Effects of lanthanum on the active oxygenscavenging enzyme activities and ultrastructure in Potamogeton crispus leaves

在菹草培养液中施用LaCl3·8 H2O培养菹草,研究了稀土镧对菹草活性氧清除酶活性及叶细胞超微结构的影响.结果表明,菹草在含适宜浓度La3+的培养液中长势均好于对照.较低浓度La3+处理时,菹草叶绿素含量、叶片自发荧光强度、硝酸还原酶(NRase)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及可溶性蛋白质含量均升高,而超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、细胞膜透性、O2-产生速率及丙二醛(MDA)含量则呈降低趋势,电镜观察结果为La3+对菹草生长的影响提供了细胞学证据.实验认为促进菹草生长的最适La3+浓度为5～10 mg·L-1.     

Hg2+、Cd2+和Cu2+对菹草光合系统及保护酶系统的毒害作用

研究了Hg2 、Cd2 、Cu2 对高等水生沉水植物菹草光合系统及保护酶系统的毒害作用。结果表明 :3种离子均使菹草叶片叶绿体自发荧光强度、叶绿素含量、光合速率降低。Hg2 、Cd2 、Cu2 对菹草保护酶系统存在不同的影响 ,短时间低浓度条件下 ,诱导超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD )、过氧化氢酶 (CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性上升 ,随着污染时间的延长、污染浓度的增加 ,酶活性下降 ,其中SOD活性上升持续时间最长 ,下降最慢。 3种离子均使菹草可溶性蛋白含量减少。Hg2 、Cu2 毒性较强 ,Cd2 毒性较弱。Hg2 、Cu2 对菹草的致死浓度为 0 .5～ 1mg/L ,Cd2 为 1～ 2 .5mg/L     

衰亡期黑藻与生长期菹草交替生长对水体磷迁移的影响

为利用冷暖种交替控制水体磷污染、抑制水体富营养化,揭示湖泊演化规律和机理。研究设置单季植物组(黑藻组、菹草组)和交替生长组(黑藻组+菹草组)进行实验。交替生长组在黑藻衰亡期种植菹草,监测各组上覆水和底泥中各形态磷含量的变化,计算黑藻衰亡释放磷及菹草生长吸收磷的总量,同时测定环境因子指标。分析沉水植物交替生长(黑藻+菹草)过程对衰亡期沉水植物(黑藻组)释放磷所带来的二次污染的消减作用,并分析环境因子变化与磷含量之间的关系。实验结果表明:黑藻+菹草组显著(P<0.05)降低了上覆水中总磷(TP)、溶解性总磷(DTP)和溶解性活性磷(SRP)的浓度;显著(P<0.05)降低了间隙水中DTP和SRP的浓度。底泥TP含量黑藻组呈上升趋势,黑藻+菹草和菹草组呈下降趋势。在采用菹草生物量期望2倍于衰亡植物黑藻生物量的模拟实验条件下,每实验组沉水植物黑藻衰亡分解所释放的磷为1.51 g,沉水植物菹草生长所富集吸收的磷为1.83 g。因此,菹草具备消减黑藻所释放磷的能力,可作为冷暖种交替控制水体富营养化的备选物种。实验组磷的迁移方向分别为:黑藻组磷迁移最终方向为底泥,黑藻+菹草组和菹草组磷的迁移方向为植物。黑藻+菹草组通过提高环境中DO和ORP,使得水相中磷向沉积物相中迁移,从而使得水相中各形态磷浓度保持在相对较低的水平。     

Ce3+对Cu2+胁迫下菹草叶片Cu毒害的缓解效应研究

在6种不同浓度的铈(C e3 )对0.1 m g.L-1的Cu2 毒害下,研究了菹草叶片中保护酶SOD、POD、CAT的活性,活性氧H2O2,膜脂过氧化产物M DA含量及叶绿素含量等的变化及影响.结果表明,在9~12 d之内,7.5 m g.L-1以下的C e3 可以增强SOD、CAT、POD活性,降低M DA的含量,提高叶片中叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量,从而减轻Cu2 对菹草植物体的伤害.而随着C e3 作用时间的延长和浓度的增大,C e3 的缓解作用不断减弱,C e3 和Cu2 产生协同效应,加重毒害.本实验结果认为,5~7.5 m g.L-1的C e3 缓解菹草叶片Cu2 毒害效果最好.     

