组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂的研究进展

核小体是真核生物染色质的基本单位,通过对组蛋白核心的N-端的乙酰化、甲基化、磷酸化、遍在蛋白化的修饰作用而影响细胞的功能。组蛋白乙酰化酶(histone acetylase HAT)及组蛋白去乙酰化酶(Histone Deacetylases HDAC)之间的动态平衡控制着染色质的结构和基因表达。当组蛋白去乙酰化水平增加,乙酰化水平相对降低,即会导致正常的细胞周期与代谢行为的改变而诱发肿瘤,及神经退行性变。组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂(Histone Deacetylases-inhibitor HDACi)目前是国内外研究的热点。其中,曲古霉素A(Trichostatin A TSA),是最早发现的天然组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂;伏立诺他(Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid SAHA)已经美国FDA批准用于治疗皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤。本文就HDACi分类及其功能出发综述HDACi的作用机制及研究进展。     

组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂的研究进展

组蛋白是真核生物核染色体的重要组成部分。它们被分为五类(H,H2A,H2B,H3和H4),两组:核心组蛋白(H2A,H2B,H3和H4)和联结子组蛋白(H1)[1]。由组蛋白修饰所造成的染色体局部构象的改变,在真核生物基因表达调控中发挥着举足轻重的作用[2]。     

组蛋白去乙酰化酶4与人类疾病北大核心CSCD

组蛋白去乙酰化酶4(histone deacetylase 4,HDAC4)是一类依赖锌的去乙酰化酶,属于Ⅱ类组蛋白去乙酰化酶(histone deacetylases,HDACs),主要具有去乙酰化酶的活性。HDAC4由去乙酰化酶结构域发挥去乙酰化酶的作用,还具有核定位序列和核输出序列,通过转录后与翻译后水平的修饰可在细胞核和细胞质之间穿梭,进而参与多种调节过程。近年来的研究发现,HDAC4可参与基因的转录调控、细胞凋亡、代谢等诸多生物进程,在多种疾病的发生发展中发挥重要作用。本文主要从HDAC4的结构、去乙酰作用、自身的修饰及其在核浆中的穿梭作用对其进行概述,同时对其在骨关节炎、心血管疾病、肌萎缩性侧索硬化症等不同疾病中的作用、相关的分子机制及组蛋白抑制剂在肿瘤中的应用等方面的研究进展进行综述。     

植物组蛋白去乙酰化酶的特性及功能

真核生物染色质修饰是基因表达调控中的一个重要部分,组蛋白乙酰化修饰是基因转录调控的关键机制,与基因表达的活跃与沉默密切相关。组蛋白乙酰化修饰已成为表观遗传学的重要组成部分,受到研究者的普遍重视。本文从植物组蛋白去乙酰化酶(histone deacetylase,HDACs)的分类开始,综述植物中HDACs家族成员的结构特点、组织表达的多样性与复杂性,重点阐述其对发育的调控、逆境胁迫的响应。对了解基因的调控机制,丰富表观遗传学内容,并最终应用于植物育种及农业生产具有重要意义。     

组蛋白去乙酰化酶4与人类疾病

组蛋白去乙酰化酶4（histone deacetylase 4,HDAC4）是一类依赖锌的去乙酰化酶,属于Ⅱ类组蛋白去乙酰化酶（histone deacetylases,HDACs）,主要具有去乙酰化酶的活性。HDAC4由去乙酰化酶结构域发挥去乙酰化酶的作用,还具有核定位序列和核输出序列,通过转录后与翻译后水平的修饰可在细胞核和细胞质之间穿梭,进而参与多种调节过程。近年来的研究发现,HDAC4可参与基因的转录调控、细胞凋亡、代谢等诸多生物进程,在多种疾病的发生发展中发挥重要作用。本文主要从HDAC4的结构、去乙酰作用、自身的修饰及其在核浆中的穿梭作用对其进行概述,同时对其在骨关节炎、心血管疾病、肌萎缩性侧索硬化症等不同疾病中的作用、相关的分子机制及组蛋白抑制剂在肿瘤中的应用等方面的研究进展进行综述。     

