制了生产结构与功能图。对合理的生产结构与合理密度的关系进行了论述。     

生物质的综合利用技术在燃料乙醇产业中的应用

概述了燃料乙醇生产的生物质及其特点,重点阐述了小麦、玉米等原料生产乙醇的综合开发技术,并对甘蔗和木薯为原料生产燃料乙醇进行了经济性评价。     

基因工程菌生产抗菌肽的研究进展

目前,利用基因工程菌生产抗菌肽,提供有效和稳定的方法是抗菌肽生产的热点之一。了解抗菌肽工程菌表达系统、生产量尤为重要,为此本文阐述了抗菌肽的生产方式,介绍了基因工程菌表达系统的种类、组成及特点,分析了基因工程菌生产抗菌肽的主要困难因素,并对近些年利用基因工程菌生产抗菌肽的进展进行了综述。     

生物基乳酸生物转化研究进展

乳酸的发酵生产技术已取得了长足的进步,作为一种重要生物基化学品,乳酸除了可用于食品工业及生产聚乳酸外,亦可作为一种重要的平台化合物,用于生产丙烯酸、丙酮酸、1,2-丙二醇、乳酸酯等。文中重点综述了以生物基乳酸为原料经脱水、脱氢、还原及酯化反应生产乳酸衍生物的生物转化工艺,对该领域的发展趋势进行了展望。     

嘧啶核苷的研究进展

嘧啶核苷包括尿嘧啶核苷和胞嘧啶核苷,其在食品工业和医药行业上应用广泛。介绍了嘧啶核苷的用途、测定方法、生产方法等;根据代谢控制发酵原理,以尿苷生产菌的选育为例,详细介绍了嘧啶核苷生产菌的育种策略,并对嘧啶核苷生产菌的育种实例、育种展望进行了综述。     

绒鼠生产初见成效

1977年12月11—13日中国土产畜产进出口总公司在湖南衡阳召开了全国第五次绒鼠生产会议,出席会议的代表有生产和科研、教学等单位。会议揭露了“四人帮”破坏生产、破坏科研的反革命罪行。肯定了三年来饲养生产的成绩,总结了经验教训,并对当前绒鼠生产中的有关问题进行认真讨论。明确了今后绒鼠生产的发展方向。绒鼠生产在我国能否发展?三年来,在缺乏资料、经验和技术的情况下,在饲养管理、饲料配方、繁殖与疾病防治方面,初步摸索了一些规律,取得了一定成绩。如在饲料的搭配方面,青饲料有苜蓿草、蒲公英、车前草、马根草、甘薯藤、胡萝卜、空心菜等。精饲料有     

紫胶生产对土壤及寄主植物营养元素含量和分布的影响

土壤、植物中的营养元素含量特征是生态系统养分循环的重要内容之一,为探讨人工紫胶林中紫胶生产对土壤及寄主植物中营养元素含量和分布的影响,本研究调查了不同强度紫胶生产样地中植物根、茎、叶、枝条各部位以及土壤不同深度的氮、磷、钾营养元素含量。结果显示:不同强度的紫胶生产会显著影响植物氮的含量,但是对磷和钾没有显著的影响。低强度紫胶生产样地的植物含氮量显著高于高强度紫胶生产和无生样地植物的含氮量。不同强度的紫胶生产对土壤中全氮、速效磷的含量无显著影响,但是对全磷、全钾和速效钾有显著影响,高强度紫胶生产样地土壤中全磷和全钾的含量都显著低于无生产样地。本研究揭示了紫胶林生态系统中低强度的紫胶生产会提高植物中氮元素的含量,同时紫胶生产会降低土壤中磷和钾的含量,对紫胶生产的持续经营有一定指导意义。     

ENZYME LOCALIZATION IN THE ANAEROBIC MITOCHONDRIA OF ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES

Mitochondria from the muscle of the parasitic nematode Ascaris lumbricoides var. suum function anaerobically in electron transport-associated phosphorylations under physiological conditions. These helminth organelles have been fractionated into inner and outer membrane, matrix, and intermembrane space fractions. The distributions of enzyme systems were determined and compared with corresponding distributions reported in mammalian mitochondria. Succinate and pyruvate dehydrogenases as well as NADH oxidase, Mg⁺⁺-dependent ATPase, adenylate kinase, citrate synthase, and cytochrome c reductases were determined to be distributed as in mammalian mitochondria. In contrast with the mammalian systems, fumarase and NAD-linked "malic" enzyme were isolated primarily from the intermembrane space fraction of the worm mitochondria. These enzymes are required for the anaerobic energy-generating system in Ascaris and would be expected to give rise to NADH in the intermembrane space. The need for and possible mechanism of a proton translocation system to obtain energy generation is suggested.     

