内蒙古西伯利亚棘球绦虫和多房棘球绦虫泡状蚴在小白鼠发育成熟的比较

本文报道人兽共患的泡状肝包虫病原,西伯利亚棘球绦虫Echinococcus sibiricensis (Rausch andSchiller, 1954)泡状蚴和多房棘球绦虫Ech inococcusmultilocularis ( Leuckart, 1863)泡状蚴在KM株小白鼠发育成熟过程比较观察的结果.此两虫种泡状蚴的发育成熟过程仍然和它们早期发育的规律(唐崇惕等,2001)相同.虽然它们成熟的泡囊都被着生在网状结构中的许多原头节所充满,但是在多房棘球绦虫9-14个月的泡状蚴,仍然可以见到它们的原头节和网状结构都是起源于泡囊囊壁内表面的胚细胞层,并且始终保持与该层的联系.而西伯利亚棘球绦虫泡状蚴在鼠肺脏或肝脏的各泡囊中的原头节和网状结构是由可移动的胚细胞团发育生成,它们与泡囊囊壁没有如前者样的联系.西伯利亚棘球泡状蚴在各别小白鼠肝脏也能发育成熟,但不正常,宿主反应异常强烈.     

多房棘球绦虫在我国的发现

1983年8月,我们在四川西部海拔3900米的甘孜县大塘坝区开展包虫病流行病学调查中,从一只野犬体内检获大量的小型绦虫。经活体与染色后观察,初步鉴定为多房棘球绦虫。现将其成虫与虫卵的形态记述如下。多房棘球绦虫(Echinococcus multilocularis Leuckart,1863)系国内首次记录。     

泡球蚴在小鼠体内发育过程的组织学观察

泡球蚴病(Alveococcosis,又称多房棘球蚴病)是一种严重危害人体健康的寄生虫病。在我国流行于甘肃、宁夏、新疆、青海及四川西部等地区。病原为多房棘球绦虫(Echinococcus multilocularis Leuckart,1863),并已先后在四川野犬(朱依柏等,1983)与宁夏红狐(李维新等,1983)肠内查到成虫。1984年8月,作者又在四川甘孜县大塘坝区剖杀野犬16只,其中4只查到多房棘球绦虫,除1犬仅发现7条成虫外,其余3只均达数千条。为了解本病发生过程,探索化疗药物筛选与疗效考核指标,作者等取成虫孕卵节片口饲感染小鼠,建立了动物模型。本文报告泡球蚴在小鼠肝内由…     

内蒙古呼伦贝尔草原多房棘球蚴病病原的调查

本文报道在内蒙古呼伦贝尔草原主体部分四个牧业旗的草场进行多房棘球蚴病病原调查的结果。发现布氏田鼠(Microtus brandti)及长爪沙鼠(Meriones unguicutatus)是本绦虫的中间宿主、沙狐(Vulpes corsac)是其终末宿主。布氏田鼠是本绦虫中间宿主新记录,长爪沙鼠和沙狐分别是国内本绦虫中间宿主和终宿主新记录。布氏田鼠是呼伦贝尔草原的优势啮齿类,其平均感染率为2.43％(64/2635),越冬成鼠感染率高达5.23％—14.29％(平均6.66％)。长爪沙鼠感染率虽达16.67％(1/6),但鼠数不多。沙狐是本草原常见的食肉兽,检查6只沙狐,其中2只(33.3％)肠内含多房棘球绦虫成虫无数。用其孕节饲喂实验室小白鼠6只,6个月后检查各实验鼠,肝脏均布满泡状多房棘球蚴。呼伦贝尔草原本绦虫成虫及原头节形态特征均与我国西北本虫种差异显著,而与苏联及美国阿拉斯加的多房棘球绦虫西伯利亚亚种比较相似。     

泡型包虫病的易感性与抵抗性

流行病学显示,血清中特异性抗原阳性表示感染过泡性包虫病,对于已经感染的患者,他们对多房棘球绦虫的再次感染是有部分免疫。多房棘球绦虫感染人体会产生三种结果:(1)血清学指标证明曾经感染过,但没有出现肝脏病变。(2)在感染后5-15年才出现临床症状。(3)机体出现免疫缺陷后,多房棘球绦虫会快速增殖,包虫的代谢产物会使机体的免疫调节系统紊乱。免疫调节因子IL-10,TGF-β在驱动泡型包虫病患者的T细胞免疫应答发挥了至关重要的作用。在多房棘球绦虫的抵抗性研究中发现了一种新的CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞的效应分子fgl2。     

