杜氏盐藻核基质附着区的分离及特征性分析

采用0.5%TritonX 100破碎细胞,15%Percoll分离盐藻细胞核,25mM二碘水杨酸锂(lithiumdi iodosalicylate,LIS)抽提核蛋白,限制酶消化除去结合松弛的DNA,蛋白酶K SDS处理,酚/氯仿抽提,乙醇 沉淀提取核基质附着DNA,限制酶酶切连至pUC18载体上构建MARs文库。随机挑选6个克隆进行体外结 合实验筛选,筛选出一能与核基质结合的克隆,测序分析结果表明该序列具明显的MAR序列特征。     

核基质结合区提高报告基因在稳定转化的杜氏盐藻中的表达

前期的研究从杜氏盐藻（Dunaliella salina）中分离出一核基质结合区（matrix attachment region,MAR）片段——DSM1.实验证实,它在体外能与核基质结合且具有MAR的典型特征.为研究其在转基因盐藻中的作用,构建了RbcS启动子驱动、氯霉素乙酰转移酶（chloramp henicol acetyltransferase,CAT）基因为报告基因及表达盒两侧含DSM1 MAR的表达载体.电击法转化盐藻,随机挑选20株稳定转化的盐藻藻株,分析CAT酶活性.结果表明,在稳定转化的盐藻细胞中,MAR能使报告基因CAT的表达水平比对照藻株提高1-5倍,不同藻株之间个体表达的差异性也有所降低     

杜氏盐藻中的核基质与核基质结合区

真核生物细胞核DNA通过核基质结合区（Matrix attachment region,MAR）附着到核基质上。为了进一步探索染色体DNA与核基质之间的相互作用,从单细胞真核藻类-杜氏盐藻中克隆出了MAR片段。首先构建了杜氏盐藻的随机MAR文库,通过体外结合实验分离出能与核基质结合的MAR序列。从构建的MAR文库中,筛选出3个能与核基质结合的MAR,其中两个片段与核基质具有较强的结合力,测序分析表明具有MAR片段的一些典型特征性基序。     

杜氏盐藻随机MAR文库的构建

核基质附着区(Matrixattachmentregion,MAR)是一段与核基质结合的DNA序列。为分离杜氏盐藻核基质附着区,我们首次构建了杜氏盐藻MAR文库。首先用0.5%TritonX-100裂解细胞,经30%和70%Percoll不连续梯度离心分离盐藻细胞核,再用二碘水杨酸锂(lithiumdiiodosalicy-late,LIS)去除组蛋白和限制酶消化除去结合松弛的DNA片段,最后通过蛋白酶K消化和乙醇沉淀提取盐藻核基质DNA。采用4种限制酶酶切,T_4DNA连接酶连至用相应限制酶酶切的pUC18载体上,转化E.coliJM109感受态细胞,挑选阳性克隆,构建MAR文库。部分测序分析表明,克隆的DNA片段具有明显的MAR特征。为进一步研究MAR对基因表达的调控作用及其作用机制提供了基础。     

SOEing 法构建EGFP真核表达载体及其在杜氏盐藻中的表达

通过重叠区扩增基因拼接法（Gene splicing by overlap extension,SOEing）构建含有杜氏盐藻（Dunaliella salina）硝酸盐还原酶（NR）基因5′-上游序列（Pnr）and 3′-端序列（Tnr）的EGFP真核表达载体,并将其转化杜氏盐藻。利用改进的SOEing法,将杜氏盐藻NR基因Pnr与报告基因EGFP cDNA融合,并与pEGM-7zf克隆载体连接,顺序将盐藻NR基因Tnr序列与融合片段相连,构建含Pnr-EGFP-Tnr表达盒的盐藻真核表达载体p7NET。电击法转化杜氏盐藻,在盐藻转化株中观察到了EGFP的瞬时表达。此研究为转基因杜氏盐藻研究和成功建立杜氏盐藻生物反应器奠定了实验基础。     

