似Allee效应对2-物种集合种群竞争动态的影响

集合种群具有与局域种群Allee效应相似的现象被称为似Allee效应.将似Allee效应引入2-竞争物种集合种群系统,建立了具有似Allee效应的2-物种集合种群演化动态模型.大量的数值模拟表明:(1)似Allee效应导致集合种群水平上两竞争物种构成的系统具有多个平衡态;(2)似Allee效应使竞争共存物种无法续存甚至全部灭绝,即使种群具有很高的初始斑块占有率,并且最终平衡态随初始斑块占有率变化而改变;(3)似Allee效应可能使竞争排斥物种共同灭绝,且效应越强,物种存活时间越短;但似Allee效应不会增强强物种对弱物种的排斥强度,反而可能使强物种变为弱物种,弱物种变为强物种,其具有与栖息地毁坏类似的影响种群竞争等级排序的作用;(4)似Allee效应对竞争集合种群续存是一个不稳定的干扰因素,微小的变化都将引起系统平衡态的剧变.但对于已经达到平衡态的集合种群系统,似Allee效应对强弱种群多度起到调节与制约的作用,有助于平衡态集合种群的稳定与共存,这一结论更完整的揭示了似Allee效应在竞争集合种群系统发展的不同阶段所起的不同作用.以上这些结论对物种保护及集合群落的管理具有重要的指导意义.     

不同栖息地状态下物种竞争模式及模拟研究与应用

物种竞争是影响生态系统演化的重要生态过程之一.而物种在受人类影响出现不同程度毁坏的栖息地上的演化又是非常复杂的,因此研究物种演化对栖息地毁坏的响应是非常必要的.在Tilman研究工作的基础上,将竞争系数引入集合种群动力模式,建立了多物种集合种群竞争共存的数学模型,并对5-物种集合种群在不同栖息地状态下的竞争动态进行了计算机模拟研究.结果表明：（1）不同结构的群落（q值不同）,物种之间的竞争排斥作用强度不同,优势物种明显的群落,物种之间的排斥强度大;（2）随着栖息地毁坏程度的增加,对优势物种的负面影响逐渐减小,而对弱势物种的负面影响逐渐增加;（3）随着栖息地恢复幅度的增加,优势物种和弱势物种之间的竞争越强烈,优势物种受到的竞争排斥加大,而弱势物种逐渐变强,出现了强者变弱、弱者变强的格局;（4）物种竞争排斥与共存受迁移扩散能力和竞争能力影响很大,竞争共存的条件是其竞争能力与扩散能力呈非线性负相关关系;（5）竞争共存的物种的强弱序列发生了变化.     

不同生境毁坏速度下的物种灭绝机制

已有似Levins的多物种模型,在研究生境毁坏的影响时,一方面主要集中在对瞬间毁坏影响的研究,另一方面主要研究生境毁坏对强物种影响的研究。在Tilman的多物种竞争共存模型的基础上,同时考虑了生境毁坏直接效应和生境毁坏时间异质性,提出了全新的普适的多物种竞争共存的非自治动力模式。通过模拟物种灭绝对不同速度的生境毁坏时间异质性的响应发现：（1）物种灭绝既存在强物种由强到弱的灭绝,也存在弱物种由弱到强的灭绝。同时,弱物种灭绝机制进一步分为弱物种瞬间集体灭绝,以及较长时间由弱到强的灭绝。（2）生境毁坏速度越快,物种灭绝的时间越短,弱物种灭绝的越多,因此,生境毁坏速度越慢,越有利于弱物种的长期续存。（3）最强物种的多度越大,强-强物种抵御生境毁坏的能力越强,而弱-弱物种抵御生境毁坏的能力越弱,集体灭绝的弱-弱物种就越多。最强物种的多度大的群落（如温带森林）,主要发生的是弱-弱物种灭绝,而最强物种多度小的群落（如热带雨林）同时发生强-强和弱-弱物种的灭绝。因此,争对不同结构的集合种群,不同的保护对象,应采取不同的管理策略。     

人类活动效应对物种多样性影响的动力模拟——以洪湖湿地生境毁坏对水鸟物种多样性的影响为例

提出了随时间变化的人类活动效应对物种多样性影响的多物种竞争非自治动力模式,并以洪湖为例模拟了湿地水鸟物种多样性对人类活动效应（生境持续毁坏）的响应过程。模拟发现：对于强．强物种,生境的持续破坏使得湿地水鸟的物种多度大幅度减小,并发生优势种群的更替;对于弱-弱物种,将导致大批的弱物种种群迅速灭绝,而余下的弱物种种群将做准周期振荡;尽管停止对湿地生境的持续毁坏,仍会使一批弱物种种群继续走向灭绝,并且使得原来最强的几个种群最终灭绝。物种灭绝对生境毁坏的这种时间滞后性,即破碎的生境中存在着一些“活死者”,必须引起自然保护学家的关注,否则会低估了实际处于灭绝边缘的物种的数目,从而影响正确的物种保护决策的制订。     