光强对菹草生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响

试验以菹草(Potamogeton crispus)为试验材料, 在7种不同光强(自然光的100%、60%、40%、20%、10%、5%和1%)条件下, 测定并分析菹草的形态指标(株高、叶片数)和生理指标(叶绿素、根系活力、抗氧化酶活性及丙二醛)对光强条件的响应, 为富营养化水体植物群落的构建提供理论依据。结果表明: (1)随着光照强度的增大, 菹草的株高、叶片数、生物量增长率显著上升, 而光强过高(CK组)和过低(1%组)菹草生长受到抑制; (2)菹草叶绿素含量随光照强度的增大, 呈先上升后下降趋势。1%组和CK组Chl. a、Chl. b、Chl. a+b和Car含量低, 其余各组含量较高; (3)随着试验时间的延长, 菹草根系活力呈先上升后下降趋势, 20%组、40%组和60%组的根系活力较大; (4)菹草SOD、POD和CAT活性整体表现为先升后降趋势, 试验后期1%和CK组SOD含量较高, POD、CAT含量较低。菹草叶片MDA含量在试验过程中不断上升, 抑制菹草的正常生长。自然光照的20%—60%, 菹草生长状况较好; 持续的弱光胁迫将导致植物活性氧代谢失调, 细胞受到伤害, 最终导致植物死亡。     

外源钙对汞胁迫下菹草(Potamogeton crispus L.)叶片抗氧化系统及脯氨酸代谢的调节效应

以组织培养的菹草无菌苗为实验材料,研究了外源Ca(NO3)2对汞(Hg)胁迫下菹草无菌苗抗氧化酶系统、可溶性蛋白、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、非蛋白巯基(NP-SH)、植物络合素(PCs)以及脯氨酸代谢的调节效应。结果表明:(1)Hg胁迫使菹草体内过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)及谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性明显降低,但超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及过氧化物酶(POD)的活性并没有明显变化。外源添加25 mmol·L-1Ca(NO3)2后,明显提升了SOD、POD、APX及GR的活性;(2)Hg胁迫使菹草体内可溶性蛋白含量及T-AOC大幅降低,并引起NP-SH和PCs大量积累。外添Ca(NO3)2则有效减缓可溶性蛋白含量及T-AOC的下降,显著降低NP-SH和PCs水平;(3)脯氨酸是植物体内重要的渗透调节物质,外源Ca添加后,脯氨酸代谢关键酶吡咯啉-5-羧酸合成酶(P5CS)及δ-鸟氨酸转氨酶(OAT)活性显著增加,脯氨酸含量显著高于对照组。以上结果表明,Hg胁迫打破了菹草无菌苗抗氧化酶系统的内在平衡,而外添Ca(NO3)2有效促进了可溶性蛋白合成,提高了抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物质含量,使菹草无菌苗维持较高的总抗氧化能力,并通过调节脯氨酸代谢来减轻Hg胁迫对菹草的伤害,增强植物对重金属Hg的耐受能力。     

西湖引水工程絮凝剂余铝对菹草生长及水质的影响

为分析杭州西湖引水工程絮凝剂残余铝盐对水质和沉水植物的影响,研究采用室外模拟试验,考察了连续投加不同浓度梯度的明矾(KAlSO412H2O)絮凝剂对菹草(Potamogeton crispus)的生理影响和对水质的影响。试验设置了4个处理: 对照组、低剂量组(35050) g/L、中剂量组(65070) g/L、高剂量组(1100150) g/L。结果表明: (1)低、中剂量投加对水中铝盐含量无显著影响,高剂量投加导致水中铝盐含量显著上升; (2)水中铝盐含量呈先升高后降低的趋势,pH随铝盐含量升高而降低,总磷(TP)随之有所下降,各处理组水中总氮(TN)、浮游植物密度、浊度均明显下降; (3)3个剂量组菹草各生化指标较对照组几乎无显著变化,试验浓度的铝盐投加对菹草的生长没有造成明显损害,在菹草耐受范围内,建议在西湖引水工程入水口附近[水中铝盐含量约(25050) g/L]可选用菹草进行植被恢复。     

