贵州宽阔水自然保护区小杜鹃对小鳞胸鹪鹛的巢寄生

: 2015年4-8月,在贵州宽阔水国家级自然保护区记录到小杜鹃Cuculus poliocephalus在小鳞胸鹪鹛Pnoepyga pusilla巢中寄生繁殖。发现时小鳞胸鹪鹛已处于孵卵后期,巢内有1枚红棕色的小杜鹃寄生卵和3枚小鳞胸鹪鹛的白色卵。小杜鹃卵质量为2.55 g,体积2.72 cm3,小鳞胸鹪鹛卵质量(1.64±0.16)g(n=7),体积(1.65±0.08)cm3(n=7),两者的卵在颜色和大小上差别明显。光纤光谱仪对卵色的测量和分析结果表明,小鳞胸鹪鹛的卵色亮度显著高于小杜鹃,小杜鹃的卵为高度非模拟寄生卵。这是小鳞胸鹪鹛被小杜鹃寄生的第二例报道,说明其可能是小杜鹃的适宜寄主。     

小杜鹃对强脚树莺的巢寄生及其卯色模拟

于1999-2009年的鸟类繁殖季(4-8月)对贵州宽阔水自然保护区内的强脚树莺(Cettia fortipes)的繁殖进行监测,并采用光纤光谱仪,通过_芏成分分析、反射光谱、罗宾逊投射等方法对强脚树莺的卵色与小杜鹃(Cuculuspoliocephalus)对其寄生的卵色模拟程度进行分析.研究结果表明,强脚树莺的繁殖成效在不同年份间均尤显著差异,但其巢被捕食率和巢被寄生率都较高,分别为49.26%和9.18%.通过反射光谱分析,表明小杜鹃卵在色调和色度上高度模拟强脚树莺的卵,但其亮度高于宿主卵,而且在人眼无法探测的紫外光部分存在差异.     

小杜鹃对强脚树莺的巢寄生及其卵色模拟

于1999-2009年的鸟类繁殖季(4-8月)对贵州宽阔水自然保护区内的强脚树莺(Cettia fortipes)的繁殖进行监测,并采用光纤光谱仪,通过主成分分析、反射光谱、罗宾逊投射等方法对强脚树莺的卵色与小杜鹃(Cuculus poliocephalus)对其寄生的卵色模拟程度进行分析。研究结果表明,强脚树莺的繁殖成效在不同年份间均无显著差异,但其巢被捕食率和巢被寄生率都较高,分别为49.26%和9.18%。通过反射光谱分析,表明小杜鹃卵在色调和色度上高度模拟强脚树莺的卵,但其亮度高于宿主卵,而且在人眼无法探测的紫外光部分存在差异。     

鹰鹃在橙翅噪鹛巢中寄生繁殖

2011年和2012年每年的5月到8月,在甘肃莲花山地区共发现了5例鹰鹃(Hierococcyx sparverioides)在橙翅噪鹛(Garrulax elliotii)巢中寄生繁殖的案例.鹰鹃卵为椭圆形,浅蓝色,卵壳上没有斑点.测量了其中2枚卵,卵重分别为6.9g和7.2g,长径×短径分别为29.76 mm×20.40 mm和28.40mm×21.68 mm.鹰鹃幼鸟在出壳后的第20天离巢.     

鹰鹃在白颊噪鹛巢中寄生繁殖

2006年5~7月,在贵州宽阔水自然保护区发现鹰鹃(Hierococcyxsparverioides)在白颊噪鹛(Garru-laxsannio)巢中寄生繁殖,报道如下。有关宽阔水自然保护区的地理位置和自然概况已有报道[1]。在保护区内发现的鹃形目鸟类包括大杜鹃(Cuculus canorus)、中杜鹃(C.saturatus)、小杜鹃(C     

四川省老君山自然保护区棕噪鹛和丽色噪鹛繁殖巢的记述

棕噪鹛Garrulax poecilorhynchus是中国特有种鸟类,主要分布在我国长江以南的一些地区的山地常绿阔叶林中,数量稀少(雷富民,卢汰春,2006).丽色噪鹛Garrulax formosus分布于我国中部至越南北部,国内罕见于四川中部及西部、云南北部及广西,常结群栖息于海拔900～3000 m的山区常绿林、次生林及竹林的地面或近地面处(约翰·马敬能等,2000).目前关于这2种噪鹛的野外繁殖资料非常匮乏.     

