蛇岛蝮蛇消化道嗜银细胞的分布及形态学观察

应用Grimelius银染法对蛇岛蝮蛇Gloydius shedaoensis 消化道嗜银细胞的分布密度及形态进行研究.结果 表明,蛇岛蝮蛇的消化道中嗜银细胞分布广泛,见于其全长,主要分布于上皮细胞基部、上皮细胞之间、腺泡上皮细胞之间,也有少量位于固有膜内;胃贲门是嗜银细胞分布密度的高峰,胃体次之,食管分布密度最低;嗜银细胞形态多样,主要有锥体形、梭形、圆形和椭圆形,具有内、外分泌两种功能.     

东亚腹链蛇消化道嗜银细胞的分布及形态学观察

应用Grimelius银染法研究了东亚腹链蛇（Amphiesma vibakari）消化道嗜银细胞的分布密度及形态。结果表明：在东亚腹链蛇的消化道中嗜银细胞分布广泛,见于全消化道。其分布密度曲线大致呈波浪形,其中胃部是嗜银细胞分布密度的高峰,胃幽门次之,回肠分布密度最低。嗜银细胞形态多样,主要以锥体形为主,其次还有圆形、椭圆形。广泛分布于上皮细胞基部、上皮细胞之间、腺泡上皮细胞之间。结论：东亚腹链蛇消化道嗜银细胞分布型的形成与各部位消化功能有关;根据其形态,我们认为东亚腹链蛇消化道内嗜银细胞具有内分泌、外分泌、旁分泌3种功能。     

循环饥饿投喂对大鼠消化道嗜银细胞形态及分布的影响

为了研究循环饥饿投喂对大鼠(Rattus norvegicus)消化道内嗜银细胞的分布密度及形态功能的影响,本实验采用Grimelius银染法观察和测定循环饥饿投喂(饥饿1 d,投喂1 d,周期为14 d)期间大鼠消化道嗜银细胞形态功能及密度分布。结果表明,实验组(即循环饥饿投喂组)和对照组(正常喂食组)大鼠消化道嗜银细胞除食管外均有分布,形态上对照组嗜银细胞以椭圆形和锥体形为主,实验组嗜银细胞则主要以锥体形为主;两组大鼠消化道嗜银细胞的分布密度高峰都位于胃,密度低谷对照组位于空肠、盲肠、回肠和直肠,实验组位于空肠到直肠各段;实验组大鼠消化道嗜银细胞分布密度在贲门和幽门部极显著低于对照组(P <0.01),结肠显著低于对照组(P <0.05),说明循环饥饿投喂会明显改变消化道嗜银细胞的形态并降低细胞数量,这可能与内分泌细胞的功能改变有关。     

扬子鳄消化道嗜银细胞的分布及形态学观察

该文用龙桂开浸银法对扬子鳄消化道嗜银细胞的分布及形态进行了观察。结果表明：嗜银细胞分布于整个消化道中,从食道到直肠。其中,十二指肠和回、直肠交接处密度很高,胃体及直肠很低。嗜银细胞形态多样。食道嗜银细胞位于上皮基部和固有膜中,呈椭圆形或不规则形。胃嗜银细胞位于胃腺部,圆形或椭圆形,有的可见明显的胞突。肠嗜银细胞位于上皮细胞之间,呈长柱形、纺锤形、长颈瓶形或锤状。多数细胞两端有较长胞突,分别与固有膜     

白条草蜥消化道嗜银细胞的分布和形态学观察

应用Grimelius银染法对白条草蜥消化道嗜银细胞进行了染色和切片观察.结果 表明:在白条草蜥的消化道中嗜银细胞分布广泛,见于其全长.其嗜银细胞形态多样,主要有锥体形、椭圆形等;其嗜银细胞分布密度于胃幽门最高,胃体次之,十二指肠最低.其消化道嗜银细胞分布型的形成与生活环境和取食方式等有关;根据其形态,嗜银细胞具有内、外分泌两种功能.     

