抗生素抗性基因连锁传播的侧翼保守元件分析

抗生素在医疗、畜牧和水产养殖业的大量使用造成了环境中耐药细菌和抗性基因的日益增加,也加速了抗性基因在环境细菌间的传播扩散.本研究以环境样本直接提取的总DNA为模板,运用热不对称交错PCR (thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR, Tail-PCR)技术直接扩增抗生素抗性基因上下游序列.通过优化Tail-PCR反应程序,单循环同时扩增出tetW基因的多条侧翼序列,包括6条上游序列和9条下游序列.基于序列的生物信息学分析发现,上游包括一段反向重复序列和已知的一段tetW调节肽序列以及一个已知的插入序列,下游包括一个保守的未知序列和一个开放式阅读框架(the open reading frame,ORF)编码甲基转移酶.结果不仅发现了可能协助tetW基因传播的功能元件,也提供了一个未知侧翼序列高效和便捷的研究方法,即采用Tail-PCR技术,一组样品即能便捷获得多条侧翼序列.     

环境中抗生素抗性基因的水平传播扩散

抗生素抗性基因作为一类新型环境污染物,其在不同环境介质中的传播扩散可能比抗生素本身的环境危害更大,其中,水平基因转移是抗生素抗性基因传播的重要方式,是造成抗性基因环境污染日益严重的原因之一.本文系统阐述了抗生素抗性基因在环境中发生水平转移的主要分子传播元件及其影响因素,这对于正确揭示抗性基因的分子传播机制具有重要意义.结合多重抗药性的传播扩散机制,探讨了行之有效的遏制抗生素抗性基因传播扩散的方法和途径,并针对目前的污染现状,对今后有关抗生素抗性基因水平转移的研究重点进行了展望.     

抗生素抗性基因的生态风险研究进展

自抗生素被发现和使用以来,其在人类和动物疾病预防与治疗、提高动物生产等方面均发挥了重要作用。但抗生素的批量生产及大量应用,特别是在养殖业和临床医疗上的滥用,导致抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)在环境中普遍存在,其借助质粒、转座子、整合子等可移动元件通过接合、转座、转化等方式在环境中广泛传播,导致微生物药性不断增强,对人类健康和生态安全造成严重威胁。当前,ARGs对人类健康的影响已受到高度关注,但有关ARGs在环境中的生态风险研究还相对薄弱。本文综述了ARGs污染的现状及其生态风险,并对该领域中未来研究重点进行了展望,以期为今后抗性基因的研究和生态防控提供参考。     

环境抗生素抗性基因研究进展

抗生素耐药性及其在全球范围内的传播已成为国际关注的热点。本文结合最新文献,综述了抗生素抗性基因在环境中的来源、传播、分布以及新型抗性基因的发现等方面的研究进展。环境中抗生素抗性基因的来源主要是环境中细菌的内在抗性基因及随人或动物粪便排到体外的抗性细菌。功能宏基因组学技术的应用极大地丰富了人们对抗生素抗性组学的认知,并已从环境中筛选到多种新型抗性基因。近年来,由于抗生素在医疗以及养殖业中的大量使用,增加了抗性基因在环境中的丰度和多样性,加速了抗性基因在环境中的传播,在多种环境介质(如养殖水域、污水处理厂、河流、沉积物和土壤等)均检测到多种高丰度的抗生素抗性基因。我们建议今后在以下方面开展深入研究:(1)抗性基因传播和扩散的机制;(2)新型抗性基因筛选和抗性机制;(3)抗生素和抗性基因环境风险评估体系等。     

抗生素抗性基因在环境中的传播扩散及抗性研究方法

抗生素在医药、畜牧和水产养殖业的大量使用造成了环境中抗性耐药菌和抗性基因日益增加,抗生素抗性基因作为一种新型环境污染物引起人们的广泛关注.本文综述了近年来国内外有关抗生素抗性基因的研究进展,其在水、土壤、空气等环境介质中和动,植物体内的传播扩散,以及开展环境中抗生素抗性基因研究的必要性,重点介绍了有关抗生素抗性（包括抗性细菌和抗性基因）的研究方法,指出抗性基因研究中存在的问题,并对未来的相关研究进行了展望.     