黄腹山鹪莺的营巢特征

营巢对鸟类的生长繁殖有着重要影响。为此,从2007年3-9月在广东省肇庆江溪村对研究地中的黄腹山鹪莺(Prinia flaviventris)的巢进行标记和测量,并以巢址为中心做5m×5m样方调查,通过主成分分析研究其巢址选择,结果表明:1)黄腹山鹪莺营巢时间始于3月中旬,4月达到高峰,至7月底结束;2)在13种植物上发现44个巢,其中在象草(Pennisetum purpureum)上最多,有27个,其次为加拿大飞蓬(Erigeron canadensis),4个,其他植物皆为1—2个;3)巢皆为不规则的球状巢,巢材除动植物性材料外,均有人工制品;巢内空间与巢整体大小较为一致;4)影响巢址选择的主要因素4种,依次为:距最近水源距离(29.89%)、距最近道路距离(16.45%)、距最近灌木距离(12.92%)、距水面高度(11.69%)。据此认为黄腹山鹪莺的营巢是对草本植物环境的适应,而其尾羽的逆向变化对营巢是有利的,起到增加飞行灵活性和减少筑巢投资的效果。     

灰胸薮鹛繁殖行为初报

2009年春季在四川省屏山县老君山自然保护区对灰胸薮鹛Liocichla omeiensis繁殖行为进行了观察.灰胸薮鹛胆小畏人,喜藏匿于茂密灌丛中活动、鸣叫.4月中旬进入繁殖期后雄鸟占区鸣唱逐渐增加,5月中旬占区鸣唱达到高峰,5月下旬逐渐减少,进入育雏期.在山顶茂密方竹丛中找到1巢,对其进行了2个全天观察,雌、雄鸟共同喂雏,亲鸟均会暖雏,但雄鸟暖雏较雌鸟少.亲鸟吃掉幼鸟粪便及食物残渣,以保持巢的清洁.亲鸟喂给幼鸟食物以昆虫和小型蛾类为主,在巢期为15天.     

鹊巢鸠占——鸟类的巢寄生行为

每当春回大地 ,万物复苏 ,鸟儿们在经过千姿百态的求偶仪式之后 ,便开始了营巢和育雏的辛勤劳作。筑巢、孵卵和养育小鸟需要花费大量的精力。但是 ,一些善于投机取巧的鸟采取了一个能省去所有麻烦的办法 :把这些活儿留给其他鸟去做。这就有了巢寄生行为。巢寄生是将卵产在其他种的鸟巢之中 ,由义亲代为养育雏鸟的行为。它的优点很明显 :最大限度地提高鸟成功繁殖的能力。因为作恶的鸟不承担养育雏鸟的责任 ,它有能力产更多的卵。一些鸟将自己的卵伪装得很像宿主的卵 ,可以随着宿主卵的外观而变化 ,从鲜亮的蓝色到带暗色斑点。这是长期自然选…     

巢寄生的协同进化

巢寄生现象一直是鸟类学专家探讨的热点问题,对于协同进化的问题又有许多不同理论。从宿主的2种对待寄生卵的行为出发,对于巢寄生协同进化的各种理论做了简单的归纳。其中宿主的拒卵行为被认为是一种适应性的表现,这导致和寄生鸟的进化竞争。而对宿主接受卵的行为却有2种不同的观点,即进化滞后说和进化平衡说,这2种学说从不同的方面都能解释宿主接受卵的行为。关于巢寄生的协同进化问题还需要进一步的研究和更多的实例证明．     

云南高黎贡山发现大鹰鹃对棕颈钩嘴鹛的巢寄生

2022年5月12 日,在云南高黎贡山百花岭区域发现1个被寄生的鸟巢.通过野外观察及红外相机监测,确定宿主为棕颈钩嘴鹛(Pomatorhinus ruficollis);通过分子生物学鉴定,确认寄生者为大鹰鹃(Hierococcyx sparverioides).该巢于 2022 年 5 月 22 日被豹猫(Prionailurus bengalensis)捕食,繁殖失败.经查,大鹰鹃在棕颈钩嘴鹛巢中的寄生行为尚属首次记录.     

斑翅鹩鹛一新亚种——南川亚种

本文报道了斑翅鹩鹛一新亚种,命名为斑翅鹩鹛南川亚种(Spelaecrnis troglodytoidesnanchuanensis),并记述了新亚种同已知亚种区别的形态特征。     

Reproductive biology of the European Cuckoo Cuculus canorus: early insights, persistent errors and the acquisition of knowledge

The brood parasitic habits of the European Cuckoo Cuculus canorus have excited wonder, disbelief and speculation since the fourth century BC. Accurate knowledge of cuckoo biology, however, accumulated only slowly and mostly since 1700. The aim of this study is to review six main topics: (1) the placement of cuckoo eggs in host nests; (2) cuckoo ‘clutch’ size; (3) cuckoo egg characteristics, mimicry and rejection; (4) choice of hosts; (5) eviction of eggs and chicks; and (6) the reasons why cuckoos are brood parasites and are incapable of rearing their own young. Early errors in reporting cuckoo biology were often a consequence of poor or incomplete observations leading to erroneous interpretations. Many of the early observers were egg collectors who focussed almost exclusively on the egg-laying period, thus ignoring cuckoo chick biology. Major landmarks in cuckoo studies included the facts that: (1) cuckoo eggs often resembled those of their hosts (1760s) and that this mimicry was adaptive (1850s); (2) hosts sometimes evicted cuckoo eggs (1770s); (3) female cuckoos laid individually distinctive eggs and that specific cuckoo gentes may exist (1850s); and (4) although well recognised that cuckoo chicks were reared alone, prior to Jenner’s work in the 1780s female cuckoo parents were thought to either eat or evict the host eggs or young. Jenner’s results was more readily accepted in Britain than in Germany. Between 1700 and 1859, cuckoo brood parasitism was difficult to reconcile with the prevalent conceptual framework of physico-theology (later known as the argument from design). Thereafter, Darwin’s idea of natural selection provided a superior conceptual framework, which in conjunction with experimental testing of specific hypotheses has continued to advance our understanding of brood parasitism. Our knowledge of cuckoo biology is far from complete, however, and we predict that continuing research often incorporating new technologies will refine and extend our understanding of the cuckoo’s extraordinary biology.     

