促泌素在胃肠道神经内分泌肿瘤中的表达及其临床意义

目的 比较促泌素(secretagogin,SCGN)与传统的神经内分泌标记物在胃肠道神经内分泌肿瘤中的表达差异.方法 收集胃肠道手术标本共88例,其中实验组为8例类癌和20例非典型类癌,对照组为40例腺癌伴神经内分泌分化和20例腺癌.所有标本均使用SCGN、PGP9.5、CD56、NSE、Syn及CgA进行免疫组织化学SP两步法染色.结果 SCGN可在胃肠道粘膜同有层腺体的弥散性神经内分泌细胞中表达,多显示“开放型”的神经内分泌细胞.除CD56和NSE各在1例胃肠道腺癌中阳性表达外,SCGN及其它标记物在20例腺癌中均无表达,所有标记物之间均无统计学差异(P＞0.05).SCGN在40例胃肠道腺癌伴神经内分泌分化、20例非典型类癌和8例类癌巾的阳性表达率均最高,分别为62.5％ (25/40)、90％(18/20)和100％(8/8),PGP9.5阳性表达率均最低分别为32.5％(13/40)、45％ (9/20)和37.5％(3/8),两标记物在这三组肿瘤中的表达均有显著统计学差异(P＜0.01),而CD56、NSE、Syn和CgA在以上三组肿瘤中的表达率均较高,与SCGN比较均无统计学差异(P＞0.05).所有标记物在腺癌伴神经内分泌分化、非典型类癌和类癌中的阳性表达率均明显高于腺癌(P＜0.01);SCGN、Syn和CgA在非典型类癌和类癌巾的阳性表达均高于腺癌伴神经内分泌分化(P＜0.05);所有标记物在非典型类癌和类癌之间的阳性表达率均无统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论 SCGN作为一种新型的神经内分泌标记物与传统标记物Syn和CgA联合,可应用于胃肠道神经内分泌肿瘤的临床病理诊断.     

胰岛素样生长因子Ⅱ在肾上腺、颈动脉体及其肿瘤中的表达

本研究应用胰岛素样生长因于Ⅱ单克隆抗体（ＩＧＦ－Ⅱ）对人肾上腺、颈动脉体及其来源的肿瘤进行免疫组织化学定位研究。发现,成人肾上腺使质所有细胞的１．２—１０％的细胞显色,嗜铬细胞瘤所有细胞的７５％显色,颈动脉体瘤所有细胞的５０％显色,并且大部分为来自主细胞的瘤细胞显色。ＩＧＦ一Ⅱ阳性表达绝大多数在细胞浆内呈粗大颗粒状且弥漫分布,少数在核周密布。结果表明：人ＩＧＦ－Ⅱ存在成人肾上腺髓质、颈动脉体及其来源的肿瘤组织中,ＩＧＦ－Ⅱ在肿瘤中表达强于正常组织。     

骨桥蛋白在胰腺癌中的表达及其临床意义

目的:研究骨桥蛋白OPN在胰腺癌中的表达水平及其与临床病理特征的关系。方法:采用RT-PCR和免疫组织化学方法分别检测50例胰腺癌手术切除标本和20例癌旁正常胰腺组织中OPNmRNA及其蛋白水平的表达。结果:胰腺癌组织中OPNmRNA高表达率为90%(45/50)明显高于其在癌旁正常胰腺组织中的表达15%(3/20),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);OPN蛋白的阳性率为86.0%(43/50),明显高于癌旁正常胰腺组织中的表达30%(6/20),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);OPN在胰腺癌组织中表达与其淋巴结转移明显相关(P<0.05)。结论:OPN在胰腺癌中的过表达对胰腺癌的生长、浸润及转移起重要作用。     

肾上腺髓质素的和压作用及其在组织中分布的观察

本实验用电生理和免疫组化方法观察了肾上腺髓质素（ａｄｒｅｎｏｍｅｄｕｌｉｎ，ＡＭ）对正常和高血压大鼠血压的影响和对主动脉环张力的作用以及ＡＭ在一些组织中的分布特点。结果显示ＡＭ对高血压大鼠的降压幅度远大于正常鼠；对主动脉环张力的降低作用具有剂量依赖性和内皮依赖性；ＡＭ免疫组化反应除在嗜铬细胞瘤和肾髓质细胞内呈阳性反应外，在肺、肾和心肌组织内部都显示出不同程度的阳性。提示ＡＭ在机体血压循环调节中具有     