Zn~(2+)在菹草叶片中的积累及其植物毒理学效应

以广泛分布的沉水植物--菹草为研究对象,通过添加不同浓度Zn2+(0、5、10、15和20 mg·L~(-1))的10% Hoagland营养液培养7 d,分析Zn~(2+)在水生植物中的积累及其诱导产生的毒理学作用.结果发现:随着培养液中Zn~(2+)浓度的增加,(1)菹草叶片中Zn~(2+)含量极显著上升.(2)Zn~(2+)处理使菹草产生明显的矿质营养失衡症状,主要表现为显著增加了对Fe~(2+)的吸收和降低了对P~(5+)和Na~+的吸收.(3)光合色素中,叶绿素a和b、类胡萝卜素先升后降,分别在5、5和10 mg·L~(-1)处理浓度时最多;叶绿素a/b一直下降.(4)GSH含量在5 mg·L~(-1)时达到峰值后减少,而AsA则为逐渐降低.(5)各处理浓度都使ATP和可溶性蛋白含量明显减少.(6)电镜观察发现,正常条件下Ca~(2+)主要分布在胞间隙和液泡中,细胞基质中较少;添加Zn~(2+)后,胞间隙和液泡中的Ca~(2+)逐渐进入细胞质,使细胞质中Ca~(2+)浓度明显升高,在质膜内侧、细胞核和叶绿体中都出现大量呈圆环状的黑色钙颗粒.综合分析认为,AsA对Zn~(2+) 胁迫反应最敏感,Zn~(2+)对菹草产生毒害的临界浓度为5～10 mg·L~(-1).     

透明度胁迫对菹草(Potamogeton crispus)生长的定量影响及其生长动力学模型

在实验室研究了不同水体透明度对沉水植物菹草生长的影响,结果表明,在实验条件下,当水体透明度低于12cm时,菹草由于水下光照不足而无法存活;透明度为15cm时菹草的生物量明显低于透明度为70cm(对照)、35cm和20cm 3种情况下的生物量,表明在透明度为15cm时,菹草的生长受到了明显的抑制.实验期间,菹草生物量变化的回归分析表明,不同透明度下菹草的生长均符合逻辑斯谛曲线.采用逻辑斯谛方程描述菹草的生长规律,结合实验结果,确定不同水体透明度下菹草的生长参数,结果显示:水体透明度对菹草生长的内禀增长率rm影响较大,而对菹草生长的环境容纳量k无明显影响.综合考虑水体透明度对菹草生长的影响,建立考虑水深和透明度因素的菹草生长动力学模型,该模型可预测出在外部水环境因素作用下菹草的动态生长过程.     

Cd、Cr(VI)单一及复合污染对菹草叶绿素含量和抗氧化酶系统的影响

主要研究了 Cd、Cr( VI)单一及复合污染对菹草叶绿素含量和抗氧化酶系统的影响 ,研究结果表明 :随 Cd、Cr( VI)胁迫浓度的增加 ,菹草总叶绿素含量下降 ,单一 Cd处理 SOD活性下降 ,POD和 CAT活性表现出先升后降的趋势 ,Cd、Cr( VI)复合污染的效应明显大于单一污染的效应。     

Crystal structures and spectroscopic characterization of galactitol complexes of trivalent lanthanide and divalent alkaline earth chlorides