Bacteriophages as antibiotic resistance genes carriers in agro-food systems

Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are a global health concern. Antibiotic resistance occurs naturally, but misuse of antibiotics in humans and animals is accelerating the process of antibiotic resistance emergency, which has been aggravated by exposure to molecules of antibiotics present in clinical and agricultural settings and the engagement of many countries in water reuse especially in Middle East and North Africa region. Bacteriophages have the potential to be significant actors in ARGs transmission through the transduction process. These viruses have been detected along with ARGs in non impacted habitats and in anthropogenic impacted environments like wastewater, reclaimed water and manure amended soil as well as minimally processed food and ready to eat vegetables. The ubiquity of bacteriophages and their persistence in the environment raises concern about their involvement in ARGs transmission among different biomes and the generation of pathogenic-resistant bacteria that pose a great threat to human health. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the potential role of bacteriophages in the dissemination and the transfer of ARGs to pathogens in food production and processing and the consequent contribution to antibiotic resistance transmission through faecal oral route carrying ARGs to our dishes.     

Research progress on distribution,migration, transformation of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in aquatic environment

Antimicrobial and antibiotics resistance caused by misuse or overuse of antibiotics exposure is a growing and significant threat to global public health. The spread and horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) by the selective pressure of antibiotics in an aquatic environment is a major public health issue. To develop a better understanding of potential ecological risks die to antibiotics and ARGs, this study mainly summarizes research progress about: (i) the occurrence, concentration, fate, and potential ecological effects of antibiotics and ARGs in various aquatic environments, (ii) the threat, spread, and horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of ARGs, and (iii) the relationship between antibiotics, ARGs, and ARB. Finally, this review also proposes future research direction on antibiotics and ARGs.     

小麦土霉素抗性内生细菌分离、鉴定及分布

研究通过培养的方法研究了小麦根际土壤、根、茎、叶各部位的土霉素抗性内生菌数量、种类和分布特征.结果表明,小麦内生菌数目在1×104cfu g-1～1.95×106 cfu g-1 之间,土霉素抗性内生菌数目介于6.9×103cfu g-1和5.67×105 cfu g-1,从中分离出22株土霉素抗性内生菌,包括15株G+和7株G-,经16s rRNA基因序列分析,它们与Bacillaceae,Alphaproteobacteria 和Gammaproteobacteria 三大类微生物聚在一起,其中Bacillaceae类细菌最多,占59.1%.土霉素抗性的Bacillus licheniformis在小麦根际土壤、根、茎等器官中都分离得到表明该抗性菌种在小麦内生系统中具有较高的传播性;具有土霉素抗性的人类机会致病菌Bacillus cereus和Stenotrophomonas属的细菌在小麦的根际土壤、根以及叶子中也均分离到,但是在小麦种子中没有分离到任何土霉素抗性的内生菌.     

Ibuprofen reverts antifungal resistance on Candida albicans showing overexpression of CDR genes

Several mechanisms may be associated with Candida albicans resistance to azoles. Ibuprofen was described as being able to revert resistance related to efflux activity in Candida . The aim of this study was to uncover the molecular base of antifungal resistance in C. albicans clinical strains that could be reverted by ibuprofen. Sixty-two clinical isolates and five control strains of C. albicans were studied: the azole susceptibility phenotype was determined according to the Clinical Laboratory for Standards Institute, M27-A2 protocol and minimal inhibitory concentration values were recalculated with ibuprofen (100 μg mL⁻¹); synergistic studies between fluconazole and FK506, a Cdr1p inhibitor, were performed using an agar disk diffusion assay and were compared with ibuprofen results. Gene expression was quantified by real-time PCR, with and without ibuprofen, regarding CDR1 , CDR2 , MDR1 , encoding for efflux pumps, and ERG11 , encoding for azole target protein. A correlation between susceptibility phenotype and resistance gene expression profiles was determined. Ibuprofen and FK506 showed a clear synergistic effect when combined with fluconazole. Resistant isolates reverting to susceptible after incubation with ibuprofen showed CDR1 and CDR2 overexpression especially of the latter. Conversely, strains that did not revert displayed a remarkable increase in ERG11 expression along with CDR genes. Ibuprofen did not alter resistance gene expression significantly ( P >0.05), probably acting as a Cdrp blocker.     

