Gm and Km(Inv) frequencies in two Roumanian populations

Summary Serum samples from 170 unrelated individuals from the Suceava District of Roumania and from 199 unrelated individuals from Bucharest, Roumania were tested for Gm(1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 13, 14, 17, 21) and Km(1)[Inv(1)]. Selected samples were also tested for Gm(15) and Gm(16).The frequencies of the three common Caucasoid haplotypes, Gm ^{3, 5, 13, 14}, Gm ^{1, 17, 21}, and Gm ^{1, 2, 17, 21} in these two populations were found to be similar to those in neighboring Slavic states and Hungary. Racial admixture was evidenced by the presence of the Gm ^{1, 13, 15, 16, 17} and Gm ^{1, 3, 5, 13, 14} haplotypes, which are primarily Mongoloid, and the Gm ^{1, 5, 13, 14, 17} haplotype which is primarily Negroid.Comparisons of these data with those from earlier studies of populations from Central Europe indicate that the frequency of the Gm ^{3, 5, 13, 14} haplotype within this region is high and essentially uniform. Published data for several blood group systems also indicate essentially uniform distributions of frequencies in this region. It is suggested that this region may be the center of a clin that radiates from it.Post-Doctoral Fellow supported by NIH Training Grant Gm07004.     

Gammaglobulin groups of the Khoisan peoples of Southern Africa: evidence for polymorphism for a Gm1,5,13,14,21 haplotype among the San.

The Gm and Inv types were determined for eight San (Bushman) populations, two Khoikhoi (Hottentot) populations, one Coloured population, 112 San families in which the genotypes of the parents could be unambiguously determined, and for 65 San families in which the genotype of one or both parents could not be determined with certainty. The population and family data establish that the haplotype array of the San is composed of Gm1,21, Gm1,13, Gm1,5,13,14, and Gm1,5,13,14,21; Gm1,5,6 and Gm1,5,6,14 are also present but may have been acquired through admixture with Negroes. The Gm1,5,13,14,21 haplotype has not been found to be polymorphic in any other population. The haplotype array of the Khoikhoi is composed of Gm1,2,21, Gm1,13, and Gm1,5,13,14; Gm1,5,6 and Gm1,5,6,14 are also present but, as in the case of the San, may be due to admixture. The San and Khoikhoi differ from each other in that the former have the Gm1,21 and Gm1,5,13,14,21 haplotypes not present in the latter, and the Khoikhoi have the Gm1,2,21 haplotype not present in the San. These three haplotypes and Gm1,13 serve to distinguish the Khoisan people from other African peoples.     

Gm and Inv allotypes in a Gypsy sample.

Serum samples from 226 Gypsies were tested for Gm(1,2,4,5,8,10,11,14,17,21,23,25) and for Inv(1,2). The Gm phenotypes found are very numerous and the more frequent among this population are: Gm(4,5, 8,10,11,14,17,23,25) and Gm(1,2,4,5,8,10,11,14,17,21,23,25). All the phenotypes except three can be explained by nine haplotypes: Gm4,5,8,10,11,14,23,25, Gm1,4,5,8,10,11,14,23,25, Gm4,5,8,10,11,14,25, Gm1,17,21, Gm1,10,11,17,25, Gm1,2,17,21, Gm1,8,17,21, Gm1,8,17,21,23 and Gm1,5,10,11,14,17. The haplotypes Gm1,17,21, Gm1,2,17,21, Gm4,5,8,10,11,14,25 (with or without Gm[ 3]) are all three common among Caucasoids, Gm1,4,5,10,11,14,23,25 (common among Mongoloids) and Gm1,5,10,11,14,17 (common to Negroids). For the Inv system, this population possesses a very low frequency of Inv(1) and Inv(2).     

Gm and Inv allotypes in French Guiana Indians.

Data from 302 individuals belonging to three populations of French Guiana Indians are reported. All the phenotypes except two can be explained by three haplotypes: Gm1,21, Gm1,2,21 and Gm1,10,11,25. The gene frequencies found in the present study are generally in accordance with those previously described among other South American Indians. For the Inv1,2 gene a high value has been found for the Wayanas and the Oyampis, but a difference appears for the Emerillons who possess a low frequency.     

