松嫩平原赖草无性系生长及其构件的年龄结构

赖草是长根茎型禾草,是典型的无性系植物．在松嫩平原栽培条件下,移植第1年的赖草无性系,经过一个完整生长季的营养繁殖,最多可形成215个分蘖株,在4个取样的无性系中,最大的无性系是最小的5．4倍;经过2个完整生长季最多可形成2852个分蘖株,最大为最小的2．7倍．在无性系整体水平上,2个年度间无性系扩展面积平均增长了13．2倍,分蘖株平均增长了13．3倍,根茎的累积长度平均增长了15．9倍,根茎节数平均增长了11．2倍,根茎生物量平均增长了14．7倍．无性系分蘖株由2个龄级组成,呈增长型年龄结构,并且随着无性系的生长,其增长型年龄结构更为明显．无性系的芽库均由3个龄级组成,亦呈增长型年龄结构,但随着无性系的生长,其增长型年龄结构趋于减缓．赖草无性系以形成大量的根茎顶端芽和根茎节间芽发育成分蘖株,实现无性系空间生态位的扩展和持续更新．     

松嫩平原贝加尔针茅无性系构件的结构及生长规律

采用整个分蘖丛挖掘的取样方法,对松嫩平原栽培条件下贝加尔针茅无性系构件的结构,以及生长与生产规律进行了定量分析.结果表明,在9月末停止生长期,经过2个生长季的营养繁殖,贝加尔针茅无性系的丛径为9.4±3.24 cm.无性系的全体构件数为161.±8.2个.其中,生殖分蘖株为14.6±11.48个,占9.2%;营养分蘖株为146.9±78.70个,占90.7%.全体构件总生物量为3.8±34.22 g,其中生殖分蘖株生物量为2.0±20.34 g,占43.7%;营养分蘖株为28.8±19.43 g,占6.2%.随着丛径的增加,不同构件的数量均具有线性同速生长规律,而不同构件的生物量均具有幂函数异速增长规律.不同构件生物量与无性系全体构件的数量和生物量之间均呈显著(P<0.0)或极显著(P<0.01)的幂函数正相关关系.平均单个生殖分蘖株的生产力约为营养分蘖株的10倍.生殖分蘖株的数量和生物量的表型可塑性普遍大于营养分蘖株.     

松嫩平原人工草地野大麦无性系构件的生物量结构及生产规律

野大麦属短根茎丛生型禾草,是典型的无性系植物．在松嫩平原生长季末期。野大麦无性系分株由抽茎的分蘖株和莲座状分蘖苗组成．按照分蘖节营养繁殖世代的龄级划分方法,建植2年人工草地野大麦无性系的分蘖株由3个龄级组成,分蘖苗由4个龄级组成,其生物量均呈增长型的龄级结构．在野大麦无性系的物质生产中,无论是分蘖株,还是分蘖苗,均以1龄级的单蘖生产力最高,并随着龄级的增高呈不同程度的下降．丛径是衡量野大麦无性系空间大小的重要数量指标．分株数量是衡量野大麦无性系生长的重要数量指标．经统计分析,野大麦无性系的分蘖株生物量、分蘖苗生物量、根茎生物量、总生物量分别与丛径和总分株数量之间均有极密切的正相关关系,其相关程度最佳的均为幂函数,其相关性均达到极显著水平(P<0．01)．这些相同的函数变化表明,随无性系的空间扩展和数量增长,各构件具有相同的物质生产与积累规律．     

长白山区华北翦股颖无性系构件的结构及生长

采用大样本随机挖取单个无性系的调查和测定方法,分析了长白山区华北翦股颖无性系构件的结构及生长规律.结果表明,在籽实乳熟期,华北翦股颖无性系构件是由营养枝和生殖枝组成,其中,以生殖枝数量和生物量所占比例最大,分别为93.3%和97.1%.华北翦股颖无性系构件的关系中,生殖枝数量和生物量以及分株总数量和总生物量均随着丛径的增加呈幂函数异速生长(R2=0.661～0.712).生殖枝数量与分株总数量之间以及生殖枝生物量与分株总生物量之间均呈极显著线性正相关(R2为0.997和0.965).     

