In vitro comparison of antifungal activity of oxiconazole and econazole against yeast.

Monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) have had a major impact on many areas of biomedical research and almost since their advent have been used in the characterisation and identification of diagnostically important antigens of fungal pathogens. Their main significance lies in three, often inter-related areas: a) the definition and characterisation of antigens for use in detection of antibody responses, b) their direct use in the detection of diagnostically useful antigen in body fluids c) their application in immunohistochemical diagnosis. The degree to which MoAbs have been applied varies between fungal pathogens, and they have now been used, for example, in the serodiagnosis of Aspergillus spp., Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Their use in producing diagnostic tests for other fungi such as Sporothrix schenckii and Penicillium marneffei has been more restricted but considerable potential exists for further development.     

两性霉素B和伏立康唑对临床真菌的体外抗菌活性分析

目的比较两性霉素B和伏立康唑对临床真菌的体外抗菌活性。方法用两性霉素B和伏立康唑的E-test条对分离自临床标本的116株真菌进行体外药敏试验,其中热带念珠菌15株,光滑念珠菌14株,近平滑念珠菌11株,克柔念珠菌6株,新生隐球菌8株,阿萨希毛孢子菌9株,烟曲霉29株,黄曲霉15株,黑曲霉1株,镰刀菌属7株,根霉属1株,以ATCC22019光滑念珠菌为质控菌株。结果两性霉素B对阿萨希毛孢子菌、镰刀菌、黄曲霉的MIC90均为64μg/ml,对其余受试菌株的MIC90均≤1μg/ml,伏立康唑对镰刀菌的MIC90为64μg/ml,对大部分受试菌株的MIC90均≤2μg/ml。结论除对某些真菌可能无效外,两性霉素B和伏立康唑可能适用于治疗大多数的真菌感染。     

In vitro antifungal activity of anidulafungin

Anidulafungin is a new and very useful pharmacological tool for the treatment of invasive mycoses. The antifungal spectrum of anidulafungin reaches the most common pathogenic fungi. Anidulafungin is especially active against the genera Candida and Aspergillus. Its antifungal mechanism is based on the inhibition of the beta-1,3-D-glucan synthesis, an essential molecule for the cell wall architecture, with different consequences for Candida and Aspergillus, being anidulafungin fungicide for the former and fungistatic for the latter. This review describes the in vitro antifungal spectrum of anidulafungin based in the scientific and medical literature of recent years. We can underline that most than 99% of Candida isolates are susceptible to < or = 2 microg/ml of anidulafungin. MIC are very low (< or =0.125 microg/ml) for most clinical isolates of the species Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis and Candida krusei while Candida parapsilosis and Candida guilliermondii isolates are susceptible to anidulafungin concentrations < or = 2 microg/ml. An excellent activity of anidulafungin has been also described against Aspergillus, Pneumocystis and other fungi. However, its activity is very low against Cryptococcus and the Zygomycetes. The excellent activity of anidulafungin has made this antifungal a first line therapeutic indication for candidemia and invasive candidiasis in non-neutropenic patients.     

特比萘芬对24株黑酵母样真菌的体外药敏试验研究

目的 评价特比萘芬对7个属24株刺盾霉目（Chaetothyriales）黑酵母样真菌体外敏感性.方法 应用美国国家临床和实验室标准研究所（CLSI）的M38-A2方案.菌悬液终浓度为（0.4 ～5）＆#215;104 CFU/mL,30℃孵育5～7d,测定最低有效浓度（MEC）和最低抑菌浓度（MIC）.结果 特比萘芬对24株黑酵母样真菌MEC范围：0.125 ～4μg/mL,MEC90∶2μg/mL,MEC50∶0.25 μg/mL,GM∶0.392 9 μg/mL,特比萘芬对5株暗色真菌100％生长抑制,MIC范围：1～4 μg/mL,MIC50∶2μg/mL,MIC90∶4μg/mL.结论 特比萘芬对刺盾霉目（Chaetothyriales）中的黑酵母样真菌有较强的抑制作用,50％抑菌作用明显.     