长膜壳绦虫形态及生殖器官畸形的观察

长膜壳绦虫[Hymenolepis diminuta(Rudolphi,1819)]是一种重要的人兽共患寄生虫。1990—1991年我们在雅安市大足鼠(Rattus nitidus Hodgson)、黑线姬鼠(Apodemus agrariusPallas)和褐家鼠(Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout)体内查到此虫种,将3种鼠体内的10条完整虫体用70%酒精固定,用苏木素—卡红染色制片作形态观察。在观察绦虫内部形态过程中,     

扩张莫尼茨绦虫(绦虫纲:圆叶目)卵黄细胞发育的超微结构

用透射电镜观察了扩张莫尼茨绦虫(Moniezia expansa)卵黄细胞发育的全过程。扩张莫尼茨绦虫卵黄细胞发育的规律为：(1)细胞体积不断增大;(2)质、核比不断增加而核体积几乎不发生改变,核表面从规则变为不规则,再由不规则变为规则,核内出现染色质浓缩成小块再分散的发育变化过程;(3)线粒体逐渐增多,发育不断完善;(4)粗面内质网及高尔基复合体出现由少到多,发育不断完善,再由多到少不断退化的变化;(5)由高尔基复合体组装的电子致密的小卵黄囊不断融合,至卵黄细胞成熟时仅有一卵黄囊,占据细胞大部分体积[动物学报49(2)：256—261,2003]。     

湖北部分地区鼠体膜壳绦虫调查

1982～1985年我们在湖北的通山县、应城县、天门县、宜昌县及神农架林区对寄生鼠体而与人有关的微小膜壳绦虫Hymenolepis nana和缩小膜壳绦虫Hymenolepis dininuta及鼠体外寄生蚤类进行了调查。方法将捕到的鼠进行编号,种类鉴定,解剖观察。如阳性取出虫体鉴定虫种。对鼠体外寄生蚤进行收集并鉴定种类,观察体内是否有自然感染的似囊尾蚴。结果在582只鼠中共检出阳性鼠165只,阳性率28.3%。其中微小膜壳绦虫的阳性率为11.8%(69/165),缩小膜壳绦虫阳性率为19.0%(111/165)。在阳性鼠中同时感染两种膜壳绦虫者有15只,阳性率2.5%(15/165)。各地区…     

多房棘球绦虫在我国自然动物宿主的发现及其形态学研究

本文报告在我国宁夏固原地区野生动物首次发现多房棘球蚴痫的病原自然感染。当地红狐自然感染多房棘球绦虫成虫27.27％,感染强度1,840—4,050条;达乌尔黄鼠citellus dauricus自然感染多房棘球蚴0.2％。成虫孕节人工感染小白鼠后163—424天,在其肝脏内可检到发育含有大量成熟原头节的多房棘球蚴。成虫期与幼虫期的形态特征有详细的描述并同国外代表性地区的报告列表比较。对我国西北地区人体多房棘球蚴病作综合报道。     

扩张莫尼茨绦虫(圆叶目:裸头科)节间腺的超微结构及组织化学

用光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜观察了扩张莫尼茨绦虫节间腺形成过程的精细结构及一些组化变化。结果表明：节间腺是扩张莫尼茨绦虫皮层的特化部分,由节片后缘的皮层及其邻近细胞体向绦虫实质组织中陷入开始其形成过程,随着虫体发育的进行,新的陷入不断形成,原陷入的部分不断脱离皮层形成簇状腺体结构。节间腺的数目随着体节的发育不断增加,幼节中仅有少数几个(6～9个),而远端的孕节中多于100个。电镜下可见腺细胞体由细胞质管与腺皮层相联,簇状腺体结构为一合胞体形态,腺细胞体围绕并开口于椭球体或不规则形状的皮层腔中。离腺皮层远的腺细胞体电子密度高并含有与腺皮层相应的典型分泌颗粒,而靠近腺皮层的腺细胞体电子密度低,所含分泌颗粒较少。扩张莫尼茨绦虫节间腺的组化性质尚不完全清楚。糖与蛋白质等组化结果不稳定,随染液pH值及染色时间的变化等多种因素而改变。基于我们的研究及其他研究者的观察表明,节间腺可能参与外源基质形成虫卵的转运,同时他们可能在虫体节片脱落及虫卵溢出时起作用。     