物种演化对人类活动作用下不同性质栖息地毁坏的响应

栖息地毁坏是物种多样性减少的首要因素之一, 因此研究物种演化对栖息地毁坏的响应是非常必要的。而栖息地的毁坏又有瞬间毁坏和持续毁坏两种, 以往对栖息地毁坏的研究集中在瞬间毁坏上, 而该文则是通过N_物种 竞争共存模型分析对比了物种演化对栖息地瞬间毁坏和持续毁坏的响应特征。研究发现 :不同性质的栖息地毁坏都会导致物种强弱关系的变化, 并非如通常所认为的强物种将免于遭受物种灭绝的威胁, 也不是强物种首先灭绝, 而是因集合种群结构的不同而异。在热带雨林群落, 瞬间毁坏下物种演化一般经历了强迫适应和恢复上升阶段, 而持续毁坏下物种得不到恢复, 只能持续衰退, 在较长一段时间内持续毁坏比瞬间毁坏更有利于物种的续存 ;而在温带森林群落, 瞬间毁坏下物种演化一般经历强迫适应, 恢复上升和准周期振荡, 最后平衡, 而持续毁坏下物种只能持续衰退, 出现了在栖息地持续毁坏率小于瞬间毁坏率时, 物种的栖息地占有率却小于瞬间毁坏时的占有率。     

物种多样性对栖息地毁坏时间异质性的响应

栖息地毁坏是物种多样性丧失最重要的因素之一.通过多物种竞争共存的非自治动力模型,利用香农多样性指数,研究并比较了不同结构集合种群群落的物种多样性对不同程度和不同速度的栖息地毁坏时间异质性的响应.结果表明:在栖息地瞬间毁坏下,物种多样性先快速下降,之后得到一定程度的恢复,最终在下降中走向平衡;在栖息地持续完全毁坏下,栖息地毁坏速度对物种多样性随累积栖息地毁坏率变化的影响,只有在最强物种多度 (q)较小时比较明显,而在q较大时较小;对于栖息地持续部分毁坏,栖息地毁坏速度只影响物种多样性振荡的幅度,而不影响其变化的最终结果,并且速度越快,物种多样性振荡幅度越大,越不利于群落的稳定.     

集合种群动态对栖息地毁坏时空异质性的响应

栖息地毁坏既有时间异质性,也有空间异质性,而以往的研究往往只关注其中的一种。将两种不同的异质性共同引入到元胞自动机中,模拟了集合种群动态对栖息地毁坏时空异质性的响应。发现,在随机离散的栖息地毁坏下,由于物种的迁移繁殖力受栖息地毁坏的影响很大,迁移繁殖力弱而竞争力强的物种先灭绝。在连续的栖息地毁坏下,物种的迁移繁殖力受栖息地毁坏的影响较小,物种的灭绝由竞争力和迁移繁殖力共同决定:在有绝对优势种的群落里,种间竞争显著,弱物种先灭绝,而在没有绝对优势种的群落里,种间竞争较小,则以强物种先灭绝。因此,随机毁坏不利于强物种续存,而连续毁坏则不利于具有绝对优势种群的群落里的弱物种续存。在实际开发某一栖息地时,根据集合种群结构和被保护的对象采取相应的开发模式。     

集合种群动态对生境毁坏空间异质性的响应

首次将分形几何(Fractal geometry)与元胞自动机(Cellular automata)相结合,研究了破碎化生境中集合种群的空间分布格局动态,以及集合种群动态对生境毁坏空间异质性的响应。研究发现:(1)各个物种种群在生境中的分布具有很好的分形特征,物种的计盒维数(Box dimension)不仅可以很好地反映种群的空间分布结构,也能很好地反映种群动态。(2)如果将空间因素考虑进来的话,生境毁坏的灭绝债务(Time debt)将大于空间隐含模式所模拟的结果。(3)物种灭绝同时存在强物种灭绝和弱物种灭绝。并且只有在生境随机毁坏下,才与空间隐含的模拟结果比较接近,即强物种中将是最强物种率先灭绝。而在边缘毁坏这种比较集中成块的开发方式下,将是较强的物种灭绝。(4)边缘毁坏相对随机毁坏有利于物种,尤其是弱物种的长期续存。     

