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1.
Arbuscular mycorrhiza‐mediated resistance in tomato against Cladosporium fulvum‐induced mould disease
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Yue‐Yan Wang Qiu‐Shuang Yin Yue Qu Guang‐Zhe Li Lin Hao 《Journal of Phytopathology》2018,166(1):67-74
Root colonization with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) enhances plant resistance particularly against soil‐borne pathogenic fungi. In this study, mycorrhizal inoculation with Glomus mosseae (Gm) significantly alleviated tomato mould disease caused by the air‐borne fungal pathogen, Cladosporium fulvum (Cf). The disease index (DI) in local leaves (receiving pathogen inoculation) and systemic leaves (just above the local leaf without pathogen inoculation) was 36.4% and 11.7% in mycorrhizal plants, respectively, whereas DI was 59.6% and 36.4% in the corresponding leaves of AMF non‐inoculated plants, after 50 days of Gm inoculation, corresponding to 15 days after Cf inoculation by leaf infiltration. Foliar spray inoculation with Cf also revealed that AMF pre‐inoculated plants had a higher resistance against subsequent pathogen infection, where the DI was 41.3% in mycorrhizal plants vs. 64.4% in AMF non‐inoculated plants. AMF‐inoculated plants showed significantly higher fresh and dry weight than non‐inoculated plants under both control (without pathogen) and pathogen treatments. AMF‐inoculated plants exhibited significant increases in activities of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase, along with decreases in levels of H2O2 and malondialdehyde, compared with non‐inoculated plants after pathogen inoculation. AMF inoculation led to increases in total chlorophyll contents and net photosynthesis rate as compared with non‐inoculated plants under control and pathogen infection. Pathogen infection on AMF non‐inoculated plants led to decreases in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. However, pathogen infection did not affect these parameters in mycorrhizal plants. Taken together, these results indicate that AMF colonization may play an important role in plant resistance against air‐borne pathogen infection by maintaining redox poise and photosynthetic activity. 相似文献
2.
The aerial parts of Mediterranean papilionaceous plants Bituminaria morisiana and B. bituminosa afforded, along with known phenolics, the prenylated pterocarpans bitucarpin A and B, whose structure was elucidated by spectroscopic techniques. A known isoflavonoid (8-prenyldaidzein) was also obtained for the first time as a genuine plant constituent. The accumulation of pterocarpans at the expense of biogenetically more primitive shikimate metabolites like furanocoumarins or isoflavonoids supports the inclusion of this plant, once part of the genus Psoralea, into the distinct genus Bituminaria. 相似文献
3.
Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John’s-wort, Hypericaceae) is a valuable medicinal plant species cultivated for pharmaceutical purposes. Although
the chemical composition and pharmacological activities of H. perforatum have been well studied, no data are available concerning the influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on this important
herb. A laboratory experiment was therefore conducted in order to test three AMF inocula on H. perforatum with a view to show whether AMF could influence plant vitality (biomass and photosynthetic activity) and the production of
the most valuable secondary metabolites, namely anthraquinone derivatives (hypericin and pseudohypericin) as well as the prenylated
phloroglucinol—hyperforin. The following treatments were prepared: (1) control—sterile soil without AMF inoculation, (2) Rhizophagus intraradices (syn. Glomus intraradices), (3) Funneliformis mosseae (syn. Glomus mosseae), and (4) an AMF Mix which contained: Funneliformis constrictum (syn. Glomus constrictum), Funneliformis geosporum (syn. Glomus geosporum), F. mosseae, and R. intraradices. The application of R. intraradices inoculum resulted in the highest mycorrhizal colonization, whereas the lowest values of mycorrhizal parameters were detected
in the AMF Mix. There were no statistically significant differences in H. perforatum shoot mass in any of the treatments. However, we found AMF species specificity in the stimulation of H. perforatum photosynthetic activity and the production of secondary metabolites. Inoculation with the AMF Mix resulted in higher photosynthetic
performance index (PItotal) values in comparison to all the other treatments. The plants inoculated with R. intraradices and the AMF Mix were characterized by a higher concentration of hypericin and pseudohypericin in the shoots. However, no
differences in the content of these metabolites were detected after the application of F. mosseae. In the case of hyperforin, no significant differences were found between the control plants and those inoculated with any
of the AMF applied. The enhanced content of anthraquinone derivatives and, at the same time, better plant vitality suggest
that the improved production of these metabolites was a result of the positive effect of the applied AMF strains on H. perforatum. This could be due to improved mineral nutrition or to AMF-induced changes in the phytohormonal balance. Our results are
promising from the biotechnological point of view, i.e. the future inoculation of H. perforatum with AMF in order to improve the quality of medicinal plant raw material obtained from cultivation. 相似文献
4.