双斑长跗萤叶甲触角感器的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜观察了双斑长跗萤叶甲Monolepta hieroglyphica(Motschulsky)成虫触角及其感器的形态与分布。结果表明:双斑长跗萤叶甲成虫触角为线状,由柄节、梗节和鞭节组成,鞭节有9节,其中,雄虫的触角比雌虫长;感器类型有毛形感器(1型、2型和3型)、刺形感器、锥形感器(1型和2型)、腔锥形感器、Bhm氏鬃毛、钟形感器共9种。雌雄成虫触角感器类型无差异,但雄虫触角上的感器分布要比雌虫的稠密。     

Dissolution of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus polyhedra by the digestive fluid of Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) larvae

The dissolution of polyhedra of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus by digestive fluid collected from 5th stage Trichoplusia ni larvae was studied in vitro. Observations were made at timed intervals using phase contrast microscopy, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Dissolution occurred rapidly and in a detectable sequence. Under phase contrast, most polyhedra lost their refringence by 0.5 min. The polyhedra became rounded in appearance with small protuberances on the surface and Brownian movement was observed within. After 1 min, the envelope of most polyhedra had ruptured, releasing the enclosed virions. The protuberances were also observed under the scanning electron microscope after digestion for 0.5 min. Many shell fragments devoid of internal contents were seen after more lengthy digestion. Internal structural changes were revealed by electron microscopy. After 1 min of exposure, polyhedra were observed in all stages of dissolution. By 3 min, only virions, scattered about in heterogeneous material, could be distinguished.     

On argyrophil reactions of endocrine cells in the human fetal pancreas

Summary The endocrine cells in the pancreas of five human fetuses with gestational ages of 18–20 weeks were examined by light and electron microscopy with special regard to argyrophil reactions. B-cells and typical A and D-cells were easily identified electron microscopically on the basis of their typical secretory granules. In the Grimelius argyrophil silver stain, a concentration of silver grains over the less electron dense peripheral mantle of the A-cell secretory granules was observed by electron microscopy. In the Hellerström and Hellman modification of the argyrophil Davenport alcoholic silver stain, silver grains were concentrated over the internal structures of the D-cell secretory granules. With this stain an accumulation of silver grains was also seen at the surface of the A-cell secretory granules. The argyrophil reaction of the A-granules was less pronounced than in the D-cells. In addition to B-cells and A- and D-cells, two other types of endocrine cell were observed by electron microscopy. These cells were argyrophil with the silver impregnation method of Grimelius. The electron microscopic findings at least partly explain the frequent overlapping between the two staining methods observed at the light microscope level.This study was supported by the Swedish Medical Research Council (Project No. 102)     

Biondi bodies in the choroid plexus epithelium of the human brain

Summary Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine choroid plexuses in the brain of two human adults aged 44 and 46, respectively, and 12 older subjects from 67 to 98 years of age. It was possible to obtain a three-dimensional view of the ring-like structures (Biondi bodies) located in the cytoplasm of choroid plexus epithelial cells in the older-age group. The filaments forming the rings were clearly visible. No such structures were found between epithelial cells. The intracellular location of the Biondi bodies and their state of preservation compared to other cytoplasmic elements suggest that they may have a destructive effect on epithelial cells of choroid plexuses. The same material was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM); the results obtained were in full agreement with the evidence obtained with SEM.     

Use of a Technovit 7200 VLC to Facilitate Integrated Determination of Aluminum by Light and Electron Microscopy

Technovit 7200 VLC is an excellent embedding medium for both inorganic histochemistry by light microscopy and X-ray microanalysis by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Liver samples from rats after intraperitoneal treatment with aluminum chloride were fixed in glutaraldehyde and embedded in the resin. Thick sections were easily cut on an ultramicrotome and stained with aluminon for aluminum (Al). An intense positive reaction with aluminon was observed in the Kupffer cells by light microscopy. The surface structures of the same resin block cut for light microscopy were observed under a scanning electron microscope fitted with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer. The Kupffer cells appeared white in the backscattered mode. Localization of Al in the Kupffer cells was confirmed by an X-ray distribution map in the scanning electron microscope. Subcellular localization of Al in the Kupffer cells was performed on the same semithin sections using a transmission electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer. Most Al was found in lysosomes of the Kupffer cells. The resin was stable in the electron beam and chlorine-free.     