物种灭绝对不同时间尺度人类活动的响应机制研究

通过修改Tilman的多物种共存的经典模式中栖息地毁坏率（D）,使D随时间的推移呈线性增长情况下,本文模拟了百万年、万年和百年尺度人类活动对栖息地的破坏下,物种灭绝对栖息地毁坏的响应特征。结果表明,大时间尺度人类活动对栖息地毁坏导致物种的强弱关系发生变化,并且强物种先灭绝,而小时间尺度人类活动对栖息地破坏是弱物种先灭绝;在百万年和万年尺度上,物种对栖息地毁坏的响应是减幅振荡衰退直至灭绝,并且最强物种对栖息地的占有率（q）越大,振幅越大,而在百年尺度上,物种的演化几乎是直线衰退;在大时间尺度的栖息地毁坏情况下,q越大,则物种灭绝起始时间和所有物种灭绝的时间越长;而在较小的时间尺度的栖息地毁坏情况下,q越大,灭绝起始时间和所有物种最终灭绝的时间则越短。     

集合种群强物种种群的演化特性

大量的数值模拟研究表明;(1)集合种群里最强物种种群对栖息地占有率相对较少时,较小的栖息地毁坏率就可以导致该最强物种种群与其它奇数物种种群一起退化;(2)而最强物种种群对栖息地占有率相对较多则是导致集合种群里弱物种种群集体灭绝的内因;(3)当栖息地的毁坏率大于最强物种种群对栖息地的占有率时,最强物种种群将先灭绝而使得弱物种种群进化为强物种种群或新的更强的强物种种群。     

基于竞争和扩散能力的非捕食-被捕食集合种群系统的竞争机制

对于非捕食 被捕食(食饵)生态系统,强弱物种之间存在一定的竞争影响.在不考虑栖息地毁坏的情况下,引进双向竞争机制,将Tilman的单向竞争模式推广为n集合种群双向竞争模型,并对6-集合种群的竞争动态进行了计算机模拟研究.结果表明,在平衡态,种群竞争共存的条件是其竞争能力与扩散能力呈现指数型负相关关系,竞争的结果使物种的强弱序列发生变化;物种竞争排除与共存受迁移扩散能力和竞争能力影响很大,在局域斑块上竞争排斥的集合种群在广域尺度上可以竞争共存,即逃亡共存.     

Competition between unit-restricted fungi: a metapopulation model

We aimed to provide a theoretical framework for dynamic studies of competition between fungi living on divided and ephemeral resources. We previously adapted the seminal Skellam's patch-occupancy model (Skellam, 1951) to describe the population dynamics of one species of unit-restricted fungus whose mycelial growth occurs within resource units and which colonizes new resource units by spore dispersal (Gourbiere et al., 1999). In this study, we extended this model to describe the competition between a pair of unit-restricted fungal species that interact with each other inside units by decreasing their spore production. Accordingly, we designed a discrete-time metapopulation model where all patches go extinct at each generation and species interact by lowering their propagule production in jointly occupied patches. We showed that the two species easily coexist although there is no trade-off between their competitive and colonization abilities. Furthermore, the outcome of the competition process can depend on a founder effect. Founder effect determines either which species is excluded or the relative densities of each species when they coexist. We investigated the implications of these results on the distribution and abundance of fungal species along environmental gradients. This work bridges the gap between the mycological theory of "Resource Units" and the metapopulation theory, showing the specificity of fungal exploitation competition. We suggest that unit-restricted fungal species are appropriate biological models to test the theoretical results of the metapopulation theory, such as the appearance of alternative stable equilibria.     

生境破坏的模式对集合种群动态和续存的影响

构建了空间关联的集合种群模型,该模型不但包含了种群的空间结构信息,而且引入了破坏生境的全局密度和局部密度两个指标,它们描述了破坏生境的模式.模型揭示了破坏生境的空间分布格局复杂地影响了集合种群的动态和续存,破坏和未破坏生境斑块的均匀混合不利于集合种群的增长和续存,而生境类型聚集分布可以促进集合种群的快速增长和长期续存;对于两种斑块类型相对均匀混合的生境来说,均匀场假设可能会高估集合种群的续存,对于相对斑块类型高度聚集的生境,均匀场假设可能会低估集合种群的续存;物种的迁移范围也会影响集合种群的续存,迁移范围越大的物种越容易抵御生境的破坏而免遭灭绝.这意味着在生物保护中不能仅仅考虑生境的恢复和斑块质量的改善,生境结构的构建也是很重要的,加强生境斑块之间的连通性也有利于物种的长期续存.     