松嫩平原不同生育期虎尾草无性系构件生长与生物量分配

以松嫩平原不同生育期的虎尾草无性系为研究对象,分别在虎尾草无性系拔节期和完熟期进行大样本取样,并对其地上、地下各构件的数量性状及生物量分配进行统计分析,研究虎尾草在不同生育期的生长特性及生长策略.结果表明:虎尾草株高、总根长、总根表面积、根体积、地上生物量、地下生物量、总生物量在两个生育期之间均存在显著差异.在两个生育期,地上、地下生物量分配与总生物量呈显著幂函数异速生长关系.在拔节期,总生物量与分株数、总根长、总根表面积和根体积呈显著线性同速生长关系;而在完熟期,均呈显著幂函数异速生长关系.虎尾草无性系在不同生育期存在着不同的生长策略,在拔节期主要采取的是无性系外部空间的优先扩展策略,而在完熟期主要采取的是无性系内、外部空间兼顾的补充和扩展策略.     

菹草无性系季节生长速度和生物量分配特征

研究了菹草(Potamogeton crispus L.)无性系在典型发育阶段的生长特征, 结果表明: 随着无性系的生长, 叶生物量比例增高, 茎生物量比例降低, 根状茎和根生物量占总生物量的比例较稳定, 成熟无性系各组分所占比例依次为叶＞茎＞根状茎和根。各发育阶段无性系小株生物量增长特征不同, 越冬期和繁殖期小株叶、茎生物量均与小株株高呈幂函数异速生长, 而指数生长期叶生物量与小株株高呈指数生长, 各发育阶段小株总生物量向叶茎组分的分配比例不同。无性系小株上部、中部、下部叶面积与小株株高之间在幼苗生长期和越冬期呈幂函数异速生长, 而在指数生长期和繁殖期呈线性同速生长, 尤其上部叶面积与高度间极显著正相关的水平最高。     

新疆伊犁河谷平原狗牙根无性系构件的生长

采用随机挖掘整个无性系的方法,在新疆伊犁河谷平原2年无人工管理的葡萄园撂荒地,对狗牙根无性系进行了大样本取样,定量分析了构件生长的规律.结果表明：在30个狗牙根无性系中,分株数平均为（272.6±186.6）个,其中营养分株占总分株数的82.3%,是生殖分株的4.3倍;无性系总生物量为(45.4±40.0) g,其中根茎占总生物量的54.4%,营养分株占21.0%,匍匐茎占14.8%,生殖分株占9.4%;根茎与匍匐茎的累计长度分别为(5.1±4.7) m和(3.3±3.4) m、着生的芽数分别为(291.5±246.8)和(78.8±87.4)个.根茎和匍匐茎芽数与无性系的营养分株、生殖分株、根茎和匍匐茎的数量性状之间均呈极显著的正相关关系(P<0.01),表明在新疆伊犁河谷平原,狗牙根无性系主要以根茎芽实现其持续更新.     

松嫩平原碱化草甸朝鲜碱茅(Puccinellia chinampoensis)种群生殖分蘖株的生长规律

朝鲜碱茅(Puccinellia chinampoensis)是一种耐盐碱丛生型禾草,广泛分布于松嫩平原碱化草甸.采用每隔3d对朝鲜碱茅种群中处于抽穗初期的生殖分蘖株随机挂一次标签,于籽实蜡熟期同时进行大样本取样与测定的方法,定量分析了5次所标记的生殖分蘖株的数量性状的变化规律及生殖分蘖株的生长规律.结果表明,在朝鲜碱茅种群中,虽然抽穗时间只相隔3d,但生殖分蘖株的各数量性状均具有较大的表型可塑性,总的变化趋势是抽穗时间相隔越长,差异越大.其中,5次样本中的相邻平均花序生物量之间的差异均达到了显著水平.延长生殖生长16d,平均分蘖株高增加了23.16%,花序长增加了25.70%,分蘖株生物量增加了74.99%,花序生物量增加到2.63倍,生殖分配增加了93.25%.随着生殖生长时间的延长,朝鲜碱茅种群生殖分蘖株高、分蘖株生物量和花序生物量均呈指数增加,花序长和生殖分配呈直线增加,生殖生长比率呈先增加后降低的抛物线变化.不同时间进入生殖生长阶段的生殖分蘖株均具有相同的生长规律.其中,花序长均随分蘖株高的增加呈指数异速增长,花序生物量均随分蘖株生物量的增加呈直线同速增长.分蘖株的生殖生长越延长,对现实种群的贡献就越大,对未来种群的贡献更大.     

松嫩平原栽培条件下羊草无性系构件的结构

羊草是长根茎型禾草,是典型的无性系植物,在松嫩平原的生长季末期,栽培条件下羊草无性系分株由分蘖株和分蘖苗组成,在具有充分生长空间而又没有种间竞争的风沙土上,羊草分株的分蘖节在一个生长季内可以繁殖4个世代,按分蘖节的繁殖世代划分龄级,现实与潜在无性系构件的年龄谱均以1龄级比重最大,随着龄级的增加明显减少,呈增长型的年龄结构,羊草无性系分株的生产力主要与分株形成及生长的时间长短有关,形成时间越早、生长时间越长的分蘖株对无性系的物质生产和营养繁殖的贡献越大,羊草无性系在空间扩展与物质贮存上具有一定的可调节性。     

放牧干扰对根茎冰草无性系种群年龄结构的影响

根茎冰草（Agropyron michnoi)是典型的无性系禾草。在松嫩平原,根茎冰草的分蘖节最老为４龄,可存活５个年度。不同季节的放牧干扰可导致根茎冰草无性系种群分蘖株的年龄结构发生变化,全年放牧样地和夏秋休牧样地均为稳定型年龄结构,两个冬季放牧样地均为增长型年龄结构。１龄分蘖株的生产力和营养繁殖力力均最大。４龄分蘖株均已丧失了营养繁殖力。营养繁殖芽的年龄结构可以更好地预测预报无性系种群和群落的未来。全年放牧可保护稳定型年龄结构,冬季放牧可保持增长型年龄结构,夏秋休牧可使种群发展为增长型年龄结构,两个冬季放牧样地将仍然保持单优势种群落,全年放牧地将仍为混生群落,夏季林牧样地具有向着单优势种群落演替的潜在趋势。     

松嫩平原两个趋异类型羊草无性系种群特征的比较研究

松嫩平原上羊草(Leymus chinensis(Tzvel.)Tzvel.)有两个趋异类型:灰绿型和黄绿型。两个类型羊草的分蘖节一般均存活2～4年,最多可存活5年;根茎一般存活2～3年,最多可存活4年。两个类型无性系种群的分蘖株均为增长型的年龄结构类型。种群根茎的累积长度,灰绿型为18035cm/m~2,黄绿型为21218cm/m~2,其中,均以1、2龄占绝对比重。两个类型均以1龄分蘖株生产力最大,至3龄分蘖株明显减小;各龄根茎的生物量随着年龄的增加呈直线下降;1龄根茎的营养繁殖力甚强,至8月中旬所形成的芽数均已远远多于地上全部分蘖株数;2龄根茎尚存在较小的营养繁殖潜力,3、4龄根茎均已丧失了营养繁殖力。两个类型羊草无性系种群都是通过根茎芽补充更新。     

Growth of clonal modules on <i>Agropyron michnoi</i> in the Songnen Plain of Northeast China

Spatial expansion of clonal plants and growth of their modules are of concern in the field of plant ecology. After measuring a large number of samples, we analyzed the module components and the growth patterns of vegetatively propagated Agropyron michnoi clones in the Songnen Plain on Northeast China. The results showed that the plasticity of clonal growth was large; the coefficients of variation of both extensive areas and the quantitative characters of modules were more than 20%. The numbers of ramets, seedlings, and buds and the cumulative length of the rhizomes showed exponentially and linearly increasing patterns with increases of the area and the total number of modules. The biomass of each module, total number of modules and total biomass showed an allometric growth pattern, which was best described by power functions. For A. michnoi, there was a relatively stable investment to sexual reproduction; it showed a priority for allocating biomass to reproductive ramets, and also to rhizomes and buds formation.     

The ecology ofCarex oxyandra II. The behavior of seedlings and tillers

A study on the seedlings and tillers ofCarex oxyandra, a pioneer perennial, was carried out at Mt. Bandai, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. A field experiment showed that seedlings had a rather low rate of growth, a small biomass and a high mortality rate. On the other hand, tillers in clones befan growth much earlier, had a rapid growth rate and grew to a larger body size. Furthermore, there was a considerable difference in growth pattern between tillers without flowers and those with flowers; tillers without flowers had a longer growing season and a larger amount of leaves, roots and new rhizomes. The numerical proportions of these two types of tillers in clones varied with clonal vigor.     

