石灰碳汇综述

以“碳失汇”科学之谜和碳捕集与封存技术发展为背景,从石灰碳化原理、影响因素和石灰在化工、冶金、建筑以及石灰窑灰处理等领域的利用方式,综述了石灰物质流动过程的碳汇研究.结果发现: 石灰材料和环境条件是影响碳化的主要因素;石灰碳汇主要集中在化工、冶金和建筑领域;已有研究侧重分析石灰碳汇的机理、影响因素,但缺乏系统的碳汇核算方法.今后的研究工作应从以下几方面加强: 从物质流动的角度出发,建立系统完整的石灰碳汇核算方法;量化我国乃至全球的石灰碳汇量,阐明石灰生产过程中排放的CO₂抵消比例;分析石灰碳汇对碳失汇的贡献比例,明晰部分失踪碳汇;推动石灰碳捕集与封存技术发展,为我国应对气候变化国际谈判提供科学依据.     

The organic carbon budget of a shallow arctic tundra lake on the Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula,N.W.T., Canada

The organic carbon cycle of a shallow, tundra lake (mean depth 1.45 m) was followed for 5 weeks of the open water period by examining CO₂ fluxes through benthic respiration and anaerobic decomposition, photosynthesis of benthic and phytoplankton communities and gas exchange at the air-water interface. Total photosynthesis (as consumption of carbon dioxide) was 37.5 mmole C m^–2 d^–1, 83% of which was benthic and macrophytic. By direct measurement benthic respiration exceeded benthic photosynthesis by 6.6 mmole C m^–2 d^–1. The lake lost 1.4 × 10⁶ moles C in two weeks after ice melted by degassing C0₂, and 6.8 mmole C m^–2 d^–1 (1.5 × 10⁶ moles) during the remainder of the open water period; 2.2 mmole C m² d^–1 of this was release Of CO₂ stored in the sediments by cryoconcentration the previous winter. Anaerobic microbial decomposition was only 4% of the benthic aerobic respiration rate of 38 mmole C m^–2 d^–1. An annual budget estimate for the lake indicated that 50% of the carbon was produced by the benthic community, 20% by phytoplankton, and 30% was allochthonous material. The relative contribution of allochthonous input was in accordance with measurement of the ¹⁵N of sedimented organic matter.     

陆地土壤碳循环的研究动态

１　引　言陆地碳循环不仅关系到陆地生态系统生产力的形成，同时也影响到整个地球系统的能量平衡，是陆地生态系统结构和功能的综合体现。近几十年来，由于人类活动引起大气ＣＯ２浓度的急剧上升，并可能导致全球气候变化，而且这种变化与陆地碳循环之间存在复杂的相互反馈机制，陆地碳循环已成为生态学、气候学、土壤学、生理学及地质学等众多学科研究的共同目标。在国际地圈生物圈研究计划（ＩＧＢＰ）中，碳循环也是全球尺度模型化工作最初集中的主要目标［１３］。然而由于陆地生态系统的多样性和复杂性，目前在陆地碳循环研究中仍存…     

秸秆还田对土壤有机碳不同活性组分储量及分配的影响

通过田间试验,研究了不同秸秆还田模式下土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)和矿物结合有机碳(MOC)储量及其在总有机碳(TOC)中的分配比例.结果表明: 相对于翻压还田(WR),小麦秸秆覆盖还田(WM)0～20 cm耕层TOC和MOC储量显著降低,降幅为4.1%和9.7%,DOC和POC储量显著提高,增幅为207.7%和11.9%;20～40 cm犁底层TOC和POC储量显著提高.玉米秸秆覆盖还田(MM)与MR相比,犁底层TOC和MOC储量显著提高,增幅为13.6%和14.6%.小麦-玉米秸秆均覆盖还田(WM-MM)相对于均翻压还田(WR-MR),耕层TOC和MOC储量显著降低,降幅为8.5%和10.3%.玉米秸秆还田耕层TOC和POC储量显著高于小麦秸秆还田.与对照(秸秆不还田)相比,6种还田模式耕层TOC储量增幅为5.2%～18.0%,差异达显著水平;除WM和MM模式外,犁底层TOC储量显著降低(降幅8.0%～11.5%).6种还田模式下土壤耕层DOC储量及DOC/TOC比值显著降低,在WM和WM-MM还田模式下耕层POC储量显著提高、POC/TOC比值增大,WR模式的耕层MOC储量显著提高、MOC/TOC比值增大,其余3种模式耕层POC和MOC储量均显著提高.秸秆覆盖还田有利于土壤有机碳活性组分积累,翻压还田有利于较稳定性有机碳组分积累.在提高关中地区农田TOC储量方面,玉米秸秆还田好于小麦秸秆还田、小麦-玉米秸秆翻压还田好于覆盖还田.     

