THE NORMAL FLORA OF THE BOVINE RUMEN. IV. QUALITATIVE STUDIES OF LACTOBACILLI FROM COWS AND CALVES

SUMMARY: Two hundred and four samples of rumen contents were taken from eight fistulated cows receiving various diets, and seventy-one samples from twelve calves. From dilution counts of these samples, 91 isolates of Gram-positive catalase-negative rods were obtained, and by means of physiological and serological tests, 78 (95%) out of 82 lactobacilli were characterized as follows: Lactobacillus fermenti (33 strains), L. acidophilus (21), L. casei (17) and L. plantarum (7). Indications were obtained of progressive establishment of lactobacilli in the rumen of the growing calf, L. fermenti predominating. In the cow, L. acidophilus was generally associated with hay plus concentrates diets and L. casei with silage, whereas with grass small numbers of several species of lactobacilli were found.     

THE NORMAL INTESTINAL FLORA OF THE PIG II. QUANTITATIVE BACTERIOLOGICAL STUDIES

SUMMARY: Faecal and caecal samples from normal pigs were examined and the factors causing variations in bacterial numbers investigated by a dilution count technique. The range of variation for viable counts of faeces from normal pigs was 1.0 × 10⁸-9.9 × 10⁹/g and was in sufficiently close agreement with the results obtained with caecal contents to justify the use of faecal counts as an index of caecal numbers. The use of individually-fed pigs instead of group-fed pigs, with the consequent reduction of variations in environmental factors, appeared to reduce the variability of the counts. Changes in diet, either by incorporating grass meal or replacing all the animal protein by vegetable protein, did not affect the total numbers of organisms. The small variations in bacterial numbers regarded as significant by some of the earlier workers thus appear to be of little importance. Smears from high dilutions indicated that the predominant organisms were lactobacilli and streptococci; coli-aerogenes types were present in smaller numbers.     

STUDIES ON THE STABILITY OF THE NORMAL HUMAN FECAL FLORA.

Zubrzycki, Leonard (Temple University, Philadelphia, Pa.) and Earle H. Spaulding. Studies on the stability of the normal human fecal flora. J. Bacteriol. 83:968-974. 1962.-The results of two series of stool cultures show that members of the genus Bacteriodes constitute the most numerous group of bacteria in the normal human adult fecal flora. Together with the enterococci, coliform bacilli, diphtheroids, and lactobacilli, these major components account for more than 99% of the total counts. Wide fluctuations in the number and types of minor organisms observed suggest the probability that they are held in check by these major components which may also possess mechanisms for preventing pathogens from establishing themselves in the large bowel.     

THE NORMAL FLORA OF THE BOVINE RUMEN II. QUANTITATIVE BACTERIOLOGICAL STUDIES

SUMMARY: A simple medium and dilution count technique was evolved for determining the viable count of rumen bacteria. Material from three fistulated cows was examined and the viable population found to vary within the range 10⁷-10¹²/g; the most frequently occurring values were 10⁸-10¹⁰/g (94.0% of 350 counts). Observations were made of the homogeneity of rumen contents, of variations in count with time after sampling and between cows, and of variation from day to day, hour to hour, before and after feeding and on different diets. The variations in the viable count, even with gross changes in diet, were never greater than those occurring in a single animal on a fixed diet. Microscopic examinations showed Gram-positive cocci and rods to be the most frequently occurring types of bacteria, Gram-negative organisms of the coli-aerogenes type being present only in low numbers.     

THE DIFFERENTIATION OF SPECIES OF LACTOBACILLI AND STREPTOCOCCI BY MEANS OF PAPER PARTITION CHROMATOGRAPHY

SUMMARY: Washed cells of micro-organisms were extracted with 10% acetic acid and the extracts subjected to two-dimensional paper partition chromatography. With closely related strains within species already defined serologically and physiologically, the patterns of amino acids and peptides revealed by ninhydrin were relatively constant; but with different species variations were noted, even between species hitherto not easy to differentiate.     