Crystal structures and FT-IR spectra of metal ion-galactitol (C6H14O6, the ligand here abbreviated as L) complexes: 2LaCl3*C6H14O6*10H2O and SrCl2*C6H14O6 complexes are reported. Crystal data of lanthanide chlorides (La3+, Nd3+, Sm3+, Eu3+, Tb3+)-galactitol complexes and alkaline earth chlorides (Ca2+, Sr2+)-galactitol complexes published earlier are summarized. Unlike other lanthanide ion-galactitol complexes (2MCl3*C6H14O6*14H2O), lanthanum ions give rise to two different structures: LaCl3*C6H14O6*6H2O (LaL1) and 2LaCl3*C6H14O6*10H2O (LaL2). Sr2+-galactitol complexes also crystallized with two structures: SrCl2*C6H14O6*4H2O (SrL1) and SrCl2*C6H14O6 (SrL2). These metal ions thus give different coordination structures with galactitol. The crystal structures and FT-IR spectra of lanthanide ion and alkaline earth ion-galactitol complexes were integrated to interpret the coordination modes of different metal ions. Similar IR spectra demonstrate the same coordination modes of the complexes.     

Lanthanum inhibits steady-state turnover of the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase by replacing magnesium as the catalytic ion

LaATP is shown to be an effective inhibitor of the calcium ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum because the binding of LaATP to cE.Ca2 results in the formation of lanthanum phosphoenzyme, which decays slowly. Steady-state activity of the calcium ATPase in leaky sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles is inhibited 50% by 0.16 microM LaCl3 (15 nM free La3+, 21 nM LaATP) in the presence of 25 microM Ca2+ and 49 microM MgATP (5 mM MgSO4, 100 mM KCl, 40 mM 4-morpholinepropanesulfonic acid, pH 7.0, 25 degrees C). However, 50% inhibition of the uptake of 45Ca and phosphorylation by [gamma-32P]ATP in a single turnover experiment requires 100 microM LaCl3 (28 microM free La3+) in the presence of 25 microM Ca2+; this inhibition is reversed by calcium but inhibition of steady-state turnover is not. Therefore, binding of La3+ to the cytoplasmic calcium transport site is not responsible for the inhibition of steady-state ATPase activity. The addition of 6.7 microM LaCl3 (1.1 microM free La3+) has no effect on the rate of dephosphorylation of phosphoenzyme formed from MgATP and enzyme in leaky vesicles, while 6.7 mM CaCl2 slows the rate of phosphoenzyme hydrolysis as expected; 6.7 microM LaCl3 and 6.7 mM CaCl2 cause 95 and 98% inhibition of steady-state ATPase activity, respectively. This shows that inhibition of ATPase activity in the steady state is not caused by binding of La3+ to the intravesicular calcium transport site of the phosphoenzyme. Inhibition of ATPase activity by 2 microM LaCl3 (0.16 microM free La3+, 0.31 microM LaATP) requires greater than 5 s, which corresponds to approximately 50 turnovers, to reach a steady-state level of greater than or equal to 80% inhibition. Inhibition by La3+ is fully reversed by the addition of 0.55 mM CaCl2 and 0.50 mM EGTA; this reactivation is slow with t1/2 approximately 9 s. Two forms of phosphoenzyme are present in reactions that are partially inhibited by La3+: phosphoenzyme with Mg2+ at the catalytic site and phosphoenzyme with La3+ at the catalytic site, which undergo hydrolysis with observed rate constants of greater than 4 and 0.05 s-1, respectively. We conclude, therefore, that La3+ inhibits steady-state ATPase activity under these conditions by replacing Mg2+ as the catalytic ion for phosphoryl transfer. The slow development of inhibition corresponds to the accumulation of lanthanum phosphoenzyme. Initially, most of the enzyme catalyzes MgATP hydrolysis, but the fraction of enzyme with La3+ bound to the catalytic site gradually increases because lanthanum phosphoenzyme undergoes hydrolysis much more slowly than does magnesium phosphoenzyme.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