为了解丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhiza,AMF)对西南桦幼苗生长和光合生理的影响,对西南桦(Betula alnoides)优良无性系接种AMF菌株后的生长、光合参数、叶绿素含量和荧光参数进行了研究。结果表明,6个AMF菌株均能与西南桦无性系幼苗形成共生体,接种根内球囊霉(Glomus intraradices)菌株(AMF5)和摩西球囊霉(G.mosseae)HUN03B菌株(AMF3)显著提高了幼苗生长量、净光合速率、水分利用效率、叶绿素含量和荧光参数(P0.05),显示出AMF5、AMF3与幼苗的亲和力明显优于其他菌株。西南桦4个无性系间的菌根侵染率差异不显著(P0.05),但AMF对无性系FB4、BY1的促生效应显著优于FB4+和A5。因此,适合与西南桦共生的优良菌株为AMF5和AMF3,这为西南桦菌根化育苗提供理论依据。 相似文献
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6.
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is an effective way to remove heavy metals’ inhibition on plants, however, few relevant research attempts have been made to determine the contribution of AMF to the physiological and biochemical changes related to the enhanced copper tolerance of Phragmites australis under metal‐stressed conditions.
- In this study, the effects of AMF inoculation on P. australis under different concentrations of copper stress were investigated according to the changes in the parameters related to growth and development, and photosynthetic charateristics. Then, differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were evaluated by the Isobaric Tag for Relative and Absolute Quantification (iTRAQ) system, which could accurately quantify the DEPs by measuring peak intensities of reporter ions in tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) spectra.
- It was found that AMF inoculation may relieve the photosynthesis inhibition caused by copper stress on P. australis and thus promote growth. Proteomic analysis results showed that under copper stress, the inoculation of R. irregularis resulted in a total of 459 differently‐expressed proteins (200 up‐regulated and 259 down‐regulated) in root buds. In addition, the photosynthetic changes caused by AMF inoculation mainly involve the up‐regulated expression of transmembrane protein–pigment complexes CP43 (photosystem II) and FNR (ferredoxin‐NADP+ oxidoreductase related to photosynthetic electron transport).
- These results indicate that AMF could effectively improve the growth and physiological activity of P. australis under copper stress, and thus provides a new direction and instructive evidence for determining the mechanisms by which AMF inoculation enhances the copper tolerance of plants.
7.
Marcelo Pedrosa Gomes Priscila Aparecida Silva Moura Clésia Cristina Nascentes Maria Rita Scotti 《Bioremediation Journal》2015,19(2):151-159
ABSTRACT Using a compartmentalized treatment technique, the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF; Acaulospora scrobiculata) on arsenic (As) uptake and translocation in Brachiaria decumbens. Treatments consisted of a factorial arrangement of three As doses (0, 50, and 100 mg kg?1) and the presence/absence of AMF inoculates. In the absence of AMF, B. decumbens did not show As accumulation, indicating the probable presence of tolerance mechanism via As exclusion by the roots. B. decumbens plants showed high AMF colonization levels, especially in the arsenic treatments, with AMF improving shoot and root growth independent of As concentrations. Arsenic accumulation occurred only with AMF inoculation. Phosphorous uptake was reduced in B. decumbens roots in the presence of arsenic with and without inoculation of AMF. Results suggest that B. decumbens can be used in phytoremediation procedures when inoculated with A. scrobiculata, although pasture formation should be strictly avoided in contaminated sites. 相似文献
8.