1950—2008年江西省森林火灾的碳损失估算

1950—2008年间江西省年均发生森林火灾762次、年均过火面积1.578×10.4 hm².本文利用江西省森林火灾统计数据,结合气象、森林分布和历次森林清查数据,分析了该省林火的特征,估算历年的林火碳释放量和碳转移量.结果表明： 1950—2008年江西省森林火灾导致的森林生物量总损失约61.155 Tg,活生物量碳库损失约30.993 Tg C,占全省植被碳库的15.92%.20世纪70年代以前林火生物量碳损失率约占1950—2008年生物量总碳损失的74.3%;90年代以后,年均林火生物量碳损失小于0.097 Tg C.森林火灾释放的CO₂、CH₄和CO气体分别为5.408 Tg、0.047 Tg和0.486 Tg,有22.436 Tg C活生物量碳进入土壤碳库.2008年初雨雪冰冻灾害引发的高频率次生林火灾害导致森林活生物量碳损失(0.463 Tg C)是前5年平均值(0.181 Tg C)的2.56倍.     

Carbon storage in forest soil of Finland. 2. Size and regional pattern

For confidently estimating the amount of carbon stored in boreal forestsoil, better knowledge of smaller regions is needed. In order to estimatethe amount of soil C in forests on mineral soil in Finland, i.e. excludingpeatland forests, and illustrate the regional patterns of the storage,statistical models were first made for the C densities of the organic and0–1 m mineral soil layers. A forest type, which indicated siteproductivity, and the effective temperature sum were used asexplanatory variables of the models. In addition, a constant C densitywas applied for the soil layer below the depth of 1 m on sortedsediments. Using these models the C densities were calculated for atotal of 46673 sites of the National Forest Inventory (NFI). The amountof the soil C was then calculated in two ways: 1) weighting the Cdensities of the NFI sites by the land area represented by these sites and2) interpolating the C densities of the NFI sites for 4 ha blocks to coverthe whole land area of Finland and summing up the blocks on forestedmineral soil. The soil C storage totalled 1109 Tg and 1315 Tg, whencalculated by the areal weighting and the interpolated blocks,respectively. Of that storage, 28% was in the organic layer, 68% inthe 0–1 m mineral soil layer and 4% in the layer below 1 m. The totalsoil C equals more than two times the amount of C in tree biomass and20% of the amount of C in peat in Finland. Soil C maps made usingthe interpolated blocks indicated that the largest soil C reserves arelocated in central parts of southern Finland. The C storage of theorganic layer was assessed to be overestimated at largest by 13% andthat of the 0–1 m mineral soil layer by 29%. The largest error in theorganic layer estimate is associated with the effects of forest harvestingand in the mineral soil estimate with the stone content of the soil.     

火烧迹地不同恢复方式土壤有机碳分布特征

以大兴安岭1987年重度火烧后恢复的兴安落叶松人工林、樟子松人工林、人促杨桦林和天然次生杨桦林为对象,研究不同恢复方式林分土壤有机碳、土壤可溶性有机碳和土壤微生物生物量碳的分布特征.结果表明: 4种恢复方式林分的土壤有机碳、土壤可溶性有机碳和土壤微生物生物量碳分别为9.63～79.72 g·kg^-1、33.21～186.30 mg·kg^-1和200.85～1755.63 mg·kg^-1,且随土层深度增加而降低.不同恢复方式间土壤有机碳、土壤可溶性有机碳和土壤微生物生物量碳差异显著,以人促杨桦林最高,兴安落叶松人工林和天然次生杨桦林次之,樟子松人工林最低.各恢复方式林分的土壤微生物熵为1.1%～2.3%,以人促杨桦林最高,樟子松人工林最低,不同林分土壤微生物熵的垂直分布特征不同.土壤微生物生物量碳与土壤有机碳、土壤可溶性有机碳含量均呈显著正相关.人促杨桦林土壤有机碳活性高于其他林分,火烧迹地采用人工促进天然恢复的方式较人工恢复和天然恢复的土壤碳循环能力更强.     