卡泊芬净、米卡芬净对8种皮肤癣菌体外抑菌活性的研究

目的评价棘白菌素类抗真菌药物卡泊芬净（caspofungin）、米卡芬净（micafungin）针对常见致病性皮肤癣菌的体外抗菌活性。方法参考CLSI制定的M38-A2方案。测定82株常见皮肤癣菌的最低有效浓度（minimal effective concentrations,MECs）。结果按照MEC90浓度从高到低,米卡芬净对紫色毛癣菌和断发毛癣菌的MEC90是0.25μg/mL;对犬小孢子菌、疣状毛癣菌的MEC90为0.06μg/mL;对红色毛癣菌、须癣毛癣菌、石膏小孢子菌、絮状表皮癣菌的MEC90均在0.03μg/mL。②卡泊芬净对红色毛癣菌、紫色毛癣菌和断发毛癣菌的MEC90为1μg/mL;对须癣毛癣菌、犬小孢子菌、石膏小孢子菌、絮状表皮癣菌和疣状毛癣菌的MEC90为0.5μg/mL。③根据中位数检验,米卡芬净对几种皮肤癣菌的MEC值均低于卡泊芬净的MEC值,统计学比较有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。结论米卡芬净和卡泊芬净对皮肤癣菌有较强的抑菌作用,米卡芬净的MEC值低于卡泊芬净。     

In vitro activity of a new antifungal azolyl-substituted indole against Aspergillus fumigatus

A new 2-(alpha-azolylbenzyl)indole derivative exhibited high in vitro activity against 10 strains of Aspergillus fumigatus. This active compound, MT18n, had MIC of 2 microg/mL and is slightly less active than itraconazole and amphotericin B. The mechanism of action of this compound was evaluated through scanning electron microscopy, ergosterol biosynthesis inhibition and phospholipase A2-like activity inhibition studies. Scanning electron microscopy allowed observation of the membrane perturbations caused by MT18n and inference of a critical role of MT18n in membrane synthesis inhibition. Like other azole derivatives MT18n inhibits ergosterol biosynthesis, with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 6 microM. On the other hand, MT18n (10 microM) decreased the secreted phospholipase A2-like activity of Aspergillus fumigatus, an enzyme involved in the invasion process of the host. These results show the high in vitro activity of MT18n against Aspergillus fumigatus and suggest that this compound disturbs the membrane structure via ergosterol biosynthesis inhibition and exhibits phospholipase activity inhibition.     

In vitro antifungal activity of voriconazole against dermatophytes and superficial isolates of Scopulariopsis brevicaulis

We have studied the in vitro antifungal activity of voriconazole, fluconazole and itraconazole against 252 clinical isolates of dermatophytes and Scopulariopsis brevicaulis by a standardized agar diffusion method (NeoSensitabs). Several important factors such as temperature (28 degrees C vs. 35 degrees C) and incubation time (2-10 days vs. 18-74 h) were adapted to dermatophytes and Scopulariopsis requirements. Voriconazole showed an excellent activity against most species of dermatophytes, higher than itraconazole and fluconazole. However, S. brevicaulis isolates were highly resistant to all azoles used in this study. Voriconazole might be an interesting antifungal alternative to refractory superficial mycoses.     

生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂对甘蔗黑穗病菌的体外抗菌活性

【背景】甘蔗黑穗病是一种主要的甘蔗病害,易造成甘蔗严重减产;鼠李糖脂是一种生物表面活性剂,可作为多种植物真菌病害的抑菌剂。【目的】研究生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂对甘蔗黑穗病菌的体外抗菌活性及初步的抗菌机理。【方法】采用甘蔗黑穗病冬孢子萌发试验研究鼠李糖脂对甘蔗黑穗病冬孢子的抗菌作用。采用菌丝生长速率法和菌丝干重法对鼠李糖脂的体外抑菌试验进行检测;通过菌丝电导率的变化研究鼠李糖脂对甘蔗黑穗病菌细胞膜通透性的影响。【结果】鼠李糖脂能显著抑制甘蔗黑穗病菌孢子萌发,其中2.0 g/L鼠李糖脂对甘蔗黑穗病冬孢子萌发的抑制效果最好,抑制率达45.03%。鼠李糖脂能显著抑制甘蔗黑穗病菌双核菌丝体、单胞菌a和单胞菌b的生长。鼠李糖脂能使甘蔗黑穗病单胞菌细胞膜透性增加,与对照相比,2.0 g/L鼠李糖脂处理甘蔗黑穗病双核菌丝体0.5min后电导率升高了约9倍,处理单胞菌a30min后电导率提高了94.23%;0.1g/L鼠李糖脂处理甘蔗黑穗病单胞菌b30min后电导率升高了54.49%,随着浓度的增加,各处理电导率升高显著。【结论】鼠李糖脂对甘蔗黑穗病菌有良好的抗菌作用,有望为甘蔗黑穗病的防治提供新方法。     