Preliminary investigations into possible resistance to oxytetracycline in Melissococcus plutonius,a pathogen of honeybee larvae

AIMS: To investigate the occurrence of oxytetracycline (OTC) resistance in Melissococcus plutonius, which causes European foulbrood in honeybee colonies. METHODS AND RESULTS: Strains of M. plutonius were isolated from diseased colonies in England and Wales and tested for resistance to OTC. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of OTC was also determined for selected isolates. No resistance to the antibiotic was found in any isolate and the average MIC was found to be 3.9 microg ml-1. Melissococcus plutonius was found to be susceptible to both chlortetracycline and tetracycline. CONCLUSIONS: No resistance to OTC was found in M. plutonius. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study demonstrated that OTC can continue to be used to treat European foulbrood and that resistance may not explain why some treatments fail.     

环境中抗生素抗性基因与I型整合子的研究进展

抗生素抗性基因(Antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs)作为一种新型污染物在不同环境中广泛分布、来源复杂,对生态环境和人类健康造成了很大的潜在风险。同时,Ⅰ型整合子(Int Ⅰ)介导的ARGs水平转移是环境中微生物产生耐药性的重要途径,Ⅰ型整合子整合酶基因(intI1)与ARGs丰度在环境中表现出了较高的正相关性,Int Ⅰ可以作为标记物在一定程度上反映ARGs在环境中的迁移转化规律和人类活动影响程度。本文介绍ARGs与Int Ⅰ在环境中的来源与分布,总结Int Ⅰ介导的ARGs迁移转化机制以及相关研究方法,并展望未来的研究发展趋势。     

质粒介导的喹诺酮耐药基因qnr的分类、耐药机制及其在国内的流行状况北大核心CSCD

喹诺酮类抗菌药物从早期主要用于治疗尿道感染发展到后来治疗肠道感染和呼吸道感染,目前已在临床、畜牧业和水产业中广泛使用,细菌对其耐药性也逐渐呈蔓延趋势,耐药机制日趋复杂。喹诺酮类耐药机制主要分为染色体介导的耐药和质粒介导的耐药,后者对细菌耐药性的广泛传播起着重要作用。1998年首次报道了质粒介导的喹诺酮类耐药机制,即质粒上qnr基因介导的细菌对氟喹诺酮耐药机制,qnr基因可在不同细菌中迅速水平传播,引发的感染不易控制,使得院内感染大范围的流行。此外,qnr基因通常与β-内酰胺类耐药基因相关或存在于复杂整合子中与其它多重耐药基因共同整合,缩小了临床医生治疗相关细菌感染时选药或联合用药的空间,给我们带来了严峻的挑战。本文就qnr基因的发现历史、耐药机理及在国内的流行状况做了详细概述。     

Food commensal microbes as a potentially important avenue in transmitting antibiotic resistance genes

The rapid emergence of antibiotic-resistant (ART) pathogens is a major threat to public health. While the surfacing of ART food-borne pathogens is alarming, the magnitude of the antibiotic resistance (AR) gene pool in food-borne commensal microbes is yet to be revealed. Incidence of ART commensals in selected retail food products was examined in this study. The presence of 10(2)-10(7) CFU of ART bacteria per gram of foods in many samples, particularly in ready-to-eat, 'healthy' food items, indicates that the ART bacteria are abundant in the food chain. AR-encoding genes were detected in ART isolates, and Streptococcus thermophilus was found to be a major host for AR genes in cheese microbiota. Lactococcus lactis and Leuconostoc sp. isolates were also found carrying AR genes. The data indicate that food could be an important avenue for ART bacterial evolution and dissemination. AR-encoding plasmids from several food-borne commensals were transmitted to Streptococcus mutans via natural gene transformation under laboratory conditions, suggesting the possible transfer of AR genes from food commensals to human residential bacteria via horizontal gene transfer.     

肠杆菌科细菌耐药基因表达的遗传和环境调控

细菌耐药性是21世纪国际关注的重要问题,也是全球面临的重大挑战.肠杆菌科细菌是医院感染的重要病原菌之一.近年来,随着抗生素的大量使用,多种肠杆菌科耐药菌,尤其是多重耐药肠杆菌开始大量出现,对人类健康形成了日益严重的威胁.细菌可以通过耐药基因突变或水平转移的方式获得耐药性,通常情况下,可以通过已知的耐药机制预测相应的耐药...     