MRP在胰腺癌组织中的表达及其临床意义

目的：了解MRP蛋白在胰腺癌组织中的表达情况,并探讨其临床意义。方法：应用免疫组织化学法检测72例胰腺癌组织,10例正常胰腺组织中MRP蛋白的表达,并分析其与临床病理学特征及预后的关系。结果：MRP蛋白在胰腺癌组织中的阳性表达率为91．7％,明显高于其在正常胰腺组织中的表达（p〈0．05）。胰腺癌组织中的MRP蛋白高表达与病理学分级低显著相关（p=0．031）,亦与年龄有关（p〈0．05）,而与肿瘤生长部位、肿瘤大小、淋巴结有无转移、临床分期及神经有无浸润无显著相关性（p〉0．05）。MRP蛋白高表达者的中位生存期明显长于低表达者（21．7个月vs11．1个月,p=0．040）。结论：胰腺癌组织中MRP蛋白的高表达与胰腺癌术后的预后好相关,检测胰腺癌中MRP蛋白的表达具有重要的临床意义。     

肾上腺髓质素的降压作用及其在组织中分布的观察

本实验用电生理和免疫组化方法观察了肾上腺髓质素（ａｄｒｅｎｏｍｅｄｕｌｌｉｎ,ＡＭ）对正常和高血压大鼠血压的影响和对主动脉环张力的作用以及ＡＭ在一些组织中的分布特点。结果显示ＡＭ对高血压大鼠的降压幅度远大于正常鼠;对主动脉环张力的降低作用具有剂量依赖性和内皮依赖性;ＡＭ免疫组化反应除在嗜铬细胞瘤和肾上腺髓质细胞内呈阳性反应外,在肺、肾和心肌组织内都显示出不同程度的阳性。提示ＡＭ在机体血压和循环调节中具有重要作用。     

SHP-2在喉癌组织中的表达及其临床意义

目的:研究蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶SHP-2(Src homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase)在喉癌(Laryngeal squamous carcinoma,LSC)组织中的表达水平,初步探讨SHP-2与LSC发生发展的关系。方法:入选17例LSC患者,免疫组化染色检测SHP-2表达,显微镜下观察阳性率,取4例喉癌患者的正常粘膜组织为对照组。结果:SHP-2在喉癌组织中的表达与正常粘膜组织中的表达差异有显著性意义;喉癌组织中SHP-2的表达与淋巴结转移存在正相关。结论:SHP-2在LSC组织中的表达显著增高,可能与LSC发生发展的机制有关;SHP-2在不同级别LSC组织中的表达无明显差异,与临床分期无关,提示SHP-2对LSC的分化程度可能不起重要作用。     

MACC1蛋白在食管癌中的表达及其临床意义

目的：探讨结肠癌转移相关基因1（metastasis—associated in colon cancer-1,MACCl）在食管癌组织中的表达及其临床意义。方法：采用免疫组化EnVinsion法检测MACCl蛋白在88例食管癌组织中的表达,统计学分析MACCl蛋白在不同病理分级、TNM分期中表达的差异性。结果：免疫组化结果显示MACCl蛋白的阳性表达主要位于胞浆中。MACCl蛋白在食管癌组织中的总阳性率为88．64％;在I、II、Ⅲ级食管癌组织中的阳性率分别为14．29％、93．65％、100％,经Kruskal．WallisH检验差异性非常显著（P=0．0000）;在I、IIa、IIb、Ⅲ期食管癌中的阳性率分别是16．67％、89．47％、100％、100％,经Kruskal．WallisH检验差异性非常显著（P=0．0000）。结论：MACCl蛋白在食管癌中呈过度表达,其表达与病理分级、TNM分期相关,提示MACCl可能在食管癌的发生、发展中起重要作用。MACCl蛋白可能成为检测食管癌的发病及判断预后的生物学指标之一。     

GSTP1、E-cadherin 在垂体腺瘤中的表达及临床意义

目的:研究谷胱甘肽S-转移酶P1(GSTP1)、上皮钙粘蛋白(E-cadherin)在垂体腺瘤中的表达及临床意义。方法:应用免疫组化SP染色法检测30例侵袭性垂体腺瘤与30例非侵袭性垂体腺瘤中GSTP1、E-cadherin的表达。结果:GSTP1在侵袭性垂体腺瘤中的表达较非侵袭性垂体腺瘤显著降低(P<0.05);E-cadherin在侵袭性垂体腺瘤中的表达较非侵袭性垂体腺瘤显著降低(P<0.05);GSTP1、E-cadherin在垂体腺瘤中的表达呈正相关(r=0.82,P<0.05)。结论:GSTP1、E-cadherin在垂体腺瘤中的表达与肿瘤侵袭程度显著相关,两者联合检测有助于判断垂体腺瘤侵袭性及预后。     

GSTP1、E-cadherin在垂体腺瘤中的表达及临床意义

目的：研究谷胱甘肽S-转移酶P1（GSTP1）、上皮钙粘蛋白（E-cadherin）在垂体腺瘤中的表达及临床意义。方法：应用免疫组化SP染色法检测30例侵袭性垂体腺瘤与30例非侵袭性垂体腺瘤中GSTP1、E-cadherin的表达。结果：GSTP1在侵袭性垂体腺瘤中的表达较非侵袭性垂体腺瘤显著降低（P〈0.05）;E-cadherin在侵袭性垂体腺瘤中的表达较非侵袭性垂体腺瘤显著降低（P〈0.05）;GSTP1、E-cadherin在垂体腺瘤中的表达呈正相关（r=0.82,P〈0.05）。结论：GSTP1、E-cadherin在垂体腺瘤中的表达与肿瘤侵袭程度显著相关,两者联合检测有助于判断垂体腺瘤侵袭性及预后。     

Proteome analysis of adrenal cortical tumors

Introduction: Adrenal tumor is a relatively common tumor. The discrimination between adrenal cortical adenoma (ACA) and adrenal cortical carcinoma (ACC) is crucial as these two diseases have distinct prognosis. ACA is a benign tumor curable by surgical excision, while the prognosis of ACC is extremely poor, with a 5-year mortality of 75–90%. Therefore, previous proteomic studies focused on markers allowing the differentiation between ACA and ACC.

Areas covered: Several proteomic approaches based on the analysis of various samples such as human tissues, urine, and cell lines. In this review, we focused on proteomic studies performed to improve adrenal tumor diagnosis and identify ACC therapeutic targets.

Expert commentary: The rapid development of cancer genomics provided a lot of information, which affects functional proteomics. In practice, differentially expressed proteins between ACA and ACC have been suggested in several proteomic studies and had a biologic implication in ACC.     

Construction of a novel immunoassay for the relationship between anxiety and the development of a primary immune response to adrenal cortical hormone

A novel potentiometric immunosensor for the detection of adrenal cortical hormones (ACH) has been developed by means of self-assembling immobilization of adrenal cortical hormone antibody (anti-ACH) on a gold electrode-modified gold nanoparticle (Au) and a thiol-containing sol–gel network. A cleaned gold electrode was first immersed in a (3-mercaptopropyl)-trimethoxysilane (MPS) sol–gel solution to assemble a silica sol–gel monolayer, then the silane units were polymerized into a 2D sol–gel network (2D network) by dipping into aqueous NaOH. The second silane layer was formed by immersion back into the MPS solution overnight, and then the gold nanoparticles (nanogold) were chemisorbed onto the thiol groups of the second silane layer. Finally, anti-ACH was adsorbed onto the surface of the gold nanoparticles. The modified process was characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The detection is based on the change in the potentiometric response before and after the antigen–antibody reaction. Using nanogold and 3-MPS as substrates, potentiometric detection at room temperature resulted in a pseudolinear detection range of about 22–1,000 ng mL⁻¹ with a detection limit of 5.2 ng mL⁻¹. Subsequently, several serum samples obtained from medical students with different anxiety extents were analyzed comparing with the ELISA method, and the results demonstrated that the immunoassay meets the demands of psychological analyses.     

Identification of differentially expressed proteins in colorectal cancer by proteomics: down-regulation of secretagogin

To identify proteins with colorectal cancer-specific regulation, comparative 2-DE of individual-matched normal and neoplastic colorectal tissue specimens was performed. We found 15 protein spots with concordantly increased and 20 protein spots with concordantly decreased intensity in tumor tissue (expression regulation more than fivefold). Nine of these proteins were identified by MS/MS. Interestingly, one of the proteins, which exhibited a marked down-regulation in colorectal cancer tissues, was the recently identified endocrine cell-expressed protein secretagogin. The reduction of the secretagogin content in colorectal cancer tissues was confirmed by comparative immunoblotting (n = 17) and RT-PCR (n = 22) as well as by immunohistochemistry (n = 45) of individual-matched neoplastic and normal colorectal tissue specimens. Immunohistochemistry revealed absence of secretagogin-expressing cells in most of the colorectal cancer tissue specimens. However, some colorectal cancers were characterized by secretagogin-expressing cells. In normal mucosa, positively stained cells exhibited a neuroendocrine cell-characteristic morphology and mucosal location. In colorectal cancer tissues, secretagogin-expressing cells were characterized by a malignant morphology. Our findings might represent the basis for the clinical application of secretagogin as a biomarker for a distinct subgroup of colorectal cancers.     

Setagin and secretagogin-R22: Posttranscriptional modification products of the secretagogin gene

We describe two new variants of the recently identified hexa-EF-hand calcium binding protein secretagogin. The first variant (secretagogin-R22) is characterized by one single amino acid exchange (Q/R) at codon 22, most likely due to RNA editing. The second variant of secretagogin (setagin) consists of 49 amino acids. Due to a frame shift, only the first 27 amino acids are identical to secretagogin. We demonstrate that this protein truncation results in complete loss of the calcium binding capacity. Setagin expression was found in considerable amounts in the pancreas whereas secretagogin and secretagogin-R22 were also found in the central nervous system and organs containing neurendocrine cells.     

Expression of the noradrenaline transporter and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase in normal human adrenal gland and phaeochromocytoma

Expression of the noradrenaline transporter (NAT) was examined in normal human adrenal medulla and phaeochromocytoma by using immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy. The enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) were used as catecholamine biosynthetic markers and chromogranin A (CGA) as a marker for secretory granules. Catecholamine content was measured by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In normal human adrenal medulla (n=5), all chromaffin cells demonstrated strong TH, PNMT and NAT immunoreactivity. NAT was co-localized with PNMT and was located within the cytoplasm with a punctate appearance. Human phaeochromocytomas demonstrated strong TH expression (n=20 samples tested) but variable NAT and PNMT expression (n=24). NAT immunoreactivity ranged from absent (n=3) to weak (n=10) and strong (n=11) and, in some cases, occupied an apparent nuclear location. Unlike the expression seen in normal human adrenal medullary tissue, NAT expression was not consistently co-localized with PNMT. PNMT also showed highly variable expression that was poorly correlated with tumour adrenaline content. Immunoreactivity for CGA was colocalized with NAT within the cytoplasm of normal human chromaffin cells (n=4). This co-localization was not consistent in phaeochromocytoma tumour cells (n=7). The altered pattern of expression for both NAT and PNMT in phaeochromocytoma indicates a significant disruption in the regulation and possibly in the function of these proteins in adrenal medullary tumours.     

Macrophages within the human adrenal gland

There is increasing evidence for an immune-adrenal interaction in which macrophages may play an important role. However, few data are available with respect to a human intra-adrenal macrophage system. In this study, we have investigated the density, distribution and phenotype of human adrenal macrophages using monoclonal antibodies. Macrophages are localized in all zones of the adrenal gland. These cells exhibit the phenotype of the phagocytotic macrophage compartment (CD11c+, KiM8+). At the ultrastructural level, macrophages are frequently attached to the endothelial wall, but also lie in direct contact with cortical and chromaffin cells. This investigation reveals the cellular basis for the possible role of macrophages in the local immune-neuroendocrine axis.     

雌激素对大鼠肾上腺皮质中Bcl-2和 Bax蛋白表达的影响

利用免疫组织化学SP法检测摘除卵巢及补充17β-雌二醇后大鼠肾上腺皮质各层Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达的变化。结果表明,摘除卵巢后肾上腺皮质束状带和网状带Bcl-2和Bax表达都增加;球状带中Bax表达增加,而Bcl-2表达阴性。补充17β-雌二醇后,束状带和网状带中Bcl-2蛋白表达显著降低,Bax在束状带中表达极显著降低,而在网状带中没有阳性产物;在球状带中Bcl-2表达上升,而Bax表达下降。表明雌激素在肾上腺皮质各层发挥着复杂的作用。