A comparative study of host selection in the European cuckoo Cuculus canorus

Certain kinds of hosts are commonly regarded as being more suitable than other for rearing European cuckoos (Cuculus canorus) – insectivores that lay small eggs and have open, shallow nests – although empirical tests of cuckoo host selection are lacking. We analysed host use by the European cuckoo in 72 British passerines that are potential hosts and for which there was information available on life-history variables and variables related to cuckoo-host coevolution, such as rate of parasitism, rejection rate of non-mimetic model eggs and degree of cuckoo-egg mimicry of host eggs. The relative population size of the host species affected parasitism rate most strongly, followed by relatively short duration of the nestling period, and the kind of nest, with cuckoos selecting open-nesting hosts. However, the effect of the nestling period could be related to host body size and the kind of nest used, because hole-nesting species normally have longer nestling periods than open-nesters. We re-analysed the data excluding hole nesters and corvid species (species with larger body mass), but the results remained identical. The European cuckoo may benefit from selecting hosts with short nestling periods because such hosts provide food for their nestlings at a very high rate. When only those species known as cuckoo hosts were analysed, the variable that best accounted for the parasitism rate was duration of the breeding season. Therefore, availability of potential hosts in both time and space is important for cuckoos in selecting hosts. Received: 16 July 1998 / Accepted: 27 October 1998     

Host nest defense against a color-dimorphic brood parasite: great reed warblers (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) versus common cuckoos (Cuculus canorus)

We tested great reed warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) discrimination against two common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) female color morphs (gray and rufous) in two areas with different parasitism rates and proportions of the two morphs. Hosts recognized the two cuckoo morphs from a control, the feral pigeon (Columba livia), at Apaj, Hungary (where brood parasitism was heavy), whereas no significant differences among the models were recorded at Lužice, Czech Republic (where the parasitism rate was moderate). At Apaj, the hosts discriminated the rufous morph (which is slightly predominant there) better than the gray morph from the control. Between-site comparison (after controlling for background aggression) revealed that great reed warblers were more aggressive towards the rufous morph at Apaj than at Lužice, whereas their responses to the gray morph did not differ, corresponding with much higher between-site difference in the relative abundance of the rufous morph. Our results suggest that both local parasitism pressure and relative abundance of two female color morphs of a brood parasite may significantly influence host nest defenses.     

A game-theoretic model of interspecific brood parasitism with sequential decisions

The interaction between hosts and parasites in bird populations has been studied extensively. This paper uses game-theoretic methods to model this interaction. This has been done in previous papers but has not been studied taking into account the detailed sequential nature of this game. We introduce a model allowing the host and parasite to make a number of decisions which will depend on various natural factors. The sequence of events begins with the host forming a nest and laying a number of eggs, followed by the possibility that a parasite bird will arrive at the nest; if it does it can choose to destroy some of the host eggs and lay one of its own. A sequence of events follows, which is broken down into two key stages; firstly the interaction between the host and the parasite adult, and secondly that between the host and the parasite chick. The final decision involves the host choosing whether to raise or abandon the chicks that are in the nest. There are certain natural parameters and probabilities which are central to these various decisions; in particular the host is generally uncertain whether parasitism has taken place, but can assess the likelihood of parasitism based upon certain cues (e.g. how many eggs remain in its nest). We then use this methodology to model two real-world interactions, that of the Reed Warbler with the Common Cuckoo and also the Yellow Warbler with the Brown-headed Cowbird. These parasites have different methods in the way they parasitize the nests of their hosts, and the hosts can in turn have different reactions to these parasites. Our model predictions generally match the real results well, and the model also makes predictions of the effect of changes in various key parameters on the type of parasitic interactions that should occur.     

辽宁鸟类分布新记录5种：小鸦鹃、雪鹀、红翅凤头鹃、宝兴歌鸫和黄眉姬鹟

近年来,随着观鸟活动和鸟类科研工作在辽宁的持续开展(Baietal.2015,汤姆·滨客2016),辽宁各地不断发现鸟种分布新记录种(白清泉等2019)。2012至2020年间,在丹东、大连、抚顺等市先后发现小鸦鹃(Centropus bengalensis)、雪鹀(Plectrophenax nivalis)、红翅凤头鹃(Clamator coromandus)、宝兴歌鸫(Turdus mupinensis)和黄眉姬鹟(Ficedula narcissina)5种,经查阅相关资料(邱英杰等2006,郑光美2017),确定为辽宁省鸟类分布新记录种。