米卡芬净对分离自中国的念珠菌和曲霉临床株体外抑菌活性的研究

目的了解新型抗真菌药物米卡芬净(micafungin,MFG)对分离自中国的念珠菌和曲霉临床株的体外抑菌活性。方法参照CLSI(Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute,以前为NCCLS)制定的M27-A2和M38-A方案测定86株念珠菌和35株曲霉的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)或最低有效浓度(MEC)。结果MFG对大多数念珠菌属和曲霉属均有较好的抑菌作用。对念珠菌属的MIC90从高到低依次为:氟康唑(FLC)敏感的白念珠菌、热带念珠菌、光滑念珠菌为0.125μg/ml,FLC耐药和剂量依赖敏感株为0.25μg/ml,克柔念珠菌为0.5μg/ml,近平滑念珠菌8μg/ml,季也蒙念珠菌>16μg/ml。MFG对烟曲霉的MEC90为≤0.03μg/ml,对非烟曲霉的曲霉属MEC90为0.06μg/ml。MFG与唑类药物、两性霉素B(AMB)不存在交叉耐药,对FLC耐药的念珠菌、伊曲康唑耐药的曲霉、AMB不敏感的曲霉均有好的抑菌活性。结论MFG对多数念珠菌属和曲霉属(包括对唑类耐药和AMB不敏感的菌株)有较好的体外抑菌作用。     

In vitro antifungal activity of chitinolytic enzymes produced by bio-agents against root rot pathogenic fungi

A study was carried out using simple laboratory techniques to examine the influence of the antagonistic isolates of Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride, Bacillius subtilis and Pseudomons flourescence and their culture filtrates on selected soil-borne root rot pathogens Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium solani. Testing procedures were standardised using two different methods. The experiments were based on the principle of dual culture and agar diffusion techniques. The experiment involved the recording of the percentage of reduction in growth and inhibition zones formed by various filtrates of antagonistic culture growth. The results showed that the antagonists tested had the ability to reduce the linear growth of fungal pathogens. Also, the cultures filtrates of antagonists had antifungal activities by forming inhibition zones. Culture filtrates have shown a strong clear inhibition zone which increases in diameter as the incubation period of antagonists increases. This observation was related to the increase in the activity of chitinolytic enzymes as secondary metabolic compounds produced in growth media by prolonging the period of incubation. The study has proved that such enzymes can be effectively used for suppression of soil-borne pathogens and that it can evolve as a potential biocide.     

In vitro activity of monoclonal and recombinant yeast killer toxin-like antibodies against antibiotic-resistant gram-positive cocci

BACKGROUND: Monoclonal (mAbKT) and recombinant single-chain (scFvKT) anti-idiotypic antibodies were produced to represent the internal image of a yeast killer toxin (KT) characterized by a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity, including gram-positive cocci. Pathogenic eukaryotic and prokaryotic microorganisms, such as Candida albicans, Pneumocystis carinii, and a multidrug-resistant strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, presenting specific, although yet undefined, KT-cell wall receptors (KTR), have proven to be killed in vitro by mAbKT and scFvKT. mAbKT and scFvKT exert a therapeutic effect in vivo in experimental models of candidiasis and pneumocystosis by mimicking the functional activity of protective antibodies naturally produced in humans against KTR of infecting microorganisms. The swelling tide of concern over increasing bacterial resistance to antibiotic drugs gives the impetus to develop new therapeutic compounds against microbial threat. Thus, the in vitro bactericidal activity of mAbKT and scFvKT against gram-positive, drug-resistant cocci of major epidemiological interest was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: mAbKT and scFvKT generated by hybridoma and DNA recombinant technology from the spleen lymphocytes of mice immunized with a KT-neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb KT4) were used in a conventional colony forming unit (CFU) assay to determine, from a qualitative point of view, their bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus, S. haemolyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, E. faecium, and Streptococcus pneumoniae strains. These bacterial strains are characterized by different patterns of resistance to antibiotics, including methicillin, vancomycin, and penicillin. RESULTS: According to the experimental conditions adopted, no bacterial isolate proved to be resistant to the activity of mAbKT and scFvKT. CONCLUSIONS: scFvKT exerted a microbicidal activity against multidrug resistant bacteria, which may represent the basis for the drug modeling of new antibiotics with broad antibacterial spectra to tackle the emergence of microbial resistance.     