A formula for the mean lifetime of metapopulations in heterogeneous landscapes

We present a formula for the mean lifetime of metapopulations in heterogeneous landscapes. This formula provides new insights into the effect of the spatial structure of habitat networks on metapopulation survival, with consequences for modeling, landscape evaluation, and metapopulation management. In the whole study, the spatially realistic metapopulation model of Frank and Wissel is taken as a basis. First, as a key result on the way toward the desired formula, it is shown that a simple nonspatial (Levins-type) model is able to reproduce the behavior of the complex spatial model considered regarding the mean lifetime, provided its parameters appropriately summarize all the relevant details of spatial heterogeneity. Second, the formula presented reveals how data from species and landscape have to be combined to estimate the survival chance of a metapopulation without having to run any simulation or to solve numerically any model equation. Third, by taking the formula as a basis, landscape measures are derived that allow dissimilar habitat networks to be evaluated, compared, and ranked in terms of their effect on metapopulation survival. Fourth, a combination of analytical, nonlinear regression as well as aggregation techniques was used to deduce the formula presented. The potential of these techniques for simplifying (meta)population models that are complex due to spatial heterogeneity is discussed.     

Indirect effects and spatial scaling affect the persistence of multispecies metapopulations

Quantifying the role of space and spatial scale on the population dynamics of ecological assemblages is a contemporary challenge in ecology. Here, we evaluate the role of metapopulation dynamics on the persistence and dynamics of a multispecies predator-prey assemblage where two prey species shared a common natural enemy (apparent competition). By partitioning the effects of increased resource availability from the effects of metapopulation structure on regional population persistence we show that space has a marked impact on the dynamics of apparent competition in multispecies predator-prey assemblages. Further, the role of habitat size and stochasticity are also shown to influence the dynamics and persistence of this multispecies interaction. The broader consequences of these processes are discussed.     

Metapopulation persistence in heterogeneous landscapes: lessons about the effect of stochasticity

This article addresses an important aspect of the analysis of metapopulation persistence. It highlights some consequences of ignoring and including stochasticity in the sequence of extinction and colonization events. The results are based on a comparative analysis of the outcomes of two (one deterministic, one stochastic) spatially realistic metapopulation models and a search for common effects and differences. One key result of the article is that, under certain conditions, there are extra effects of the landscape structure (number and configuration of patches, patch size distribution) on metapopulation persistence if stochasticity is included. In these cases, ignoring or including stochasticity can change conclusions about the persistence status but also ranking orders, relative results, and qualitative trends. A list of conditions is provided under which including stochasticity is vital to prevent counterproductive conclusions about metapopulation persistence. The results of the overall study are condensed in five lessons about the effect of stochasticity. A number of implications for ecological theory and conservation management are discussed. The study demonstrates the potential of three recently published approximation formulas (metapopulation capacity lambdaM, mean lifetime Tm, and effective number of patches N) to serve as tools for ecological analysis and thinking.     

Two‐species metacommunity dynamics mediated by habitat preference

The Levins model is a simple and widely used metapopulation model that describes temporal changes in the regional abundance of a single species and has increasingly been applied to metacommunity contexts including multiple species. Although a fundamental assumption commonly made when using the model is that species randomly move between habitat patches, most organisms exhibit habitat preference in reality. A method of incorporating habitat preference (directed dispersal) into the Levins metapopulation model was developed in a previous study. In the current study, we extended the approach to explore two‐species metacommunity dynamics (i.e. competition and predation) mediated by habitat preference. Our results theoretically revealed that coexistence of competing metapopulations requires conspecific aggregation and heterospecific segregation whereas the conspecific segregation of prey and effective avoidance of unsuitable prey‐free patches are crucial for persistence of predator metapopulations. In addition, we qualitatively and quantitatively demonstrated the effect of habitat preference on the outcomes of interspecific interactions. The present study opens a new research avenue in metacommunity ecology in complex nature and contributes to improved landscape management for the conservation of species (e.g. territorial and group‐living animals) and biodiversity.     

Allee效应对具有生境恢复的集合种群的影响

Allee效应与种群的灭绝密切相关,其研究对生态保护和管理至关重要。Allee效应对物种续存是潜在的干扰因素,濒危物种更容易受其影响,可能会增加生存于生境破碎化斑块的濒危物种的死亡风险,因此研究Allee效应对种群的动态和续存的影响是必要的。从包含由生物有机体对环境的修复产生的Allee效应的集合种群模型出发,引入由其他机制形成的Allee效应,建立了常微分动力系统模型和基于网格模型的元胞自动机模型。通过理论分析和计算机模拟表明:(1)强Allee效应不利于具有生境恢复的集合种群的续存;(2)生境恢复有利于种群续存;(3)局部扩散影响了集合种群的空间结构、动态行为和稳定性,生境斑块之间的局部作用将会减缓或消除集合种群的Allee效应,有利于集合种群的续存。