激光共聚焦扫描显微镜和透射电镜观察大鼠纹状体内谷氨酸能突触连接的对比观察

目的 探讨使用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜 (Laser scanning confocal microscope,LSCM)观察大鼠纹状体内谷氨酸能突触连接的方法的可行性.方法 12只正常大鼠分为两组,6只大鼠进行纹状体中等棘刺神经元的CM-DiI 单细胞标记,然后Ⅰ型囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体(vesicular glutamate transporter 1,VGluT1 )免疫荧光标记,LSCM层扫后三维重建,观察VGluT1阳性位点在中等棘刺神经元树突上的分布.另外6只大鼠用TEM观察不对称性突触在纹状体神经元树突上的分布.对两种方法的结果进行比较.结果 用LSCM 和TEM方法观察到的纹状体神经元上谷氨酸能突触连接分布情况一致,没有统计学差异.但LSCM更具优越性的是,可以对图像进行三维重构,从而有利于对神经元之间突触连接的空间分布观察和定量分析.结论 神经细胞荧光标记技术结合LSCM观察是考察纹状体神经元上谷氨酸能突触连接的有效方法.     

Characterization of linear-oblong pyrenoids with cp-DNA along their sides in Nitzschia sigmoidea (Bacillariophyceae)

In the past 10 years Nitzschia sigmoidea (Nitzsch) W. Sm. has begun to occur in Japanese rivers in various areas. It is a common diatom in Europe but was previously absent in Japan. Each chloroplast of N. sigmoidea contains many unusual linear‐oblong structures. The internal structure of the chloroplast in this species was observed using epifluorescence and electron microscopy with immunolocalization techniques. The linear‐oblong structures in the chloroplasts could hardly be observed by conventional light microscopy of living cells, but were obvious in cells stained with propionocarmine. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the cross sections of this structure were lanceolate to fusiform with penetration by a single thylakoid. In cells stained with DAPI, chloroplast DNA was detected along both sides of the linear‐oblong structures, and DNA fibrils were detected by electron microscopy. Immunofluorescence microscopy of sectioned cells and also immunoelectron microscopy revealed specific localization of Rubisco between these DNA‐containing areas, which divided at the same time as the chloroplast. Our observations confirmed that the linear‐oblong structures are pyrenoids. The diversity of localization patterns of chloroplast DNA in diatoms is discussed.     

Isolated generative cells in some angiosperms: a further study

Summary Generative cells were isolated from the pollen grains of three angiosperm species by a method similar to that previously reported for Haemanthus katherinae (Baker). Both the external appearance and the internal structure of the isolated generative cells were observed by light and scanning electron microscopy. The dynamic changes occurring in the cells after they had been liberated from the pollen grains were recorded by video-enhanced microscopy. The distribution of microtubules in the isolated cells was revealed by immunofluorescence.This work was done during the senior author's sabbatical leave at the Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, N.H. (USA) and this paper is dedicated to Professor R.D. Allen, who did not live to see this work completed but who was directly involved in supporting this project.     

Organization of the olfactory system of the Indian major carp <Emphasis Type="Italic">Labeo rohita</Emphasis> (Ham.): A scanning and transmission electron microscopy study

Catla catla, Labeo rohita, and Cirrhinus mrigala represent important alimentary fish in India. Their reproduction/breeding depends on seasons. Fish perceive external factors-stimuli and chemical signals through the olfactory system that plays the key role in central regulation of reproduction. However, no electron microscopy data are available on organization of olfactory components of these fish. We studied organization of the olfactory organ in male L. rohita using scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This organ consists of olfactory epithelium, a short nerve, and olfactory bulb. The olfactory organ is ovoid in shape and consists of about 47–52 lamellae in adults and about 14–20 lamellae in fingerlings. These lamellae originate from the midline raphe. By SEM, microvillar sensory and ciliated non-sensory cells were observed in the lamellae. TEM revealed microvillar receptor cell with rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus towards apical end. Basal cells were present at the base of receptor cell, supporting cells were located adjacent to the olfactory receptor neurons, while epithelial cells—in the nonsensory part of olfactory epithelium. Mast, blastema, and macrophage cells were also found at the basement membrane. This work is the first publication on ultrastructural organization of the olfactory system of the Indian major carp, which provides information about morphological and ultrastructural organization of the olfactory system and opens new avenues for further investigation of chemical neuroanatomy, sensory signal processing, and neural regulation of reproduction in the Indian major carp.