Phytoremediation potential of Myriophyllum aquaticum and Pistia stratiotes to modify antibiotic growth promoters, tetracycline, and oxytetracycline, in aqueous wastewater systems

Antibiotics are frequently used in the United States as feed efficiency promoters and medicines for livestock that is destined for human consumption. These antibiotics are released into the environment through the runoff and wastewater streams from animal feedlots and land applications of manure. The exposure of microorganisms to these antibiotics has reportedly resulted in the development of resistant species of microorganisms, which in turn can lead to human health hazards. Phytoremediation of these antibiotics can be a useful tool for countering this problem. Aquatic plants, Myriophyllum aquaticum (parrot feather) and Pistia stratiotes (water lettuce), were used for studying phytoremediation of tetracycline (TC) and oxytetracycline (OTC) from aqueous media. TC and OTC are two of the most commonly used tetracyclines in veterinary medicine. M. aquaticum and P. stratiotes gave high antibiotic modification rates of both antibiotics. Kinetic analyses dismiss direct enzyme catalysis; the modification rates decreased with increasing OTC concentrations. Sterile, cell-free root exudates (filtered through 0.2 microm membranes) from both species also exhibited comparable antibiotic modification rates. The involvement of root-secreted metabolites in antibiotic modification is suggested. The changes in the UV absorbance spectra of OTC during treatment with the root exudates confirmed the modification.     

转基因植物中抗生素抗性基因的安全性评价

20世纪80年代以来,植物转基因技术取得突飞猛进的进展。转基因植物大量出现,带来了巨大的经济效益和社会效益。与此同时,转基因植物的释放可能带来的风险也越来越受到人们的重视,抗生素抗性基因是筛选转基因植物的常用基因,其安全性引起了人们的普遍关注,作者就转基因植物中抗生素抗性基因的安全性作一综述。     

台风利奇马对城市淡水系统中微生物群落和抗生素耐药性基因的影响

【背景】极端天气事件(如台风)带来的强风和降水,会给水生生态系统造成短暂和持久的影响。然而,很少有研究关注台风对水生微生物群落和抗生素耐药性基因(antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs)的影响。【目的】对台风前后城市淡水水域的微生物群落和抗性基因组成进行研究分析,更好地认识极端天气对淡水生态系统的干扰。【方法】在台风前后从4个地点采集了水样,通过宏基因组分析,检测了台风利奇马对温州休闲水域微生物群落和抗性基因的影响。除水生微生物群落和抗性基因外,还分析了每个采样点的物理、化学参数,包括温度、pH、溶解氧、叶绿素a、可溶性活性磷、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和铵。【结果】台风登陆后,大多数地点的pH、溶解氧和叶绿素a都有所增加。然而,台风对九山湖的影响要弱于对三垟湿地的影响。台风登陆后,变形菌门、蓝菌门和拟杆菌门的相对丰度增加,而放线菌门的相对丰度下降。在属水平上,栖湖菌的微生物多样性和相对丰度显著增加。在所有的环境因子中,铵是影响微生物群落结构的最重要的环境因子。另外,在所有样本中均检测到35个机会性致病菌类群。台风后,铜绿假单胞菌的相对丰度增加。ARGs显示了空间(采样点间)和时间(台风前后)的变化。冗余分析表明,水总无机氮是影响抗性基因分布的主要环境因子。【结论】这些发现为极端天气(如台风)如何影响淡水系统中的微生物群落和抗性基因提供了新的见解。台风登陆增加了城市淡水系统的公共安全风险,因此,检验检疫方法和手段应该前移,加强对环境健康安全的评价和分析,这将有助于减轻抗生素耐药性和致病菌扩散的风险。     

大熊猫源细菌耐药性研究进展

耐药菌和耐药基因已成为一种新型环境污染物,引发世界公共卫生问题。细菌耐药性尤其是多重耐药菌在人医临床、畜禽养殖以及环境传播等多个方面得到越来越多的关注,而关于大熊猫等野生动物的耐药性研究相对较少。大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)是世界公认的珍稀野生动物,其种群数量易受到各种疾病的威胁,尤其是肠道细菌性疾病。随着抗菌药物在疾病预防和控制中的普遍使用,由此带来的耐药性危害日益明显。本文总结了关于大熊猫源细菌耐药的国内外研究报道,对其耐药表型、耐药基因型、耐药机制及水平传播机制等方面内容进行了综述,旨在为大熊猫源细菌耐药性的研究和防控提供依据,为临床科学用药提供理论参考,从而助力大熊猫迁地保护。