钙抑制剂对机械损伤胁迫下合作杨叶片活性氧代谢的影响

以1年生合作杨扦插苗为材料,研究了叶面喷施Ca2+通道阻断剂氯化镧(LaCl3)和Ca2+螯合剂EGTA预处理对机械损伤胁迫下合作杨叶片抗氧化酶活性、过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量以及氧自由基(O2?-)产生速率的影响.结果显示,与对照相比,机械损伤胁迫下合作杨叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)等抗氧化酶活性均显著升高,活性氧水平和MDA含量显著增加;外源喷施EGTA和LaCl3降低了机械损伤胁迫下叶片SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性,减缓了O2?-产生速率,H2O2含量和MDA含量显著下降;且EGTA的抑制作用比LaCl3更强.研究表明,机械损伤胁迫诱导的活性氧代谢需要Ca2+的参与,Ca2+和活性氧在植物防御信号传递过程中密切相关;伤害诱导胞外Ca2+内流是胞内Ca2+浓度增加的重要来源.     

硒镧复合作用对巴西蘑菇子实体形态和数量特征的影响

采用混合培养料试验和电子显微技术,观察了不同硒镧配施水平对巴西蘑菇子实体盖皮和菌褶表面形态及孢子和囊状体数量特征的影响.结果表明,低浓度硒镧配施(Na2SeO3 21.905mg/kg LaCl317.667mg/kg)处理时,孢子数极显著增加,随着硒镧配施浓度升高,孢子数极显著增加,达到峰值后极显著减少;低浓度(Na2SeO 21.905mg/kg LaCl17.667mg/kg)和高浓度(Na2SeO 109.524mg/kg LaCl88.340mg/kg)处理后囊状体数极显著减少,中浓度(Na2SeO365.714mg/kg LaCl353.002mg/kg)处理囊状体数显著增加.研究还发现硒镧配施对巴西蘑菇孢子长、宽、囊状体最大直径和最小直径以及菌盖皮菌丝最大宽度具有促进或抑制作用.扫描电镜观察结果表明,与对照相比,中浓度硒镧配施(Na2SeO365.714mg/kg LaCl3 53.002mg/kg)时,孢子由正常椭圆形变成全部萎缩,菌丝粗壮;囊状体在较低硒镧配施浓度(Na2SeO343.810mg/kg LaCl3 35.335mg/kg)处理时表面纹饰模糊、消失,个别囊状体破裂,表面带有藤蔓状的组织.     

Calcium-Mediated Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Involved in Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Apoptosis in Tobacco Protoplasts

In the present study, we focused on whether Intracellular free Ca^2＋ （[Ca^2＋],） regulates the formation of mltochondrlal permeability transition pore （MPTP） In H2O2-induced apoptosis In tobacco protoplasts. It was shown that the decrease In mltochondrlal membrane potential （△ψm） preceded the appearance of H2O2-Induced apoptosls; pretreatment with the specific MPTP Inhibitor cyclosporine A, which also Inhibits Ca^2＋ cycling by the mitochondria, effectively retarded apoptosls and the decrease In △ψm. Apoptosls and decreased △ψm were exacerbated by CaCl2, whereas the plasma membrane voltage-dependent Ca^2＋ channel blocker lanthanum chloride （LaCl3） attentuated these responses. Chelation of extracellular Ca^2＋ with EGTA almost totally Inhibited apoptosls and the decrease In △ψmInduced by H2O2. The time-course of changes In [Ca^2＋]l In apoptosls was detected using the Ca^2＋ probe Fiuo-3 AM. These studies showed that [Ca^2＋]1 was Increased at the very early stage of H2O2-Induced apoptosls. The EGTA evidently Inhibited the Increase In [Ca^2＋]1 Induced by H=O=, whereas It was only partially Inhibited by LaCl3. The results suggest that H2O2 may elevate cytoplasmic free Ca^2＋ concentrations In tobacco protoplasts, which mainly results from the entry of extracellular Ca^2＋, to regulate mltochondrlal permeability transition. The signaling pathway of [Ca^2＋]1-medlated mltochondrlal permeability transition was associated with H2O2-Induced apoptosis In tobacco protoplaete.     

