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Jan Henk Venema Boukelien E. Dijk Joz M. Bax Philip R. van Hasselt J. Theo M. Elzenga 《Environmental and Experimental Botany》2008,63(1-3):359-367
Grafting is regarded as a promising tool to broaden the temperature optimum of elite tomato cultivars. However, suitable low-temperature tolerant tomato rootstocks are not yet available and its breeding is hampered by a lack of variation in low-temperature tolerance within the cultivated tomato. In this study, therefore, the impact of grafting tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill. cv. Moneymaker, Sl) onto the rootstock of a cold-tolerant high-altitude accession of a related wild species (Solanum habrochaites LA 1777 Humb. & Bonpl., Sh) was examined at different combinations of optimal (25 °C) and/or suboptimal (15 °C) air/root-zone temperatures (RZT), i.e. 25/25, 25/15, 15/25 and 15/15 °C. Self-grafted tomato plants were used as controls. Both scion/rootstock combinations, Sl/Sl and Sl/Sh, were grown hydroponically and compared for biomass production and partitioning, plant morphology, carbohydrate partitioning and leaf C and N status. Grafting tomato onto Sh increased the relative growth rate of shoots with 26 and 11% at 25/15 and 15/15 °C, respectively. This increase could be attributed to stimulation of the leaf expansion rate. Graft combinations with Sh rootstocks were characterized by higher root mass ratios, particularly at 15 °C RZT. Suboptimal RZT strongly reduced the relative growth rate of Sl roots but not of Sh. This was correlated to differences in inhibition of root elongation. In contrast to tomato grafted onto Sh, leaf total C and total N concentrations increased in self-grafted tomato plants in response to 15 °C RZT. The increase in leaf total C concentration of Sl/Sl graft combinations at 15 °C RZT could be ascribed largely to starch accumulation. This study illustrates that growth of vegetative tomato plants at suboptimal temperature is for a significant part inhibited by its poor root development. Grafting tomato onto a low-temperature rootstock provides an alternative tool to reduce, in part, the grow-limiting effects of suboptimal RZ temperature on the shoot. To improve the low-temperature tolerance of existing commercial tomato rootstocks, S. habrochaites LA 1777 appeared to be a valuable germplasm pool. 相似文献
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Alejandro Tovar‐Méndez Lu Lu Bruce McClure 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2017,89(4):718-729
Plants have mechanisms to recognize and reject pollen from other species. Although widespread, these mechanisms are less well understood than the self‐incompatibility (SI) mechanisms plants use to reject pollen from close relatives. Previous studies have shown that some interspecific reproductive barriers (IRBs) are related to SI in the Solanaceae. For example, the pistil SI proteins S‐RNase and HT protein function in a pistil‐side IRB that causes rejection of pollen from self‐compatible (SC) red/orange‐fruited species in the tomato clade. However, S‐RNase‐independent IRBs also clearly contribute to rejecting pollen from these species. We investigated S‐RNase‐independent rejection of Solanum lycopersicum pollen by SC Solanum pennellii LA0716, SC. Solanum habrochaites LA0407, and SC Solanum arcanum LA2157, which lack functional S‐RNase expression. We found that all three accessions express HT proteins, which previously had been known to function only in conjunction with S‐RNase, and then used RNAi to test whether they also function in S‐RNase‐independent pollen rejection. Suppressing HT expression in SC S. pennellii LA0716 allows S. lycopersicum pollen tubes to penetrate farther into the pistil in HT suppressed plants, but not to reach the ovary. In contrast, suppressing HT expression in SC. Solanum habrochaites LA0407 and in SC S. arcanum LA2157 allows S. lycopersicum pollen tubes to penetrate to the ovary and produce hybrids that, otherwise, would be difficult to obtain. Thus, HT proteins are implicated in both S‐RNase‐dependent and S‐RNase‐independent pollen rejection. The results support the view that overall compatibility results from multiple pollen–pistil interactions with additive effects. 相似文献
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Jasmonates are plant hormones involved in wound and defense responses against herbivorous arthropods. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is used experimentally to induce defense responses in plants. In experiments outlined here we utilized a novel preference assay with unwounded plants that allowed us to study the impact of a MeJA spray on subsequent Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) proliferation and preference. Spraying plants with 100 μm MeJA 1 day before infestation caused mites to disperse within 2 days from treated impatiens [Impatiens wallerana Hook f., ‘Super Elfin Pink’ (Balsaminaceae)], pansy [Viola × wittrockiana Gams, ‘Imperial Beaconsfield’ (Violaceae)], and tomato [Solanum lycopersicum L., ‘Big Boy’ (Solanaceae)] plants. In addition, MeJA application reduced mite proliferation rate on impatiens and pansy by 60% (measured 22–34 days after infestation). Proteinase inhibitor (PI) assays suggested that MeJA‐induced PIs alone were not responsible for the observed results in pansy and impatiens but may have been a factor in tomato. Implications of these results in the context of MeJA‐induced resistance responses and possible directions for future research and application are discussed. 相似文献
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为探讨砧木对提高番茄嫁接苗耐盐性的作用机理,以耐盐性较敏感的‘中杂9号’(S)为接穗,耐盐性较强的‘OZ-006’(R)为砧木,采用劈接法形成嫁接苗(RS)以及接穗自嫁接苗(SS)、砧木自嫁接苗(RR)3个试验材料,在175 mmol·L-1 NaCl处理下测定植株生长、Na+积累、氨基酸含量和活性氧代谢的变化。结果表明: NaCl胁迫导致番茄幼苗的盐害指数和Na+含量均显著提高,幼苗生长速率和叶绿素含量显著降低,但不同嫁接苗的类型差异显著,在盐害表型上表现为SS>RS>RR的规律。NaCl胁迫诱导嫁接苗的叶片和根系总氨基酸含量显著提高,其中RR、RS叶片有9种、根系有8种氨基酸含量显著高于对照,以脯氨酸含量变化最为显著,而SS叶片中仅有2种、根系中仅有4种氨基酸含量显著高于对照;幼苗间的氨基酸含量呈现RR>RS>SS的规律,RR、RS叶片的氨基酸含量分别比SS叶片上升了32.8%、16.6%,根系分别比SS上升了53.1%和32.5%。NaCl胁迫造成活性氧代谢的变化,幼苗叶片和根系的抗氧化酶活性、超氧阴离子产生速率、丙二醛含量均显著提高,以RR叶片和根系中抗氧化酶活性的增幅最大,其次为RS;SS和抗氧化酶活性的增幅最小,品种间活性氧水平表现为SS>RS>RR。综上,砧木通过抑制Na+向上运输、提高氨基酸水平和抗氧化酶活性缓解了盐胁迫对嫁接苗的伤害,但不同砧穗组合的耐盐性差异较大,以RR的耐盐性最强,其次为RS,SS最弱。因此,番茄嫁接苗的耐盐性主要受砧木耐盐性的影响,其次为接穗,同时,其与番茄体内的氨基酸和活性氧代谢调控密切相关。 相似文献
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Invasive plants and urban run‐off constrain efforts to restore sedge meadow wetlands. We asked if native graminoids can self‐restore following the removal of Typha × glauca (hybrid cattail), and if not, what limits their recovery? After we harvested Typha and depleted its rhizome starch reserves, Carex spp. expanded vegetatively (approximately 1 m over 2 years) but not by recruiting seedlings. A seedling emergence experiment showed that seed banks were depleted where Typha had eliminated the sedge meadow over a decade ago (based on aerial photo analysis). Carex seedling emergence was 75–90% lower where Carex was absent than where it remained in the plant community, and at least 17 species that were abundant 30 years ago were absent from the seed bank and extant vegetation. By varying hydroperiod, we showed that prolonged flooding prevented emergence of Carex seedlings and that a fluctuating hydroperiod reduced emergence and ultimately killed all Carex seedlings. In contrast, Typha seedlings emerged and survived regardless of hydroperiod. Thus, slow vegetative expansion by Carex, depauperate seed banks, and altered hydroperiods all constrain self‐restoration. To compensate for multiple constraints on self‐restoration, we recommend a long‐term management approach that capitalizes on flooding and the capacity of Carex spp. to regrow vegetatively. We suggest annually harvesting swaths of Typha at the edges of clones, before or during flood events, to allow gradual, vegetative self‐restoration of Carex spp. 相似文献
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Ruzica Stričević Zeljko Dželetović Nevenka Djurović Marija Cosić 《Global Change Biology Bioenergy》2015,7(6):1203-1210
There are conflicting opinions about the need to fertilize Miscanthus and, also, the question has been raised whether Miscanthus should be irrigated, especially if water resources are limited. Crop growth modeling can help answer such questions. In this article the FAO AquaCrop water‐driven model was selected to simulate Miscanthus biomass under different nutrient and water supply conditions. The article reports the outcomes of 6‐year experiments with Miscanthus on two locations in Serbia: Zemun, where three fertilizer treatments were applied (Nl – 100 kg ha?1, Nopt 50 kg ha?1 and Nf nonfertilized), and Ralja, where only Nl 100 kg ha?1 was applied. Model calibration focused on the measured data (root depth, crop phenology, and the above‐ground biomass by year of growth. Calibration results showed a very good match between measured and simulated values. The largest and only significant difference was noted in 2008, when the crop was establishing and exhibited uneven radication. The simulation results for the next 5 years showed a variance from ?4 to 5.7%, believed to be a very good match. A high coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.995) and high Willmott index of agreement (0.998) were also indicative of a good match between simulated and recorded biomass yields. The measured and simulated results for validated datasets at both locations were good. The average RMSE was 2.89 Mg ha?1; when compared to the deviations noted at the test site itself, it was apparent that they were smaller in all the years of research except the first year. The index of agreement was 0.97 and the coefficient of determination R2 0.947. The AquaCrop model can be used with a high degree of reliability in strategic planning of Miscanthus cultivation in new areas, under different nutrient and water supply and local weather and soil conditions. 相似文献
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The perennial grass triploid Miscanthus × giganteus is a promising renewable bioenergy feedstock in the United States and Europe. Originating from eastern Asia, this species is a sterile hybrid cross between M. sinensis and M. sacchariflorus. While research has begun to examine the impacts of M. sinensis and triploid M. × giganteus on the landscape, M. sacchariflorus has been largely overlooked in the peer‐reviewed literature. This review article discusses the origin, uses, distribution, and invasive potential of M. sacchariflorus. M. sacchariflorus is capable of producing high yields (10.7 t DM ha?1 yr?1), generally does not reproduce by seed, and can be challenging to establish due to poor cold tolerance, likely due to the limited germplasm used in evaluations. However, M. sacchariflorus has abundant and aggressively spreading rhizomes, which underscores its invasive risk. In the United States, it is listed as escaped from cultivation in at least eight states, primarily in the Midwest, although it is likely that not all populations have been reported. As such, it is essential to generate a comprehensive dataset of all known M. sacchariflorus populations and monitor any continued spread of this species. 相似文献
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Lidia Zielińska Julia Byczyk Natalia Rymelska Natasza Borodynko Henryk Pospieszny Beata Hasiów‐Jaroszewska 《Journal of Phytopathology》2012,160(11-12):685-689
Electron microscopy studies were carried out to investigate the cytopathological changes induced in tomato leaves by Tomato torrado virus (ToTV) that infects tomato plants worldwide causing severe necrotic symptoms. Plants infected with one of the Polish isolates of ToTV were used for cytopathological research. The results revealed severe cellular alterations, especially in Solanum lycopersicum. Moreover, it was shown that crystalline aggregates of virions occurred not only within the phloem cells as it has been previously reported. 相似文献
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Antifungal and antimycotoxigenic potency of Solanum torvum Swartz. leaf extract: isolation and identification of compound active against mycotoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides 
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下载免费PDF全文 R.U. Abhishek S. Thippeswamy K. Manjunath D.C. Mohana 《Journal of applied microbiology》2015,119(6):1624-1636
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Walter Verweij Jadwiga Śliwka Leighton Pritchard Graham J. Etherington Dan Maclean Peter J. Cock Richard M. Leggett Glenn J. Bryan Linda Cardle Ingo Hein Jonathan D.G. Jones 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2013,76(3):530-544
RenSeq is a NB‐LRR (nucleotide binding‐site leucine‐rich repeat) gene‐targeted, Resistance gene enrichment and sequencing method that enables discovery and annotation of pathogen resistance gene family members in plant genome sequences. We successfully applied RenSeq to the sequenced potato Solanum tuberosum clone DM, and increased the number of identified NB‐LRRs from 438 to 755. The majority of these identified R gene loci reside in poorly or previously unannotated regions of the genome. Sequence and positional details on the 12 chromosomes have been established for 704 NB‐LRRs and can be accessed through a genome browser that we provide. We compared these NB‐LRR genes and the corresponding oligonucleotide baits with the highest sequence similarity and demonstrated that ~80% sequence identity is sufficient for enrichment. Analysis of the sequenced tomato S. lycopersicum ‘Heinz 1706’ extended the NB‐LRR complement to 394 loci. We further describe a methodology that applies RenSeq to rapidly identify molecular markers that co‐segregate with a pathogen resistance trait of interest. In two independent segregating populations involving the wild Solanum species S. berthaultii (Rpi‐ber2) and S. ruiz‐ceballosii (Rpi‐rzc1), we were able to apply RenSeq successfully to identify markers that co‐segregate with resistance towards the late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans. These SNP identification workflows were designed as easy‐to‐adapt Galaxy pipelines. 相似文献
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Katarzyna Głowacka Aasifuddin Ahmed Shailendra Sharma Tom Abbott Jack C. Comstock Stephen P. Long Erik J. Sacks 《Global Change Biology Bioenergy》2016,8(2):407-418
The goal of this study was to investigate whether chilling tolerance of C4 photosynthesis in Miscanthus can be transferred to sugarcane by hybridization. Net leaf CO2 uptake (Asat) and the maximum operating efficiency of photosystem II (ФPSII) were measured in warm conditions (25 °C/20 °C), and then during and following a chilling treatment of 10 °C/5 °C for 11 day in controlled environment chambers. Two of three hybrids (miscanes), ‘US 84‐1058’ and ‘US 87‐1019’, did not differ significantly from the chilling tolerant M. ×giganteus ‘Illinois’ (Mxg), for Asat, and ΦPSII measured during chilling. For Mxg grown at 10 °C/5 °C for 11 days, Asat was 4.4 μmol m?2 s?1, while for miscane ‘US 84‐1058’ and ‘US 87‐1019’, Asat was 5.7 and 3.5 μmol m?2 s?1, respectively. Miscanes ‘US 84‐1058’ and ‘US 87‐1019’ and Mxg had significantly higher rates of Asat during chilling than three tested sugarcanes. A third miscane showed lower rates than Mxg during chilling, but recovered to higher rates than sugarcane upon return to warm conditions. Chilling tolerance of ‘US 84‐1058’ was further confirmed under autumn field conditions in southern Illinois. The selected chilling tolerant miscanes have particular value for biomass feedstock and biofuel production and at the same time they can be a starting point for extending sugarcane's range to colder climates. 相似文献
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