随机比较中国大连地区和日本大阪地区健康成年人 及老年人肠内细菌结构的研究

实验应用复合式肠内细菌群检测法,随机比较了中国大连地区和日本大阪地区６ 名健康成年人（ 简称：ＣＡ,ＪＡ） 及４ 名老年人（ 简称：ＣＯＭ,ＪＯＭ） 的肠内细菌群结构。ＣＡ 肠内细菌总数为１０．２１ ±５．５６（ 每克粪便中的对数值） ,较ＪＡ 的肠内细菌总数１０．８７ ±２．４５ 低,但统计学检查差异不显著;ＣＡ 的双歧杆菌数为９．０１ ±０．１３ ,ＪＡ 的双歧杆菌数为９．９８ ±１．２４ ,统计学检查表明差异显著,而且,ＪＡ 的双歧杆菌占有率为１２．８８ ％ ±３．４５ ％ 明显高于ＣＡ 的６．２９ ％ ±４．５５ ％ ,统计学检查差异显著。ＣＡ 的乳酸菌数为５．４５ ±１．１２ ,ＪＡ 的乳酸菌数为５．５２ ±１．４４ ;在腐败梭菌的菌数上,ＣＡ 为６．４５ ±２．２１ 比ＪＡ 的５．２２ ±２．４５ 略高,但统计学检查差异不明显。ＣＯＭ 肠内细菌总数为１０．４５ ±４．６６ ,较ＪＯＭ 的肠内细菌总数１０．９７ ±５．２５ 低,但统计学检测差异不显著;ＣＯＭ的双歧杆菌数为８．７４ ±２．１３ ,ＪＯＭ 的双歧杆菌数为９．８５ ±０．３４ ,统计学检查表明差异显著,而且,ＪＯＭ 的双歧杆菌占有率为７．５９ ±５．１５ ％ 明显高于ＣＯＭ 的１．１３ ％ ±０     

新生儿肠道菌群的动态观察及临床意义

本文以厌氧菌双歧杆菌和需氧菌大肠杆菌为代表对29例健康足月新生儿(阴道分娩儿13例、剖腹产分娩儿16倒)生后1周内肠道细菌的定植,进行了动态观察。结果表明:两组新生儿首先肠道定植细菌是大肠杆菌,后为双歧杆菌,而且阴道分娩儿肠道优势菌双歧杆菌定植及达优势化时间均早于剖腹产分娩儿。提示,分娩方式也是影响肠道细菌定植的因素之一,为临床治疗和护理提供了参考。     

THE DIFFERENTIATION OF BACTERIAL SPECIES BY PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY. II. LACTOBACILLI AND STREPTOCOCCI; THE EFFECT OF AGE OF CULTURE

SUMMARY: The pictures obtained when extracts of intact bacterial cells are subjected to paper chromatography show some small variations according to the age of the culture. Larger variations occur if a culture is very old. Satisfactory consistency and differentiation of species can be achieved by harvesting cells when, or soon after, the rate of increase of optical density in the cultures begins to decline.     

植物配糖体对人肠道厌氧菌群的影响

通过从我国传统中药三七、薯蓣、青叶胆、天麻中分离到的天然植物配糖体三七皂甙Ｒ１、Ｄｉｏｓｃｉｎ、Ｐｒｏｔｏｄｉｓｃｉｎ、Ｇｒａｃｉｌｌｉｎ、Ｇａｓｔｒｏｓｉｄｅ及Ｓａｐｏｎｉｎ Ｄ等对下沉人肠道厌氧菌群进行６４ｈ生长培养,用比浊法测定培养液中厌氧菌的数量,发现不同的植物配糖体对不同人的肠道厌氧菌群生长活性影响不同,为我国传统中药的辩证施治提供了现代的试验依据。     

正常菌群对常见致病菌拮抗作用的研究

生物拮抗作用是微生物种群关系研究的一个侧面,实验中我们使用从皮肤上分离的常住菌——痤疮丙酸杆菌(A14-1)和表皮葡萄球菌(F65)对常见致病菌如金黄色葡萄球菌(C189)、绿脓杆菌(C8514)和埃希氏大肠杆菌(C1356)的体外拮抗试验表明,它们具有明显的拮抗作用,拮抗作用一般从48小时开始,72小时明显。而皮肤常住菌间无拮抗作用,相反它们还有协同作用,这对于皮肤的自净以及维持皮肤的微生态平衡具有重要的作用。此外,实验中还进行了乳杆菌和双歧杆菌等正常菌群分离株与上述常见致病菌的体外拮抗试验,结果表明也     