杜氏盐藻随机MAR文库的构建

核基质附着区(Matrix attachment region,MAR)是一段与核基质结合的DNA序列。为分离杜氏盐藻核基质附着区,我们首次构建了杜氏盐藻MAR文库。首先用0．5％ Triton X-100裂解细胞,经30％和70％ Percoll不连续梯度离心分离盐藻细胞核,再用二碘水杨酸锂(lithium diiodosalicylate,LIS)去除组蛋白和限制酶消化除去结合松弛的DNA片段,最后通过蛋白酶K消化和乙醇沉淀提取盐藻核基质DNA。采用4种限制酶酶切,T4DNA连接酶连至用相应限制酶酶切的pUC18载体上,转化E．coli JM109感受态细胞,挑选阳性克隆,构建MAR文库。部分测序分析表明,克隆的DNA片段具有明显的MAR特征.为进一步研究MAR对基因表达的调控作用及其作用机制提供了基础。     

杜氏盐藻(Dunalielle salina)盐适应相关蛋白

观察不同盐浓度培养液中生长的杜氏盐藻可溶性蛋白SDS-PAG图谱,发现高盐与低盐相比,其51kD和63kD蛋白含量高,而23kD的蛋白含量则低。高渗骤变后,51kD蛋白的含量减少,而23kD蛋白的含量增加两倍或两倍以上,骤变23h后含量增加已非常明显;低渗骤变后24h,51kD和23kD蛋白的含量变化不明显。另外,有一分子量约为26kD的蛋白在高盐下易降解。分析了这些蛋白与社氏盐藻渗透调节的可能关系。     

牛乳腺核基质附着区的克隆及其功能研究

从奶牛的全血中提取基因组DNA,参照GenBank已有序列,通过Primer5.0和Vector 7.0辅助设计一对引物,克隆了牛乳腺核基质附着区(BMRs)。利用生物学软件对其进行初步分析后,TA克隆于pMD－18T vector上。上下游引物5′端分别引入Kpn2Ⅰ和XhoⅠ酶切位点,将所得的BMRs克隆到pEGFP-C1的报告基因下游,构建成表达载体BE,脂质体法转染牛耳成纤维细胞。以转染pEGFP-C1的牛耳成纤维细胞作为对照,发现所克隆的BMRs功能明显,在消除位置效应、增强报告基因表达方面具有一定的作用。     

杜氏盐藻完整叶绿体的分离及其蛋白提取

应用高压破碎及蔗糖密度梯度离心的方法,分离出杜氏盐藻的完整叶绿体,随后用冻融法和研磨法分别提取叶绿体蛋白,并通过蛋白定量和SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳对两种蛋白提取方法进行比较,确立了一套适用于杜氏盐藻叶绿体分离和蛋白提取、定量以及电泳的方法.结果表明:用高压破碎结合蔗糖密度梯度离心的方法能够获得完整且较纯的盐藻细胞叶绿体;SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳结果显示,冻融法提取叶绿体蛋白效率高,电泳条带清晰,蛋白数量较多,蛋白齐全.为下一步在亚细胞水平进行杜氏盐藻耐盐机制的蛋白组学研究奠定了基础.     

外源ble基因在杜氏盐藻中的瞬时表达

利用电击法将带有ble基因的pSP124S转入杜氏盐藻细胞内进行瞬时表达．研究了外源基因在盐藻内的存留及表达情况,确定了合适的电击转化条件,发现利用电击法可以使大量的质粒导入盐藻细胞,质粒在细胞中逐渐降解但至少96h内可以检测得到。外源启动子能够使ble基因有效转录,转录至少可以持续72h,ble基因能够在盐藻细胞中正确翻译,可以作为盐藻遗传转化研究的筛选标记。     