松嫩平原异质生境羊草种群营养繁殖特征

多年生无性系禾草主要依靠营养繁殖实现种群的持续更新,而各类芽和由芽形成的苗为其种群进行营养繁殖的潜在种群。通过单位面积挖掘取样,利用营养繁殖世代数划分分株、根茎和各类型芽和苗的龄级,对松嫩平原封育草甸、长期割草草甸、封育积沙草甸和林间草地的羊草潜在种群组成和大小进行了比较研究。结果表明: 在生长季末期,羊草的潜在种群均由根茎芽和各龄级分蘖节向上生长的芽以及根茎苗和分蘖节苗组成。在4种生境条件下,羊草分株潜在种群由3～4个龄级组成,1～4龄级根茎均可形成潜在种群,其中,根茎潜在种群占整个羊草潜在种群数量比例为68.3%,占绝对优势。1龄分株和根茎产生的潜在种群占总体的60.2%,是潜在种群组成的主要部分,是种群更新的主要来源。分株潜在种群数量以长期割草草甸最高,根茎潜在种群数量以封育积沙草甸最高。营养繁殖力均以年轻龄级分株和根茎最高,根茎的营养繁殖力是分株的10.0倍,在羊草种群营养繁殖过程中始终占据优势。羊草的潜在种群构成在不同生境条件下变异较大,但体现出对生境差异的趋异适应。     

Potential and constraints for grasses to cope with spatially heterogeneous radiation environments

Placing plant organs into upper canopy layers or gaps is considered advantageous for avoiding neighbours. Current research only covers the lack of selective branching in response to heterogeneous radiation in dicots. Due to some unique shade avoidance regulatory pathways and clonal structure, directional response may occur in grasses. I used Festuca rubra L., a grass with two types of branches: intravaginal tillers developed from young buds close to the primary shoot, and extravaginal tillers developed from older buds and placed on rhizomes in a certain distance from the mother tussocks. Tussocks grown from vegetativelly multiplied initial tillers were exposed to three radiation regimes in two green-house experiments: full sunlight, full shading simulating canopy and heterogeneous radiation. Interaction of the treatments with orientation of the initial tillers relative to their mother tillers, which may constrain morphology of the developing tussocks, were studied. Even though shading decreased the number of intravaginal tillers, heterogeneous radiation did not influence direction of their outgrowth. However, shading activated dormant buds at the tussock base and thus stimulated extravaginal tillering, with a tendency to develop more extravaginal tillers towards the shaded sites.     

Infection by the systemic fungus Epichloë glyceriae alters clonal growth of its grass host,Glyceria striata

Parasites and pathogens are hypothesized to change host growth, reproduction and/or behaviour to increase their own transmission. However, studies which clearly demonstrate that parasites or pathogens are directly responsible for changes in hosts are lacking. We previously found that infection by the systemic fungus Epichloë glyceriae was associated with greater clonal growth by its host, Glyceria striata. Whether greater clonal growth resulted directly from pathogen infection or indirectly from increased likelihood of infection for host genotypes with greater clonal growth could not be determined because only naturally infected and uninfected plants were used. In this study, we decoupled infection and host genotype to evaluate the role of pathogen infection on host development and clonal growth. We found that total biomass production did not differ for clones of the same genotype, but infected clones allocated more biomass to clonal growth. Disinfected clones had more tillers and a greater proportion of their biomass in the mother ramet. Infected clones produced fewer tillers but significantly more and longer stolons than disinfected clones. These results support the hypothesis that pathogen infection directly alters host development. Parasite alteration of clonal growth patterns might be advantageous to the persistence and spread of host plants in some ecological conditions.     

毛乌素沙地克隆植物对风蚀坑的修复

通过在根茎型克隆植物沙鞭和赖草的种群中设置模拟风蚀坑,研究了根茎禾草沙鞭和赖草对风蚀坑的修复能力及其机理。实验结果表明:沙鞭和赖草都能通过克隆拓展在风蚀坑中产生比自然条件下更多的分株,以更好利用风蚀坑中充足的光照,从而具有很强的风蚀坑修复能力;但同时这些分株的生长也受到风蚀坑中养分条件的制约,生物量、叶片数量和分株高度都不如自然条件下形成的分株;赖草通过间隔子的可塑性反应,将更多的新生分株放置在风蚀坑内,从而具有更强的修复能力。赖草对风蚀坑的修复主要是通过周围根茎扩展进入坑中,然后产生新的分株;而沙鞭不仅可以通过周边根茎进入产生新的分株,同时也可以通过更深层次的根茎来产生新的分株。