Human-type blood groups and Gm factors in gibbons (Hylobates)

Blood specimens from 69 gibbons (63Hylobates lar, 4Hylobates concolor, and 2Hylobates pileatus) were tested for human-type ABO, MN, and Rh blood groups. AmongH. lar, three phenotypes were noted in the ABO and MN blood groups respectively, but all fourH. concolor were grouped as AM. All group A gibbons were of subgroup A₁; subgroups A₂B and A₁₂B were observed at a low frequency in group AB gibbons. Le^b antigen was detected in about 30% of the red cell samples fromH. lar, but all the samples were negative for Le^a. All the gibbons tested had c(hr) antigen but no other Rh antigens (D, C, E, and e) in their red cells. Some selected blood samples fromH. lar were also tested for some other blood group antigens and for the Gm and Inv factors. The Jk^a antigen was detected in all the red cell samples tested, but the S, s, U, K, k, and Fy^a antigens were not. In the tests of plasma with anti-Gm (1),H. lar could be divided into two groups, i.e., Gm(1)^Gi and Gm(–1)^Gi; Gm(2), Gm(4), and Inv(1) were absent in the species.     

Serum protein polymorphisms Hp, Tf, Gc, Gm, Inv and Pt in Bantu speaking South African Negroids

Frequencies for the genetic polymorphisms of the serum proteins Hp, Tf, Gc, Gm, Inv and Pt are presented for 7 ethnically defined Negroid sub-samples (total n = 918--977, depending on genetic marker system) from South Africa. The results are discussed in terms of previous findings and of factors assumed to have an influence on the distribution of the particular genetic markers. The present report on the Pt ("post transferrin" approximately C3) polymorphism represents the first report on the genetic variation of the corresponding beta1A-globulin fraction within African Negroids (PtA = 0.009, PtB = 0.966, PtC = 0.025).     

Immunoglobulin Allotypes of European Populations. I. Gm and Km(Inv) allotypic markers in Hungarians.

The distribution of G1m(f, z, a, and x), G3m(b0, b1, b3, c3, c5, g, s, and t) and Km(1) (formerly Inv[1]) allotypic markers have been examined in 184 Hungarians. The results indicate that the frequency of the immunoglobulin haplotypes Gmza;g, Gmzax;g, Gmf;b and Km1 is similar to the frequencies observed in surrounding populations. In addition, Hungarians were found to be polymorphic for the Oriental haplotype Gmza;bst, and had low frequencies of other uncommon haplotypes. Our data indicate that about 5% of the Hungarian genome is of Oriental origin.     

Gm and Inv (Km) studies of melanesian people on the Huon Peninsula in northeast Papua New Guinea: Polymorphism for a Gm1,5,10,11,13,14,17,21,26 haplotype

Blood samples from 448 people living in six villages in the Huon Peninsula in northeast Papua, New Guinea, were tested for Gm(1,2,3,5,6,10,11,13,14,17,21,24,26) and Inv(1) [Km(1)]. All the people are non-Austronesian (NAN) speakers. As expected, there was a low frequency of the Gm^{1,3,5,10,11,13,14,26} haplotype, but in contradiction to expectations there was a complete absence of the Gm^1,2,17,21,26 haplotype. In addition, samples from people in one village (Yupna) and probably those for two other villages (Irumu 13 and 14) have the rare haplotype Gm^{1,5,10,11,13,14,21,26} at polymorphic frequencies. Two samples from people living in Yupna had the rare phenotype Gm(1,3,17,21,26), indicating the presence of any one of several rare haplotypes that had been observed in other populations. These are discussed.     

Brief communication: immunoglobulin (Gm and Km) allotypes in two populations of Catalonia (Spain)

Serum samples from two populations of Catalonia, Spain, 208 from Olot (Gerona) and 209 from Tortosa (Tarragona), were typed for G1m (1, 2, 3, 17), G3m (5, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 26), and Km (1). The Gm patterns of the Catalonian populations are characterized by the presence of four haplotypes, Gm 1,17;21,26 Gm 1,2,17;21,26 Gm 1,3;5,10,11,13,14,26 and Gm 3;5,10,11,13,14,26. The homogeneity for haplotype Gm 1,17;21,26 among our data and other European populations suggests the existence of an isofrequency line which starts from the Mediterranean zone of Iberian Peninsula and continues through the northwestern part of Europe. From this line a decreasing cline towards the south can be observed. For the haplotype Gm 1,2;17,21,26, affinities are observed between Catalonian populations and other populations from central Europe. This confirms the existence of a gradient towards low values from NW to SE. The presence of the typical Mongoloid haplotype Gm 1,3;5,10,11,13,14,26 is discussed in this paper. No significant differences in the frequencies of the Km1 allele were observed among the European populations.