葡萄糖对杜氏盐藻3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶活性的影响

杜氏盐藻是一种抗渗透能力强的单细胞绿藻,甘油在其渗透调节过程中具有重要作用。葡萄糖对杜氏盐藻细胞数量的增加效果不明显,但对盐藻细胞内甘油积累有显著促进作用,在0～15g/L范围内葡萄糖的浓度与胞内甘油积累显著相关(R2=0.9604,P=0.01);葡萄糖浓度达到15g/L时,胞内甘油积累量达到最高值7.80pg/cell,是对照的1.88倍,胞内甘油积累量与葡萄糖的消耗量极显著相关(R2=0.9982,P=0.01)。葡萄糖对盐藻细胞内总蛋白、3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶(GPDH)酶活和比活都有显著影响,在15g/L葡萄糖时这3个值达到最大值,分别是对照的1.354、4.384、3.229倍。数据显示葡萄糖浓度在15g/L时细胞内蛋白质含量增加不多,但GPDH酶活和比活却大幅度增加;葡萄糖导致的渗透压的变化可能诱导新的同功酶的合成。     

S/MAR与基因表达

在真核生物的细胞核内,基因组是通过ＤＮＡ的核骨架附着（ＳＡＲ）或称核基质附着区（ＭＡＲ）（简记为Ｓ／ＭＡＲ）锚定在核骨架网状系统上的．Ｓ／ＭＡＲ既有一定的特征,又有多样性,研究认为它参与了ＤＮＡ复制调控和转录调控等多种核内生化过程,通过重组,在目的基因一侧或两侧带上Ｓ／ＭＡＲ后作基因转染或基因动植物,发现整合后的基因表达有时可增强几倍,甚至上万倍和／或显示位置独立效应,有些研究还报道,Ｓ／ＭＡＲ能     

The extensive commercial cultivation of Dunaliella salina

Betatene Ltd has established an extensive system for cultivation of D. salina for β-carotene production at Whyalla in South Australia.The operation, believed to be the largest area under man-made algal cultivation in the world, covers over 300 hectares in area, divided into three major cultivation lakes. A necessary requirement of the extensive system is to have a cost-effective harvesting system to handle the relatively large culture volumes. The extraction plant at the lakeside is designed to handle up to one million litre per hour in four parallel modules using a proprietary purely physical harvesting system.Current products are a crystalline β-carotene preparation for food colour applications, a high solubility preparation dispersed in soya bean oil for dietary supplementation and a dried powdered algal extract as an animal feed ingredient.     

不同盐度胁迫下杜氏盐藻全转录组测序及注释

【目的】通过对杜氏盐藻的转录组进行测序和基因功能分析,阐明不同浓度盐胁迫对杜氏盐藻生长发育以及不同信号途径的影响。【方法】分别获取9%NaCl浓度和24%NaCl浓度培养下的杜氏盐藻转录组并通过Illumina平台进行测序。将所得的序列进行拼接、去冗余处理。【结果】获得40682个unigenes,其中注释到NR数据库的10905个,注释到NT数据库的2768个,注释到SWISS-PROT数据库的7261个,注释到COG/KOG数据库的6499个。受到高盐胁迫的杜氏盐藻细胞相比低盐环境下,有717个基因表达上调,1012个基因表达下调。进一步对60个显著差异基因进行了功能聚类,发现盐胁迫诱导了光合作用途径的基因表达。【结论】杜氏盐藻通过提高光合作用基因表达增强耐盐性。该研究最大范围上挖掘了杜氏盐藻在高盐和低盐环境的基因转录水平,为深入揭示杜氏盐藻盐胁迫下基因差异表达提供了平台,并为进一步研究杜氏盐藻耐盐机理提供理论依据。     

MAR结合蛋白及其调控功能

核基质结合区 （MAR)是真核生物中能与核基质结合的DNA片段.MAR通过与特异的MAR结合蛋白相互作用,在提高转基因表达水平、降低转基因个体之间表达水平差异以及染色体包装等方面具有重要的调控作用.目前,已在不同物种分离MAR结合蛋白,分别为核基质成分、核仁蛋白、组蛋白、叶绿体蛋白等,它们在调控基因表达、细胞发育、细胞凋亡、染色体包装等方面具有重要的功能.本文综述了目前分离出的MAR结合蛋白及其功能,并对MAR-结合蛋白研究作一展望.     