Plexiglass pot growth chamber experiments were conducted to evaluate the chemical alterations in the rhizosphere of mycorrhizal wheat roots after inoculation with Glomus intraradices [arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF)]. Exchange resins were used as sinks for nutrients to determine whether the inoculated plant can increase the solubility and the uptake of P and micronutrients. Treatments included: (1) soil (bulk soil); (2) AMF inoculation no P addition (I–P); (3) no inoculation with no P addition (NI–P); (4) AMF inoculation with addition of 50 mg P (kg soil)–1 (I+P), and (5) no inoculation with addition of 50 mg P (kg soil)–1 (NI+P). The AMF inoculum was added at a rate of four spores of G. intraradices (g soil)–1. The exchange resin membranes were inserted vertically 5 cm apart in the middle of Plexiglass pots. Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Len) was planted in each Plexiglass pot and grown for 2 weeks in a growth chamber where water was maintained at field capacity. Rhizosphere pH and redox potential (Eh), nutrient bioavailability indices and mycorrhizal colonization were determined. Mycorrhizal inoculation increased the colonization more when P was not added, but did not increase the shoot dry weight at either P level. The rhizosphere pH was lower in the inoculated plants compared to the noninoculated plants in the absence of added P, while the Eh did not change. The decrease in pH in the rhizosphere of inoculated plants could be responsible for the increased P and Zn uptake observed with inoculation. In contrast, Mn uptake was decreased by inoculation. The resin-adsorbed P was increased by inoculation, which, along with the bioavailability index data, may indicate that mycorrhizal roots were able to increase the solubility of soil P. 相似文献
9.
Mycorrhizal responsiveness of aerobic rice genotypes is negatively correlated with their zinc uptake when nonmycorrhizal 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Xiaopeng Gao Thomas W. Kuyper Chunqin Zou Fusuo Zhang Ellis Hoffland 《Plant and Soil》2007,290(1-2):283-291
Plant Zn uptake from low Zn soils can be increased by Zn-mobilizing chemical rhizosphere processes. We studied whether inoculation
with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can be an additional or an alternative strategy. We determined the effect of AMF inoculation
on growth performance and Zn uptake by rice genotypes varying in Zn uptake when nonmycorrhizal. A pot experiment was conducted
with six aerobic rice genotypes inoculated with Glomus mosseae or G. etunicatum or without AMF on a low Zn soil. Plant growth, Zn uptake and mycorrhizal responsiveness were determined. AMF-inoculated plants
produced more biomass and took up more Zn than nonmycorrhizal controls. Mycorrhizal inoculation, however, significantly increased
Zn uptake only in genotypes that had a low Zn uptake in the nonmycorrhizal condition. We conclude that genotypes that are
less efficient in Zn uptake when nonmycorrhizal are more responsive to AMF inoculation. We provide examples from literature
allowing generalization of this conclusion on a trade off between mycorrhizal responsiveness and nutrient uptake efficiency. 相似文献
10.
. G. Erolu C. Cabral S. Ravnskov H. Bak Topbjerg B. Wollenweber 《Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)》2020,22(5):863-871
- Soil salinity severely affects and constrains crop production worldwide. Salinity causes osmotic and ionic stress, inhibiting gas exchange and photosynthesis, ultimately impairing plant growth and development. Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) have been shown to maintain light and carbon use efficiency under stress, possibly providing a tool to improve salinity tolerance of the host plants. Thus, it was hypothesized that AM will contribute to improved growth and yield under stress conditions.
- Wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) were grown with (AMF+) or without (AMF?) arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation. Plants were subjected to salinity stress (200 mm NaCl) either at pre‐ or post‐anthesis or at both stages. Growth and yield components, leaf chlorophyll content as well as gas exchange parameters and AMF colonization were analysed.
- AM plants exhibited a higher rate of net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance and lower intrinsic water use efficiency. Furthermore, AM wheat plants subjected to salinity stress at both pre‐anthesis and post‐anthesis maintained higher grain yield than non‐AM salinity‐stressed plants.
- These results suggest that AMF inoculation mitigates the negative effects of salinity stress by influencing carbon use efficiency and maintaining higher grain yield under stress.
11.