Effect of Lanthanum on the Release of Acetylcholine from the Myenteric Plexus and on Its Activation by Ouabain and Electrical Stimulation

The effect of lanthanum ions (La3+) on the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from longitudinal muscle strips of the guinea pig ileum with the myenteric plexus attached was investigated. After an exposure of the tissue to 2 mM LaCl3 for 18 min the rate of ACh release was increased approximately eightfold and the increased release lasted for more than 100 min. The augmented release of ACh was accompanied by enhanced synthesis. At the end of the experiments (102 min after LaCl3 had been removed), when the release of ACh was still more than six times higher than in controls, the content of ACh was the same in La3+-treated and untreated tissues. Electrical field stimulation failed to cause a further increase in the release of ACh from La3+-pretreated preparations whereas ouabain released considerable more ACh when compared to controls. It is concluded from this difference that electrical stimulation and ouabain release ACh from different pools.     

Ca2+和钙调素对H2O2诱导的玉米幼苗耐热性的调控

外源H2O2预处理提高了玉米幼苗内源H2O2的含量和钙调素(CaM)活性,缓解了高温处理过程中CaM活性的下降,增加了玉米幼苗在高温胁迫下的存活率.H2O2诱导的玉米幼苗耐热性的形成可被外源Ca2 处理所加强,被Ca2 螯合剂EGTA、质膜Ca2 通道阻塞剂La3 、胞内Ca2 通道阻断剂RR(钌红),以及CaM抑制剂CPZ(氯丙嗪)和TFP(三氟拉嗪)所抑制,表明Ca2 和CaM参与了H2O2诱导的玉米幼苗耐热性形成的调控.     

Metal-ion interactions with sugars. Crystal structures and FT-IR studies of the LaCl3-ribopyranose and CeCl3-ribopyranose complexes

Single crystals of LaCl3.C5H10O5.5H2O (1) and CeCl3.C5H10O5.5H2O (2) were obtained from ethanol-water solutions and their structures determined by X-ray. The two complexes are isomorphous. Two configurations of complex 1 or complex 2, as a pair of isomers, were found in each single crystal in a disordered state. The ligand of one of the isomer is alpha-D-ribopyranose in the 4C1 conformation, the ligand of the other is beta-D-ribopyranose in the 1C4 conformation. For complex 1, the alpha:beta anomeric ratio is 51:49, and for complex 2, the ratio is 52:48. Both ligands of the two isomers provide three hydroxyl groups in ax-eq-ax orientation for coordination. The Ln3+ (Ln = La or Ce) ion is nine-coordinated with five Ln-O bonds from water molecules, three Ln-O bonds from hydroxyl groups of the D-ribopyranose, and one Ln-Cl bond from chloride ion. The hydroxyl groups, water molecules, and chloride ions form an extensive hydrogen-bond network. The IR spectral C-C, O-H, C-O, and C-O-H vibrations were observed to be shifted in both the two complexes and the IR results are in accord with those of X-ray diffraction.     

镧与钕对红假单胞菌的生长、类胡萝卜素生成及固氮活性的影响

本文报道了不同浓度的La^(3+)和Nd^(3+)对红假单胞菌(Rhodopseudomonas sp.)的细胞形态、生长、类胡萝卜素生成和固氮活性的影响。LaCl_3在25和50mg/L时对红假单胞菌的细胞生长有轻微刺激作用;当浓度高于75mg/L时有抑制作用,随浓度的提高而抑制作用增强,细胞缩小;NdCl_3在25和50mg/L时对该菌细胞生长有轻微抑制作用,高于75mg/L时抑制作用明显增强,细胞缩小。两种稀土元素在25和50mg/L时对该菌类胡萝卜素的生成有刺激作用,高于75mg/L时则有抑制作用。La^(3+)在0～100mg/L,Nd^(3+)在0～75mg/L时对固氮酶活性有刺激作用,La^(3+)和Nd^(3+)分别高于100mg/L和75mg/L时则有抑制作用,并随浓度的增高,抑制作用明显增强。