MAR提高重组CHO细胞中转基因表达的分子特征分析

分析核基质结合区（matrix attachment region,MAR）调控转基因表达的分子序列特征,鉴定能有效提高CHO细胞转基因表达的MAR特征性元件。将人β-珠蛋白MAR片段从5′到3′ 端分为6个分段（1～540,421～1 020,901～1 500,1 381～1 980,1 861～2 460,2 341～2 999位置）,分别采用PCR进行克隆,经测序证实正确后,分别连接到含有氯霉素乙酰转移酶（chloramphenicol acetyltransferase,CAT）报告基因的表达载体SV40启动子及上游,构建β-珠蛋白MAR渐次片段介导的表达载体,转染CHO细胞,G418筛选出稳定表达细胞株,ELISA分析CAT报告基因的表达水平,生物信息学分析MAR序列特征。结果表明,β-珠蛋白MAR全长能显著提高转基因的表达,6个渐次片段相比较,421～1 020位的第2个分段和 901～1 500位的第3个分段提高转基因表达作用显著。生物信息学分析结果显示,MAR-like motif有助于转基因表达提高。     

Acclimation of chloroplast transglutaminase to high NaClconcentration in a polyamine-deficient variant strain of Dunaliella salina and in its wild type

The wild type (Wt) and the polyamine-deficient strain (PA⁻vs) of the halotolerant Dunaliella salina were subjected to stress caused by 3.5 mol/L NaCl concentration. The chloroplasts were isolated and the molecular aspects of their reaction to salt stress were studied together with their recovery response to these hyper-saline conditions.In the Wt, the photosynthetic complexes were found to be severely affected by salt stress under light conditions. Transglutaminases, which are present in chloroplasts as two units of 25 and 50 kDa, were immunorecognized by antibodies raised against rat prostatic gland transglutaminase. The amount, in particular that of the 50 kDa unit, underwent an immediate change following hyper-saline stress. These concentration changes were found to coincide with variations in enzymic activity, which is also affected by the presence or absence of light.The PA⁻vs has a concentration of proteins and chlorophylls which is much lower than that of the Wt. In addition, the PA⁻vs appeared to be more severely affected by both salt and subculture stresses. Its recovery time was also longer. Its TGase activity increased after salt stress and was always higher in the light than in the dark, except soon after subculture, showing an additive stress effect of salt and light. In the PA⁻vs acclimated to high salinity, or immediately after stress application, the chloroplast content of chlorophyll a and b was considerably enhanced, like the TGase activity (by two-fold or more), and these changes exhibited almost coincident behaviours.Some transglutaminase substrates (proteins of 68, 55, 29 and 27 kDa) were found to be similar to those present in higher plants (thylakoid photosynthetic complexes and Rubisco). They were more markedly labelled by [1,4-¹⁴C] polyamines when the transglutaminase assay was performed in the light than in the dark, and much more in algae already acclimated to hyper-saline conditions than in those cultured in the optimal saline medium, or subjected to stress. The amount of 68 and 55 kDa polypeptides was particularly high in the 3.5 mol/L NaCl acclimated cells. The possible role of polyamine conjugation in the assembly of chloroplast proteins in cells affected by salt stress is discussed.     

Functional Analysis of Two Matrix Attachment Region (MAR) Elements in Transgenic Maize Plants

Matrix attachment regions (MARs) are binding sites for nuclear scaffold proteins in vitro, and are proposed to mediate the attachment of chromatin to the nuclear scaffold in vivo. Previous reports suggest that MAR elements may stabilize transgene expression. Here, we tested the effects of two maize MAR elements (P-MAR from the P1-rr gene, and Adh1-MAR from the adh1 gene) on the expression of a gusA reporter gene driven by three different promoters: the maize p1 gene promoter, a wheat peroxidase (WP) gene promoter, or a synthetic promoter (Rsyn7). The inclusion of P-MAR or Adh1-MAR on P::GUS transgene constructs did not reduce variation in the levels of GUS activity among independent transformation events, nor among the progeny derived from each event. The Adh1-MAR element did not affect GUS expression driven by the WP promoter, but did modify the spatial pattern of expression of the Rsyn7::GUS transgene. These results indicate that, in transgenic maize plants, the effects of MAR elements can vary significantly depending upon the promoter used to drive the transgene.