低聚果糖体内外对肠道菌的影响

目的 :了解低聚果糖 (FOS)体内外对肠道菌双歧杆菌、类杆菌和肠杆菌科菌的增殖作用。方法 :FOS 1g/ (kg· bw· d) ,灌服 (ig)小鼠 ,连续 14 d后 ,取粪便 ,选择性培养基平板菌落计数法测各菌群。体外试验中 ,按 1%的 FOS添加到各人肠道分离菌培养液中 ,培养 2 4h后测其吸光度 A值和 p H值变化。结果 :ig FOS的小鼠肠道双歧杆菌和肠杆菌数量分别是 9.16± 0 .67和 8.3 3± 0 .70 (log10 N CFU/ g) ,高于对照组(P<0 .0 5)。 FOS体外对各肠道分离菌均有增殖作用 ,依大小分别是双歧杆菌、类杆菌和肠杆菌 ,其 A值分别增加了 0 .8～ 1.192、0 .80 2和 0 .198～ 0 .461,其 p H值分别降低了 1.5～ 1.68、1.2和 0 .2～ 0 .58。结论 :FOS体内外有相对选择性增殖双歧杆菌的作用 ,对类杆菌和肠杆菌也有调整作用     

水面和水下长航对艇员肠道菌群影响的比较及意义探讨

比较研究和水下两种长期航行条件对航艇和核潜艇艇员肠道菌群的影响并对其意义进行初步探讨。结果显示两种长航条件均对人体肠道菌群产生显著影响,可打破肠道微生态平衡,但两者所致的肠道菌群构成变化的特点不同。提示不同长航条件可造成不同的微生态失调,需区别对待。     

FLORAL PIGMENTATION STUDIES IN THE GENUS GOSSYPIUM. III. QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF TOTAL FLAVONOL CONTENT FOR TAXONOMIC STUDIES

Despite the potential contribution suggested from chromatographic studies of many groups, taxonomic conclusions based on paper chromatography alone may carry some inherent errors. In many instances chemical differences between taxa cannot be characterized by two-dimensional chromatography of crude extracts. Pigment diversity may go unnoticed in such a study, and conclusions based on simple chromatographic results may show too much similarity between the taxa being compared. The resolution of chromatographic separations of the often very complex mixtures encountered in crude plant extracts can be greatly improved by a preliminary column separation, and in this study a method of pigment analysis employing both preliminary column and subsequent paper chromatography is used. While it is usually impractical to identify all of the components of a flavonoid complex, each member should be characterized to the degree that it can be distinguished from all others. Here, the characterization of a component includes its rate of movement in the column, relative position and color under ultraviolet light on the chromatogram, the absorption spectrum in ethanol and the change in the absorption spectrum when a reagent is added to the ethanol which has a particular effect on the spectral properties of that flavonoid. With very few exceptions no one criterion of characterization is definitive for any component. More than 20 flavonoid pigments have been observed in the two tetraploid Gossypium species, G. barbadense and G. hirsutum. Only 10 of the constituents were common to the two species. The results of a previous study based on two-way paper chromatography of crude extracts makes the two species appear much more similar in flavonoid composition than is indicated by the more detailed column-paper chromatography presented here. The degree of difference between G. hirsutum and G. barbadense is surprisingly large in light of the generally accepted theory of their common origin. The value of chromatographic-chemotaxonomic studies is greatly increased if the chemical systems involved are characterized.     

山西蕨类植物区系及分布特点的初步研究

本文对山西省蕨类植物区系成分进行了初步分析并总结了其区系特征,同时对其生态分布特点也进行了归纳,而且还对蕨类植物资源的开发利用提出了建议。     

中药91－4对抗生素相关性腹泻小鼠肠道膜菌群及腔菌群的影响

本实验以肠道菌群检测与电镜观察法,初步研究了中药９１－４对抗生素相关性腹泻（ＡＡＤ）小鼠肠道菌群的影响。结果表明,盐酸林可霉素对小鼠肠道膜菌群、腔菌群干扰显著,乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌及肠杆菌等比正常对照组明显减少,致小鼠腹泻或肠炎;中药９１－４能够促进肠道乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌等生长繁殖,对肠道膜菌群、腔菌群均具有调整作用,加速肠粘膜病变的愈合及修复,可有效地控制ＡＡＤ模型小鼠的腹泻症状。