PERSPECTIVE: THE THEORIES OF FISHER AND WRIGHT IN THE CONTEXT OF METAPOPULATIONS: WHEN NATURE DOES MANY SMALL EXPERIMENTS

We critically review the two major theories of adaptive evolution developed early in this century, Wright's shifting balance theory and Fisher's large population size theory, in light of novel findings from field observations, laboratory experiments, and theoretical research conducted over the past 15 years. Ecological studies of metapopulations have established that the processes of local extinction and colonization of demes are relatively common in natural populations of many species and theoretical population genetic models have shown that these ecological processes have genetic consequences within and among local demes. Within demes, random genetic drift converts nonadditive genetic variance into additive genetic variance, increasing, rather than limiting, the potential for adaptation to local environments. For this reason, the genetic differences that arise by drift among demes, can be augmented by local selection. The resulting adaptive differences in gene combinations potentially contribute to the genetic origin of new species. These and other recent findings were not discussed by either Wright or Fisher. For example, although Wright emphasized epistatic genetic variance, he did not discuss the conversion process. Similarly, Fisher did not discuss how the average additive effect of a gene varies among demes across a metapopulation whenever there is epistasis. We discuss the implications of such recent findings for the Wright-Fisher controversy and identify some critical open questions that require additional empirical and theoretical study.     

广义捕食系统无闭轨的几组充分条件

本文对一类广义捕食系统生物种群生态常微模型建立几组无闭轨的充分条件,为开拓涉及该类模型制作参考类作全局制图定性的研究．     

COMPARISON OF THE CYTOPLASMIC AND PERIPLASMIC PRODUCTION OF RETEPLASE IN Escherichia coli

Reteplase is the recombinant type of tissue plasminogen activator variant. In this study, preplasmic and cytoplasmic (as inclusion body: IBs) production and activity of recombinant reteplase in E. coli were investigated and compared using a pET system (pET22b and pET15b). The cDNA of reteplase was cloned by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, sequenced, inserted into the vector pET 22b and pET15b, and expressed using isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). The recombinant plasmid was expressed in the form of inclusion body in pET 15b and in periplasmic space in pET22b. The obtained results of inclusion body extraction from recombinant pET22b (rpET22b) and recombinant pET15b (rpET15b) plasmids using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) showed a band of ～39 kD. However, the obtained results of periplasmic space extraction from rpET22b plasmid showed a very weak band, while cytoplasmic expression of reteplase (pET15b) produced a strong protein band confirmed with Western blotting. Consequently, our results demonstrated that the cytoplasmic expression system is efficient for the production of reteplase protein in prokaryote systems and a high amount of reteplase was obtained from the expressed proteins in the form of IBs. The obtained activity of rpET15b plasmid showed a higher enzyme absorbance in comparison to rpET22b plasmid. This suggests rpET15b as an appropriate candidate for reteplase production.     

大白鼠脑干听觉中枢的研究下丘中心核内神经突触的特点

1.大白鼠下丘中心核(the Central Nucleus of the Inferior Colliculus,ICCN)内神经末稍以群体的形式有在,神经突触排列的类型主要为系列突触.2.末稍群体(Clustered ending)中轴突终末内含有多种类型的突触小泡.3.ICCN内具有不对称突触与对称突触两种类型的突触结构.4.在ICCN内,突触前终末有大量的突触小泡聚集,并且在突触后常有1—2个大线粒体靠近突触后膜.5.以上结果表明了脑干听觉中枢下丘中心核的结构及其突触连结的模式;突触的结构及其特点,这是频有意义的.     

IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES ON PRODUCTION OF BROWN ALGAL PHLOROTANNINS

Targett, N. M. Graduate College of Marine Studies, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE 19958 USA Ecological theories such as resource availability theory (e.g. carbon-nutrient balance hypothesis) and growth differentiation balance theory have attempted to provide a theoretical framework in which to balance putative improvements in plant fitness resulting from secondary metabolite production with the metabolic costs of these compounds. However, experimental tests of these theories have yielded mixed results, in part because they have relied upon static measures of phlorotannin concentrations and have incorrectly assumed phlorotannins to be immobile defenses with negligible rates of turnover. To test these theories more effectively, in situ rates of phlorotannin biosynthesis were examined in several species of brown algae as they responded to manipulations of their surrounding environmental conditions (light, nutrients, and simulated herbivory). The rates of phlorotannin synthesis measured for damaged Fucus vesiculosus from Maine (USA) were dramatically in-creased relative to controls. Carbon resources required for this response were supplied via wound-induced increases in photosynthetic rates, rather than changes in patterns of internal resource allocation. The lack of internal resource trade-offs indicates that phlorotannin production may not always generate allocation costs in these plants. Shading decreased the magnitude of the induced response but growth vs. defenses trade-offs were not identified. For Sargassum hystrix var. buxifolium from the Bahamas, rates of phlorotannin synthesis and total phenolic contents were decreased by both shading and nutrient enrichment. Overall, rates of phlorotannin synthesis were often, but not always, correlated with the eventual changes in total phlorotannin concentrations. Where synthesis and accumulations were uncoupled, differential rates of phlorotannin turnover are expected.     

EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON THE LEVEL OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN A IN SALIVA

The aim of this paper is to describe the structure, production and function of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) as well as changes of its concentration caused by exercise of various intensity and duration. Immunoglobulin A is the main class of antibodies present in the body secreted fluids such as saliva, tears or mucus from the intestines. It is generally recognized that IgA, due to its dominance in the immune system of mucous membranes, is the first line of defence against harmful environmental factors. The secretion and composition of saliva depends on the activity of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Physical activity, stimulating the autonomous nervous system, may reduce the amount of saliva and/or inhibit its secretion. The relationship between physical activity and the suppression of the immune system is not fully understood, but it is known that moderate intensity exercise can improve immune defences, while extreme effort can reduce them by creating an increased risk of upper respiratory tract inflammation (URTI). In athletes, the lowest risk of upper tract infection was connected with the case of moderate intensity exercise. It is now believed that the relationship between exercise volume and the risk of URTI has the shape of the letter “J”. This means that both too little and too much physical activity may increase the risk of upper respiratory tract infection. Training optimization and correct balance between exercise and rest periods may reduce the risk of adverse changes in the immune system and decrease the frequency of URTI.     

FINE STRUCTURE OF MEMBRANOUS AND MICROFIBRILLAR SYSTEMS IN THE CORTEX OF PARAMECIUM CAUDATUM

An electron microscope study of the cortex of Paramecium caudatum has revealed new details pertinent to several unresolved problems. The lateral boundaries of the alveoli do not regularly follow the crests of the polygonal ridges and thus their staining with silver cannot account for the external lattice seen by light microscopists. A granulo-fibrillar material is present, however, within the peaks of the ridges, which would account for the external lattice if so stained. Perforations are present between adjacent alveoli which make the whole mosaic of alveolar sacs within the cell's cortex continuous—both the membranes and the lumen. A microfibrillar system exhibiting a cross-striated pattern lies in the superficial cortex. These bands are inserted at their ends in the epiplasm and have a fine structure and arrangement suggesting a muscular function. The infraciliary lattice is a branching system of fibers with electron-opaque posts at the center of each branching locus. This system is distinct from the striated bands in morphology and in space. The epiplasm is discontinuous along the crests of the ridges, which may account for the pellicles' disposition to tear along these lines. A three-dimensional drawing is presented to show the interrelationships between the above membranous and microfibrillar systems.     

THE EVOLUTION OF WING DIMORPHISM IN INSECTS

Wing-dimorphic insects are excellent subjects for a study of the evolution of dispersal since the nondispersing brachypterous morph is easily recognized. The purpose of this paper is to develop a framework within which the evolution of wing dimorphism can be understood. A review of the literature indicates that the presence or absence of wings may be controlled by a single locus, two-allele genetic system or a polygenic system. Both types of inheritance can be subsumed within a general threshold model. An increase in the frequency of a brachypterous morph in a population may result from an increased relative fitness of this morph or the emigration of the macropterous type. The abundance of wing-polymorphic species argues for an increased fitness of the brachypterous form. An analysis of the life-history characteristics of 22 species of insects indicates that the brachypterous morph is both more fecund and reproduces earlier that the macropterous morph. Unfortunately, data on males are generally lacking. It is suggested that suppression of wing production results when some hormone, perhaps juvenile hormone, exceeds a threshold value during a critical stage of development. Further, it is known that in the monomorphically winged species Oncopeltus fasciatus both flight and oviposition are regulated by the titer of juvenile hormone. These observations are used to construct a possible pathway for the evolution of wing dimorphism. This suggests that evolution to a dimorphic species requires both an increase in the rate of production of the wing suppressing hormone and a change in the threshold level at which wing and wing-muscle production are suppressed. The stage in this evolutionary sequence that an organism will reach depends on the stability of the habitat.     

CAUSE OF BIMODAL DISTRIBUTION IN THE SHAPE OF A TERRESTRIAL GASTROPOD

The distribution of a phenotypic state is often discontinuous and dispersed. An example of such a distribution can be found in the shell shapes of terrestrial gastropods, which exhibit a bimodal distribution whereby species possess either a tall shell or a flat shell. Here we propose a simple model to test the hypothesis that the bimodal distribution relates to the optimum shape for shell balance on the substrates. This model calculates the theoretical shell balance by moment and obtains empirical distribution of shell shape by compiling published data and performing a new analysis. The solution of the model supports one part of the hypothesis, showing that a low-spired shell is the best balanced and is better suited for locomotion on horizontal surface. Additionally, the model shows that both high- and low-spired shells are well balanced and suited on vertical surfaces. The shell with a spire index (shell height divided by diameter) of 1.4 is the least well balanced as a whole. Thus, spire index is expected to show a bimodal distribution with a valley at 1.4. This expectation was supported by empirical distribution of a spire index, suggesting that the bimodality of shell shape in terrestrial gastropods is related to shell balance.