组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡的机制

组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂（HDACi）是一类新的化疗药物,能够有效抑制组蛋白去乙酰化酶的活性,促进组蛋白及非组蛋白的乙酰化修饰,在转录和翻译后修饰水平调控肿瘤靶蛋白及凋亡相关蛋白的表达和降解,活化凋亡信号通路,诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡。HDACi抑制抗氧化蛋白的表达,提高细胞内活性氧的水平,引起细胞的氧化损伤。因此,氧化损伤诱导的细胞凋亡也是HDACi杀伤肿瘤细胞的重要机制。HDACi诱导细胞凋亡机制的发现将进一步促进HDACi在临床治疗中的应用。     

组蛋白去乙酰化酶1/2参与调控小鼠卵子发生的研究进展

卵子发生是雌性哺乳动物的基本生殖过程,是后续受精及胚胎发育的基础.近年来研究表明,表观修饰在调控哺乳动物生殖过程(如卵子发生、精子发生、植入前胚胎发育及性别分化等)中扮演着重要的角色.以组蛋白乙酰化为例,组蛋白乙酰转移酶(histone acetyltransferases,HATs)和去乙酰化酶(histone de...     

组蛋白去乙酰化酶 6 及其选择性抑制剂的研究进展

组蛋白去乙酰化酶 6(HDAC6)是组蛋白去乙酰化酶(HDACs)IIb 家族中的一员,主要催化 α- 微管蛋白、热休克蛋白 Hsp90、皮质肌动蛋白及过氧化物还原酶等的去乙酰化。HDAC6 与肿瘤、神经退行性疾病、炎症、自身免疫应答、细菌感染及心脏病等 诸多疾病的病理生理进程密切相关,是一个极具应用前景的药物靶标。选择性 HDAC6 抑制剂是目前该领域的研究热点,有望克服广谱 HDAC 抑制剂存在的选择性差、副作用大等缺点。综述 HDAC6 的结构、生化功能、与疾病的关系及其选择性抑制剂的研究进展,为开发 新型选择性 HDAC6 抑制剂提供参考。     

组蛋白乙酰化/去乙酰化在真核基因转录调控中的作用

真核生物中 ,染色质的基本单位是核小体。核小体由H2 A ,H2 B ,H3 ,H4构成的核心组蛋白八聚体及缠绕于其上的DNA构成。最近的研究结果表明 ,核心组蛋白的乙酰化 去乙酰化过程是调控基因活性的一个关键步骤[1] 。而含有组蛋白去乙酰化酶活性的分子有两类 :一类是与酵母RPD3同源的分子 ,另一类是与RPD3不同源的分子。它们各有其不同的来源 ,存在于各自的复合物中 ,催化不完全相同的组蛋白或其他蛋白质去乙酰化 ;这些去乙酰化酶与基因转录的调控存在着密切的关系 ,主要是介导基因转录的抑制。     

Histone Deacetylases: A Saga of Perturbed Acetylation Homeostasis in Cancer

In the current era of genomic medicine, diseases are identified as manifestations of anomalous patterns of gene expression. Cancer is the principal example among such maladies. Although remarkable progress has been achieved in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the genesis and progression of cancer, its epigenetic regulation, particularly histone deacetylation, demands further studies. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are one of the key players in the gene expression regulation network in cancer because of their repressive role on tumor suppressor genes. Higher expression and function of deacetylases disrupt the finely tuned acetylation homeostasis in both histone and non-histone target proteins. This brings about alterations in the genes implicated in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and other cellular processes. Moreover, the reversible nature of epigenetic modulation by HDACs makes them attractive targets for cancer remedy. This review summarizes the current knowledge of HDACs in tumorigenesis and tumor progression as well as their contribution to the hallmarks of cancer. The present report also describes briefly various assays to detect histone deacetylase activity and discusses the potential role of histone deacetylase inhibitors as emerging epigenetic drugs to cure cancer.     