嗜银细胞在菲牛蛭消化管中的形态与分布特征

运用Grimelius银染法对菲牛蛭(Poecilobdella manillensis)消化管内嗜银细胞的分布和形态进行观察,并根据嗜银细胞的分布特点统计其分布密度。消化管除食道外各部位均有嗜银细胞分布,细胞染棕色或黑色;嗜银细胞基本位于上皮细胞之间和固有层内,主要呈圆形、椭圆形、锥体形和长条形等多种形态;部分细胞胞突明显,细胞内可见黑色分泌颗粒。嗜银细胞分布密度为颚片最高,嗉囊次之,直肠最低,食道内未检测出嗜银细胞。消化管各段嗜银细胞的形态特征和分布规律可能与其食性和消化生理活动密切相关。     

8周有氧运动对肥胖大鼠消化道嗜银细胞形态及分布密度的影响

为了研究有氧运动对肥胖大鼠(Rattus norvegicus)消化道嗜银细胞形态及分布密度的影响,本实验采用Grimelius银染法观察8周运动组(n=9)与对照组(n=9)肥胖大鼠消化道嗜银细胞形态及分布密度。结果显示,大鼠消化道各部位均有嗜银细胞分布;两组大鼠消化道嗜银细胞形态上无差异,均以圆形、椭圆形、锥体形、梭形为主;两组大鼠消化道嗜银细胞分布密度高峰均位于胃体,而低谷有所不同,对照组大鼠消化道嗜银细胞的分布密度低谷位于食管、贲门,运动组大鼠位于食管、贲门、空肠、回肠、直肠;两组相比,食管和直肠两部位分布密度差异不显著(P> 0.05),其余各部位均有差异,且运动组大鼠贲门、胃体、盲肠、结肠嗜银细胞分布密度极显著低于对照组(P <0.01),幽门、空肠嗜银细胞分布密度极显著高于对照组(P <0.01),运动组十二指肠、回肠嗜银细胞分布密度显著高于对照组(P <0.05)。两组动物嗜银细胞分泌密度的这种改变与动物机体所处不同生理状态以及消化道各部位功能有关。     

中国黄羽鹌鹑消化道嗜银细胞胚后发育的分布及形态学观察

采用Grimelius银染法,对中国黄羽鹌鹑(Coturnix aponica)消化道嗜银细胞胚后发育的分布规律和形态结构进行了观察。结果显示,口腔、食管、嗉囊和泄殖腔中未发现嗜银细胞,其余部位均有不同数量的分布,其分布呈波浪形,大多数日龄段在腺胃和结直肠中存在2个分布高峰,回肠次之,十二指肠、空肠、盲肠较少,随着日龄增加,不同部位嗜银细胞数量均先增加,后减少,在100 d时达高峰。嗜银细胞主要分布在腺胃腺叶内细胞之间、肠黏膜上皮细胞之间及固有层内,形态多呈圆形、椭圆形、锥形及梭形等。结合嗜银细胞形态与功能间的联系,发现消化道内广泛分布着4种类型的嗜银细胞。我们认为中国黄羽鹌鹑消化道的嗜银细胞具有内分泌、外分泌及旁分泌3种功能,其分布特点可能与动物的食性及生活环境有关。     

中华大蟾蜍消化道嗜银细胞的分布及形态学观察

本文用Grimelius嗜银法对12只中华大蟾蜍消化道嗜银细胞的分布及形态进行了初步观察．结果显示：（1）中华大蟾蜍消化道嗜银细胞的分布密度依次为;食管为31．51±6.73;胃贲门为67．52±3．81;胃体部为49．41±5．69;胃幽门部为142．58±6．69;十二指肠为34．63±5．26;空肠为25．36±2．57;回肠为13．28±3．29;（2）嗜银细胞在食管部分主要集中子食管腺;在胃部主要集中于胃腺,在小肠部主要分布于绒毛上皮之间;（3）嗜银细胞的形态也是多种多样,有锥体形、三角形、椭圆形、长梭形等。     

刺猬消化道嗜银细胞形态与分布

通过用龙桂开浸银法对刺猬消化道各段进行组织切片观察,结果表明嗜银细胞分布于胃贲门及以下所有消化管,其中胃、十二指肠与小肠末段嗜银细胞分布密度较高,小肠中段及直肠末段密度较低。嗜银细胞分布于消化管壁粘膜层腺体与绒毛,其中在腺体密度较高,在绒毛较低,并且胃、小肠壁固有膜腺体的中、底部密度最高,另外在胃幽门有狭小的高密度分布区。嗜银细胞有锥体形、瓜子形、椭圆形、长梭形、圆形等。锥体形、瓜子形、长梭形多有明显的长突起。嗜银颗粒或充满整个细胞,或集中于突起端或基底部。细胞外常可见到刚释放的嗜银颗粒,特别是锥体形、瓜子形细胞的尖端处常可见到向腺管腔或肠腔释放的嗜银颗粒。     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism