低温处理黄粉虫蛹对管氏肿腿蜂寄生效能的影响

中间寄主的营养状况是影响寄生蜂繁育效果的主要因素。对中间寄主进行处理以抑制其发育,保证其有充足的营养满足子代寄生蜂发育所需。本文研究了在0℃和2℃条件下中间寄主黄粉虫蛹体内营养物质蛋白质、总糖、海藻糖、糖原含量等随处理时间的先升高后下降的变化趋势,表皮硬化程度以及肿腿蜂的寄生率之间的关系。结果表明:寄生蜂寄生率与中间寄主体内营养物质含量呈正相关变化,与表皮硬化程度呈负相关变化。推荐2℃作为中间寄主处理的适宜温度,处理时间为24 h。     

利用黄粉甲繁育管氏肿腿蜂:不同蜂虫比对繁育效果的影响

利用黄粉甲Tenebriomolitor的蛹作为中间寄主繁育管氏肿腿蜂Sclerodermaguani,测定了不同蜂虫比对发育历期、寄生率等几项评价繁育效果的重要指标。结果显示接蜂时不同蜂虫比对雌蜂产卵量和育出的子代蜂数量有较明显的影响,当蜂虫比为2∶1时这2项重要指标较为理想。综合比较了寄生率、寄生成功率、子代蜂的发育历期、出蜂数、性比等各项指标后认为,人工扩繁时采用2∶1的蜂虫比较为适宜。     

Immune function responds to selection for cuticular colour in Tenebrio molitor

Cuticular colour in the mealworm beetle (Tenebrio molitor) is a quantitative trait, varying from tan to black. Population level variation in cuticular colour has been linked to pathogen resistance in this species and in several other insects: darker individuals are more resistant to pathogens. Given that cuticular colour has a heritable component, we have taken an experimental evolution approach: we selected 10 lines for black and 10 lines for tan adult cuticular phenotypes over at least six generations and measured the correlated responses to selection in a range of immune effector systems. Our results show that two immune parameters related to resistance (haemocyte density and pre-immune challenge activity of phenoloxidase (PO)) were significantly higher in selection lines of black beetles compared to tan lines. This may help to explain increased resistance to pathogens in darker individuals. Cuticular colour is dependent upon melanin production, which requires the enzyme PO that is present in its inactive form inside haemocytes. Thus, the observed correlated response to selection upon cuticular colour and immune variables probably results from these traits' shared dependence on melanin production.     

不同温度条件对利用黄粉甲繁育管氏肿腿蜂的影响

在恒温 2 0 ,2 2 ,2 4,2 6,2 8和 3 0℃的实验条件下 ,利用黄粉甲TenebriomolitorL .做中间寄主繁育管氏肿腿蜂SclerodermaguaniXiaoetWu ,测定了其发育历期和寄生率等生物学参数。结果显示 ,在被测温度范围内 ,管氏肿腿蜂的发育速率与温度呈正比关系 ,即随着温度的升高 ,发育历期逐渐缩短。卵至羽化的发育起点温度为 1 3 60℃ ,有效积温为 3 2 0 0 7日·度。温度对管氏肿腿蜂的寄生率、寄生成功率、产卵量、子代蜂的数量和性比都有较显著影响。结合发育历期的结果 ,认为适于人工大量繁蜂的温度范围为 2 4～ 2 8℃ ,2 6℃为最适温度。     

黄粉甲低温贮存对管氏肿腿蜂发育和繁殖的影响

寄主的活动能力和营养状况是影响寄生蜂繁育效果的主要因素。以黄粉甲蛹为寄主,筛选其最佳贮存温度和时间,达到短时间内降低寄主活动能力的同时,保证其有充足营养满足寄生蜂发育所需,对于管氏肿腿蜂的规模化生产有重要意义。在9,3,-3,-9℃条件下,分别贮存黄粉甲TenebriomolitorL.蛹5,15,25,35和45d对管氏肿腿蜂Scleroderma guaniXiaoetWu发育、存活以及增殖的影响。结果表明,寄主活动能力随贮存温度的降低而减弱,有利于管氏肿腿蜂的寄生,寄生率和蜂种存活率不断升高;寄主的不同贮存对寄生蜂卵孵化率影响小于对幼虫存活率影响,而对蛹羽化率则无任何影响。管氏肿腿蜂各阶段历期与寄主贮存温度和时间有着一定关系,-3和-9℃条件下,寄主贮存时间越长,所接寄生蜂产卵前期越短;不同贮存温度和时间的寄主间,寄生蜂卵期、幼虫期和蛹期的持续时间存在一定差异,最短分别为3.39,6.27和15.15d,而对预蛹期无显著差异;幼期的变化趋势同产卵前期。寄主经不同温度和时间贮存后,所繁育的管氏肿腿蜂最高产卵量为33.19粒/雌、最高出蜂量为20.07头/雌、雌雄最高性比可达17.53∶1,分别是CK的2.21,3.17和1.26倍。总体而言,寄主经-9℃贮存15~25d后最有利于繁蜂,其中-9℃贮存15d出蜂量最高。单雌出蜂量较现有报道提高3倍。     

管氏肿腿蜂寄生及注射其毒液对黄粉甲蛹营养代谢的影响

本文以肿腿蜂科管氏肿腿蜂Scleroderma guani为研究对象,研究该蜂寄生及毒液对寄主黄粉甲Tenebrio molitor蛹营养代谢的影响。通过Braford法、香兰素-浓硫酸法、蒽酮法和3’5-二硝基水杨酸法分别测定管氏肿腿蜂寄生及注射其毒液对黄粉甲蛹血淋巴和脂肪体中蛋白质、脂类和糖类含量的影响。研究发现管氏肿腿蜂寄生和注射其毒液能引起黄粉甲蛹血淋巴中的蛋白质含量增加和脂类含量下降,而脂肪体中的蛋白质含量减少和脂类含量升高。同时,该蜂寄生和注射其毒液,均能引起黄粉甲蛹血淋巴和脂肪体中的总糖、海藻糖和还原糖含量升高,但糖原含量下降。研究结果表明,管氏肿腿蜂毒液能调控寄主黄粉甲蛹血淋巴和脂肪体中营养物质的代谢,为揭示该蜂对寄主的营养代谢调控机制奠定了基础。     

管氏肿腿蜂对黄粉甲的寄生行为

在人工扩繁条件下观察管氏肿腿蜂Scleroderma guani对中间寄主黄粉甲Tenebrio molitor的寄生行为,其过程可分为：搜寻-识别-螯刺-清理和取食-产卵-护幼。雌蜂在寄生黄粉甲蛹时上蜂速度和螯刺率变异大,上蜂前时间为1.4～7.0天, 螯刺率为8.7%～91.7%,影响两者的因素包括： 雌蜂的交配状况、寄主状况及繁育温度等。蜂毒螯入寄主后可使其组织不腐烂而适于被寄生,被螯刺后的蛹可表现为 “保鲜”状态,平均“保鲜”时间为12.6天。蜂在蛹体的平均产卵量为30粒,最多为91粒。蜂卵在蛹体上分布合理,有利于幼虫有效利用寄主营养并避免拥挤和取食竞争。母蜂对幼虫期的发育具保护行为,包括护卵和保护幼虫正常发育并能搬运老熟幼虫集中结茧化蛹。     

Turning behaviour related to optical stimuli in Tenebrio molitor

The walking behaviour of the beetle Tenebrio molitor was studied on a compensating running globe under optical stimuli. The animals show a clear frequency distribution for the duration of continuous walking between abrupt stops. The turning behaviour after a light is switched on or off is correlated with these frequency distributions. The circadian rhythmic changes of activity and of the sensitivity of the eyes influence the turning behaviour. A model describes the phenomenon of ‘sensory storage’ as the result of an integration over the reaction probabilities given by the frequency distributions.     

Sequence-induced curvature of Tenebrio molitor satellite DNA

Single satellite DNA constitutes about 50% of the Tenebrio molitor genome. Electrophoresis of 142 base pair long satellite monomers on nondenaturating polyacrylamide gel shows retarded mobility, a characteristic of fragments with sequence-induced DNA curvature. Migrational analysis of circularly permuted satellite monomers revealed the existence of 2 bend centers in the monomer sequence. We calculated the trajectory of DNA helix axis according to the algorithm of De Santis et al. This model predicts that T molitor naked satellite DNA forms a solenoid structure with left-handed superhelix. One turn of the superhelix has approximately 310 base pairs and a 33 nm pitch. Point mutations found in the satellite DNA (1.8%) influence bending characteristics, but do not distort the general geometry of satellite superhelix.     

黄粉虫幼虫对硒的生物积累

在饲料中添加含硒化合物喂养黄粉虫Tenebrio molitor L.幼虫,测定幼虫硒含量、粪便硒含量和体重的变化,计算黄粉虫幼虫特定生长率及幼虫对硒生物积累系数,分析黄粉虫有效积累硒的条件。结果表明,饲料硒含量在15~20mg/kg时,幼虫硒含量明显提高,对硒的生物积累系数高于其它试验组水平,饲料硒含量过高,幼虫硒含量降低,正常生长受到抑制。黄粉虫幼虫特定生长率、取食量、排粪量、干物质含量随着饲料硒含量的增加而降低,死亡率、粪便硒含量随着饲料硒含量的增加而增大。饲料硒含量为15～20mg/kg时黄粉虫幼虫对硒的生物积累效果最好。     

Juvenile hormone production by corpora allta of Tenebrio molitor in vitro

$\text{In vitro}$ organ cultures of corpora allata or corpora cardiaca-corpora allata complexes from $\text{Tenebrio molitor}$ were found to produce methyl-(2E, 6E)-(10R)-10, 11- epoxy-3, 7, 11 trimethyl-2, 6-dodecadienoate (JH III). No detectable JH I or II was produced. The hormone was identified by derivation, chromatography and mass spectral analysis. A ¹⁴C radiolabel was incorporated into the methyl carbon of the ester function from precursor L-[$\text{methyl}$-¹⁴C]-methionine added to the culture medium.     

Regulation of development of the grain beetle Tenebrio molitor by neuropeptides

Summary

Two neuropeptides (NPs), hydra head activator (HHA), and the luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH), were used to study their effects on the development of the larvae of the grain beetle Tenebrio molitor (mealworms). The larvae received the NPs in the course of development at the beginning or at the end of instar. The LHRH given at the beginning of the instar stimulated molting and pupation in larvae; it did not affect molting in the late period of the instar. The C-end fragment of LHRH_(9–10) produced fewer molts and increased the duration of the instar period. The effect of this fragment was weak when it was injected at the initial period of the instar; it was considerably stronger in the end of the instar. It inhibited development when administered during the last instar. On the contrary, the N-end fragment of the LHRH_(1–2) stimulated growth and development of larvae. The action of these NPs can be connected to the function of the hormones of metamorphosis. The HHA administrated to the larvae at different days of the instar stimulated molting but in the last instar it delayed pupation. The C-end of the HHA_(7–11) stimulated molting when injected during the whole period of the instar. The other C-end fragments, the HHA_(8–11) and HHA_(9–11) had inhibitory effects on the molting. The injection of the N-end fragment of the HHA_(1–5) had no effect. The action of HHA and its fragments did not correlate with the function of the hormones of metamorphosis.