综述: 组蛋白变体的染色质组装

真核细胞的染色质组装是组蛋白和DNA有序地形成核小体和染色质的过程．通过调节DNA的开放或折叠状态,染色质组装不但影响遗传信息的编码和存储,也决定了遗传信息的提取和解读．作为染色质组装的重要调控因子,组蛋白变体和组蛋白伴侣在与DNA相关的生命活动进程中发挥着至关重要的作用．本文综述了组蛋白变体H2A.Z以及CENP-A进行染色质组装的研究进展,并着重讨论了组蛋白变体和组蛋白伴侣在染色质组装中的重要作用．     

综述: H2A-H2B类型组蛋白及其伴侣蛋白的研究进展

染色质是真核细胞中遗传物质DNA的载体,染色质结构动态变化与DNA复制、转录、重组、修复等重要生物学事件密切相关.组蛋白是染色质结构的基本组成元件之一,组蛋白变体和组蛋白修饰是两类基本的染色质结构调控因子.在构成核小体的四种核心组蛋白(H2A、H2B、H3、H4)当中,H2A拥有最多的变体类型并在染色质结构调控中发挥重要作用.H2A组蛋白伴侣对H2A组蛋白及其变体的特异识别对于后者的折叠、修饰、传递、转运、组装、移除等生物学功能至关重要.本文着重探讨了组蛋白伴侣特异识别H2A组蛋白的分子机理,二者调控染色质结构的作用机制以及相应的生物学意义.     

Histone modifications and nuclear architecture: a review.

Epigenetic modifications, such as acetylation, phosphorylation, methylation, ubiquitination, and ADP ribosylation, of the highly conserved core histones, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4, influence the genetic potential of DNA. The enormous regulatory potential of histone modification is illustrated in the vast array of epigenetic markers found throughout the genome. More than the other types of histone modification, acetylation and methylation of specific lysine residues on N-terminal histone tails are fundamental for the formation of chromatin domains, such as euchromatin, and facultative and constitutive heterochromatin. In addition, the modification of histones can cause a region of chromatin to undergo nuclear compartmentalization and, as such, specific epigenetic markers are non-randomly distributed within interphase nuclei. In this review, we summarize the principles behind epigenetic compartmentalization and the functional consequences of chromatin arrangement within interphase nuclei.     

HDACs, histone deacetylation and gene transcription： from molecular biology to cancer therapeutics

Histone deacetylases （HDACs） and histone acetyl transferases （HATs） are two counteracting enzyme families whose enzymatic activity controls the acetylation state of protein lysine residues, notably those contained in the N-terminal extensions of the core histones. Acetylation of histones affects gene expression through its influence on chromatin conformation. In addition, several non-histone proteins are regulated in their stability or biological function by the acetylation state of specific lysine residues. HDACs intervene in a multitude of biological processes and are part of a multiprotein family in which each member has its specialized functions. In addition, HDAC activity is tightly controlled through targeted recruitment, protein-protein interactions and post-translational modifications. Control of cell cycle progression, cell survival and differentiation are among the most important roles of these enzymes. Since these processes are affected by malignant transformation, HDAC inhibitors were developed as antineoplastic drugs and are showing encouraging efficacy in cancer patients.     

Regulation of Histone Acetylation by Autophagy in Parkinson Disease

Parkinson disease (PD) is the most common age-dependent neurodegenerative movement disorder. Accumulated evidence indicates both environmental and genetic factors play important roles in PD pathogenesis, but the potential interaction between environment and genetics in PD etiology remains largely elusive. Here, we report that PD-related neurotoxins induce both expression and acetylation of multiple sites of histones in cultured human cells and mouse midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Consistently, levels of histone acetylation are markedly higher in midbrain DA neurons of PD patients compared to those of their matched control individuals. Further analysis reveals that multiple histone deacetylases (HDACs) are concurrently decreased in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP⁺)-treated cells and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated mouse brains, as well as midbrain tissues of human PD patients. Finally, inhibition of histone acetyltransferase (HAT) protects, whereas inhibition of HDAC1 and HDAC2 potentiates, MPP⁺-induced cell death. Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of autophagy suppresses MPP⁺-induced HDACs degradation. The study reveals that PD environmental factors induce HDACs degradation and histone acetylation increase in DA neurons via autophagy and identifies an epigenetic mechanism in PD pathogenesis.