以疏叶骆驼刺为研究对象,设定3个水分梯度正常水分(土壤相对含水量(70±5)%)、干旱胁迫(土壤相对含水量(20±5)%)和复水处理(干旱胁迫60天后恢复至正常水分)与四组接种处理(单接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)、单接种根瘤菌、双接种AMF+根瘤菌和不接种),分析不同水分条件下双接种丛枝菌根真菌和根瘤菌对疏叶骆驼刺的生长以及供、受体疏叶骆驼刺之间氮素转移的影响。结果表明,正常水分处理时,双接种疏叶骆驼刺的AMF侵染率、地上生物量、地下生物量、总生物量以及氮含量均要高于单接种处理;根瘤数量、最大荧光(Fm)、初始荧光(Fo)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)与单接种处理之间无差异;在遭遇干旱胁迫时,双接种疏叶骆驼刺的AMF侵染率、总生物量、Fv/Fm均小于单接种处理;地上生物量、地下生物量、根瘤数、Fm、Fo以及氮含量与单接种之间无差异。复水后,双接种疏叶骆驼刺的地上生物量、地下生物量、总生物量、根瘤数均优于单接种;AMF侵染率、氮含量低于单接种;Fm、Fo、Fv/Fm均与单接种之间无差异。在氮素转移方面,正常水分时,双接种与单接种的氮素转移率无差异,在遭遇干旱胁迫时,双接种疏叶骆驼刺的氮素转... 相似文献
12.
Maria Valdirene Leite Pedone-Bonfim Danielle Karla Alves da Silva Angélica Ricarte da Silva-Batista Ana Paula de Oliveira Jackson Roberto Guedes da Silva Almeida Adriana Mayumi Yano-Melo Leonor Costa Maia 《Fungal biology》2018,122(9):918-927
In this study, we report the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and increasing doses of phosphorus (P) on the growth and production of secondary metabolites in Mimosa tenuiflora, a medicinal species native to Brazil. We used a completely randomized design with four inoculation treatments: Control not inoculated (1); Claroideoglomus etunicatum (2); Gigaspora albida (3); and C. etunicatum + G. albida (4) and four doses of P; P0 – baseline dose, P8, P16 and P32. After 70 d in a greenhouse, growth, mycorrhizal variables, biochemical and phytochemical parameters were evaluated. Compared to non-mycorrhizal plants, mycorrhized M. tenuiflora seedlings showed greater: growth, greater photosynthetic performance and content of soluble carbohydrates and secondary metabolites, with the most significant benefits occurring in soil with low to moderate P content (up to 16 mg kg?1). The plant growth is severely restricted at low P levels, but the addition of AMF appears to remove this limiting factor. Although M. tenuiflora responds to levels of phosphate fertilization, it responds well to mycorrhizal inoculation, especially with G. albida, which promotes benefits for the initial growth and secondary metabolite content in this plant species of medical and potential commercial interest and may be used instead of phosphate fertilizer. 相似文献
13.
Sýkorová Z Börstler B Zvolenská S Fehrer J Gryndler M Vosátka M Redecker D 《Mycorrhiza》2012,22(1):69-80
During the last decade, the application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) as bioenhancers has increased significantly.
However, until now, it has been difficult to verify the inoculation success in terms of fungal symbiont establishment in roots
of inoculated plants because specific fungal strains could not be detected within colonized roots. Using mitochondrial large
subunit ribosomal DNA, we show that Rhizophagus irregularis (formerly known as Glomus intraradices) isolate BEG140 consists of two different haplotypes. We developed nested PCR assays to specifically trace each of the two
haplotypes in the roots of Phalaris arundinacea from a field experiment in a spoil bank of a former coal mine, where BEG140 was used as inoculant. We revealed that despite
the relatively high diversity of native R. irregularis strains, R. irregularis BEG140 survived and proliferated successfully in the field experiment and was found significantly more often in the inoculated
than control plots. This work is the first one to show tracing of an inoculated AMF isolate in the roots of target plants
and to verify its survival and propagation in the field. These results will have implications for basic research on the ecology
of AMF at the intraspecific level as well as for commercial users of mycorrhizal inoculation. 相似文献
14.
Ashok Shukla Keerti Dehariya Deepak Vyas Anuradha Jha 《Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection》2013,46(3):240-252
The purpose of present study was to develop a management strategy based on a time effective inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to mitigate the yield losses of Cicer arietinum L. due to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris (Foc). The interactions between AMF (mycorrhizal consortium; Myc) and Foc were studied in three separate experiments in two successive years (2011 and 2012). In particular, we investigated: the effect of Myc on population density of Foc, the effect of Foc on mycorrhisation (root colonisation index and AMF spore density/50?g sand) and the interactive effects of Myc and Foc on growth, phosphorus (P) content and disease severity index of C. arietinum. Results suggested that pre-inoculating plants with AMF (Myc?+?Foc) considerably reduced Foc population density, while combined (Myc/Foc) and early inoculation of AMF (Myc?+?Foc) increased mycorrhisation, growth and P content of plants. Combined and early inoculation of AMF reduced disease severity index up to 68 and 89.5%, respectively. Thus, the results suggested that soil pretreated with AMF acted as bioprotectant against the Fusarium. In conclusion, Myc should be inoculated before transplantation of crop seedlings to the fields. However, extrapolation of the results to the real field conditions should be done with caution because of differences in growth conditions and substrate used in present study i.e. net house and sand, respectively. 相似文献
15.
不同强度盐胁迫下AM真菌对羊草生长的影响 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
不同浓度NaCl盐处理下,AM真菌对羊草(Leymus chinensis)的侵染能力和对植物生长的影响,从植物形态和离子含量角度探讨了AM真菌提高羊草耐盐性的作用机理。结果表明,在高盐胁迫下,AM真菌显著降低了盐胁迫效应,提高了羊草生物量,菌根效应明显。菌根化羊草的根茎比显著增加,并且N、P浓度较高,Na~+和Cl~-离子浓度较低,表明AM真菌即促进羊草对营养元素的吸收,又减少了离子毒害。菌根化羊草的Ca~(2+)和K~+离子浓度,以及P/Na~+和K~+/Na~+比高于非菌根化羊草,表明AM真菌可通过调节渗透势以避免或减缓盐胁迫造成的生理缺水。随着盐胁迫的增加,菌根化羊草对磷的依赖性逐渐转换为对钾的依赖性。研究结果有助于揭示AM真菌提高植物耐盐能力的作用机理,并对应用菌根技术修复盐化草地具有理论指导意义。 相似文献
16.
17.
Junli Hu Xiangui Lin Junhua Wang Xiangchao Cui Jue Dai Haiyan Chu Jiabao Zhang 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2010,88(3):781-787
The P efficiency, crop yield, and response of wheat to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus caledonium were tested in an experimental field with long-term (19 years) fertilizer management. The experiment included five fertilizer
treatments: organic amendment (OA), half organic amendment plus half mineral fertilizer (1/2 OM), mineral fertilizer NPK,
mineral fertilizer NK, and the control (without fertilization). AMF inoculation responsiveness (MIR) of wheat plants at acquiring
P were estimated by comparing plants grown in unsterilized soil inoculated with G. caledonium and in untreated soil containing indigenous AMF. Without AMF inoculation, higher crop yields but lower colonization rates
were observed in the NPK and two OA-inputted treatments, and NPK had significantly (P < 0.05) lower impacts on organic C and available P in soils and thereby P acquisition of wheat plants compared with OA and
1/2 OM. G. caledonium inoculation significantly (P < 0.05) increased colonization rates with the NPK and two P-deficient treatments but significantly (P < 0.05) increased vegetative biomass, crop yield, and P acquisition of wheat as well as soil alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity,
only with the NPK treatment. This gave an MIR of ca. 45% on total P acquisition of wheat plants. There were no other remarkable
MIRs. It suggested that the MIR is determined by soil available P status, and rational combination of AMF with chemical NPK
fertilizer can compensate for organic amendments by improving P-acquisition efficiency in arable soils. 相似文献
18.
Nello Ceccarelli Maurizio Curadi Luca Martelloni Cristiana Sbrana Piero Picciarelli Manuela Giovannetti 《Plant and Soil》2010,335(1-2):311-323
Greenhouse and field experiments were carried out in order to investigate the influence of mycorrhizal inoculation on total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity, expressed as antiradical power (ARP), of artichoke (Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus F.) leaves and flower heads extracts. The establishment of mycorrhizal symbiosis was monitored in pot and field grown plants, and the persistence of the inoculated AMF in roots after 2 years’ growth in the field was assessed by fungal ITS sequencing. Both in the greenhouse and in the field, marked increases in TPC and ARP were detected in leaves and flower heads of artichoke plants inoculated with the AM fungal species Glomus intraradices, either alone or in mixture with Glomus mosseae. In the field, plants inoculated with Glomus mix showed flower heads ARP content increases of 52.7 and 30.0% in the first and second year, respectively, compared with uninoculated plants. After 2 years’ growth in the field ITS rDNA sequences clustering with those of G. mosseae and G. intraradices were retrieved only from inoculated plant roots. Our data show that mycorrhizal inoculation may represent an efficient and sustainable strategy to improve productivity and enhance plant biosynthesis of secondary metabolites with health promoting activities. 相似文献
19.
Local soil,but not commercial AMF inoculum,increases native and non‐native grass growth at a mine restoration site
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Taraneh Emam 《Restoration Ecology》2016,24(1):35-44
Soil communities are often degraded in mined sites, and facilitating the recovery of soil mutualists such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) may assist with the restoration of native plants. At a grassland mine restoration site, I compared a commercial AMF inoculum with soil collected from beneath native grasses as a source of inoculum, as well as a control treatment. Field plots were broadcast‐inoculated and seeded with native grasses, and biomass of native and non‐native species was measured in three consecutive years. In addition, greenhouse‐grown seedlings of a native bunchgrass (Stipa pulchra) were inoculated with similar treatments, transplanted into the field, and assessed after 18 months. When broadcast inoculation was used, the local soil inoculum tended to increase non‐native grass biomass, and marginally decreased non‐native forb biomass in the second year of study, but did not significantly affect native grass biomass. Broadcast commercial inoculum had no detectable effects on biomass of any plant group. Stipa pulchra transplants had greater N content and mycorrhizal colonization, and marginally higher shoot mass and K content, when pre‐inoculated with local soil (relative to controls). Pre‐inoculation with commercial AMF increased AMF colonization of the S. pulchra transplants, but did not significantly affect biomass or nutrient content. The findings indicate that at this site, the use of local soil as an inoculum had greater effects on native and non‐native plants than the commercial product used. In order to substantially increase native grass performance, inoculation of transplanted plugs may be one potential strategy. 相似文献
20.
The aim of this field study was to examine how the development of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on coal mine spoil banks
is affected by the presence of plants with different mycorrhizal status. A 3-year trial was conducted on the freshly created
spoil bank Vršany, North-Bohemian coal basin, the Czech Republic. Three plant species – non-mycotrophic annual Atriplex sagittata, highly mycotrophic annual Tripleurospermum inodorum (both dominants of early stages of succession) and facultatively mycotrophic Arrhenatherum elatius (a perennial grass species of the later stage of succession) – were planted on 1 m2 plots over 3 years in different sequences that simulated the progress of succession on spoil banks. The development of AMF
populations was monitored by evaluation of mycorrhizal colonization of plant roots and by measurement of the mycorrhizal inoculation
potential (MIP) of soil. These two parameters were compared between plots inoculated with the mixture of three AMF isolates
– Glomus mosseae BEG95, G. claroideum BEG96 and G. intraradices BEG140 – (“inoculated plots”) and plots exposed only to natural dispersal of AMF propagules (“uninoculated plots”). Highly
colonized roots of plants together with a high MIP of soil in uninoculated plots were already found at the end of the first
season, indicating rapid natural dispersal of AMF propagules. Root colonization of facultatively mycotrophic and non-mycotrophic
plants in later years was affected by the mycorrhizal status of the previous plant species. The MIP of soil continuously increased
throughout the experiment; in uninoculated plots, the MIP was temporarily decreased if plant species of higher mycotrophy
were replaced by species of lower mycotrophy. The results lead to the conclusion that AMF colonize freshly formed sites very
quickly and reproduce or accumulate in the soil, which leads to increasing MIP values. However, this infective potential can
be decreased if non-mycotrophic plants predominate on the site. 相似文献