In vitro kinetics and antifungal activity of various extracts of Terminalia chebula seeds against plant pathogenic fungi

The aim of the present study was to examine the efficacy of various seed extracts of Terminalia chebula as an antifungal potential against certain important plant pathogenic fungi. The organic extracts of methanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform at the used concentration of 1500 ppm/disc revealed remarkable antifungal effect as a fungal mycelial growth inhibitor against Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Phytophthora capsici and Botrytis cinerea, in the range of 41.6–61.3%, along with MIC values ranging from 62.5 to 500 μg/ml. Also, the extracts had a strong detrimental effect on spore germination of all the tested plant pathogens along with concentration as well as time-dependent kinetic inhibition of B. cinerea. The results obtained from this study suggest that the natural products derived from Terminalia chebula could become an alternative to synthetic fungicides for controlling such important plant pathogenic fungi.     

In vitro activity of fosfomycin against 'problem' gram-positive cocci.

Fosfomycin was active in vitro against 54 of 60 'problem' Gram-positive cocci (20 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 20 coagulase-negative staphylococci and 20 enterococci). Its activity was significantly greater under anaerobic conditions, especially against coagulase-negative staphylococci. Mutants resistant to fosfomycin were readily demonstrated, but their growth was prevented by rifampicin or ciprofloxacin. The combinations rifampicin+fosfomycin and ciprofloxacin+fosfomycin showed MIC synergy. It is concluded that fosfomycin in an appropriate combination would be a valuable addition to the small and dwindling range of antibiotics active against problem Gram-positive cocci.     

In vitro antifungal activity of lactic acid bacteria low molecular peptides against spoilage fungi of bakery products

Bio-preservation, a promising preservation method that involves the use of “friendly” microorganisms such as lactic acid bacteria, has recently become a topic of considerable interest. In the present study, 16 lactic acid bacteria isolates were evaluated for antifungal activity against six fungi commonly associated with bread spoilage. The antifungal compounds were heat stable at 121 °C, and only four isolates, DU15, IT10, TE10, and IS10, showed partial loss of activity when supernatants were treated with proteolytic enzymes. The four isolates showed high inhibition activity at pH 3 and were identified using 16S rDNA sequencing as belonging to Leuconostoc mesenteroides DU15, Lactobacillus plantarum TE10, Lactobacillus plantarum IT10, and Lactobacillus plantarum IS10. The minimum germination inhibitions were 30 mg, 50 mg, 40 mg, and 50 mg for TE10, IT10, DU15, and IS10 respectively. The optimum conditions for the strains to produce antifungal compounds were 37 °C for 48 h for IT10, IS10, and TE10, and 30 °C for 24 h for DU15. Antifungal activity was increased threefold when supernatants were filtered using 10 KDa membranes. These findings demonstrate the potential of using lactic acid bacteria antifungal peptides as natural preservatives in bakery products to control the growth of spoilage fungi.     

硝酸咪康唑和克霉唑对临床常见分离真菌的体外抗真菌活性研究

硝酸咪康唑（Miconazole）和克霉唑（Clotrimazole）均属于咪唑类抗真菌药物,多年来广泛外用治疗皮肤癣菌病、皮肤和黏膜念珠菌病。为了解硝酸咪康唑和克霉唑对临床常见分离真菌的体外抗真菌活性,