Carbon storage in forest soil of Finland. 1. Effect of thermoclimate

A total of 30 coniferous forest sites representing two productivityclasses, forest types, were investigated on a temperature gradient(effective temperature sum using +5^°C threshold 800–1300degree-days and annual mean temperature –0.6–+3.9^°C) inFinland for studying the effect of thermoclimate on the soil C storage.Other soil forming factors were standardized within the forest types sothat the variation in the soil C density could be related to temperature.According to the applied regression model, the C density of the 0–1 mmineral soil layer increased 0.266 kg m^–2 for every 100 degree-dayincrease in the temperature sum, and the layer contained 57% and28% more C under the warmest conditions of the gradient comparedto the coolest in the less and more productive forest type, respectively.Accordingly, this soil layer was estimated to contain 23 more C ina new equilibrium with a 4^°C higher annual meantemperature in Finland. The C density of the organic layer was notassociated with temperature. Both soil layers contained more C at thesites of the more productive forest type, and the forest type explained36% and 70% of the variation in the C density of the organic and 0–1m layers, respectively. Within the forest types, the temperature sumaccounted for 33–41% of the variation in the 0–1 m layer. Theseresults suggest that site productivity is a cause for the large variation inthe soil C density within the boreal zone, and relating the soil C densityto site productivity and temperature would help to estimate the soil Creserves more accurately in the boreal zone.     

不同冬季覆盖作物对双季稻田土壤有机碳的影响

以冬闲-双季稻种植模式为对照(CK),分析了黑麦草-双季稻(Ry)、紫云英-双季稻(Mv)、马铃薯-双季稻(Po)和油菜-双季稻(Ra)5种不同种植模式下冬季覆盖作物秸秆还田后对0～5、5～10、10～20 cm土壤有机碳、活性有机碳、碳库管理指数和有机碳储量的影响.结果表明:与CK处理相比,黑麦草、紫云英、马铃薯和油菜秸秆还田处理均提高了稻田0～5、5～10、10～20 cm土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳含量,其中Po处理最高.冬季覆盖作物秸秆还田均提高了稻田不同层次土壤的碳库活度、碳库活度指数、碳库指数和土壤碳库管理指数,其大小顺序均表现为Po>Mv>Ry>Ra>CK.不同冬季覆盖作物秸秆还田处理与CK处理相比均有利于提高稻田不同层次土壤有机碳储量,其中以紫云英秸秆还田的效果最好,黑麦草和马铃薯次之;各处理稻田土壤有机碳储量均随土壤深度的增加而递增.     

内蒙古森林碳汇特征研究进展

内蒙古森林以其面积大、活立木总蓄积高成为全国森林的重要组成部分.本文以文献为基础,分析了近年来内蒙古森林及其组成部分的碳储量、碳密度、固碳速率和潜力.大部分研究以第六次森林清查数据为基础,利用材积与生物量之间的线性关系,得出内蒙古森林碳储量约为920 Tg C,占同期国家森林资源总碳储量的12%,年均增长率约为1.5%,平均碳密度约为43 t·hm^-2.森林碳储量和碳密度呈逐年增加趋势,其中,针阔叶混交林、樟子松林和白桦林固碳能力最高.间伐和皆伐等人类活动使森林碳储量明显降低.已有的碳汇特征研究很少涉及土壤部分,仅有少数研究指出土壤碳密度随林龄的增加而增加.关于森林生态系统固碳潜力的研究不够深入.建议今后在计算内蒙古森林生态系统碳储量时,加入土壤碳储量部分;利用异速生长方程计算碳储量时,将树种器官碳含量设为45%;建立更多优势树种的、包含根系生物量的异速生长方程;加强气候变化与生态系统固碳速率和潜力关系的研究.     

Transport and fate of dissolved organic carbon in the Lake Pontchartrain esutary,Louisiana, U.S.A.

Cycling dynamics of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were examinedin Lake Pontchartrain estuary, Louisiana, in relation to changesin freshwater inputs. DOC concentrations ranged from 5.3 to 8.5mg C L-1 reaching their highest during high river inflow.The percentage of DOC represented by HMW DOC (or colloidal material)was greatest (ca. 11%) at stations where freshwaterdischarge from rivers and surrounding wetlands was most significant.Moreover, the lignin-phenol content of this material (ranged from 0.09 to 0.33 and from 0.11 to 0.39)confirmed that a significant fraction of colloidal organic carbon wasderived from terrestrial sources. Riverine and benthic fluxes representedthe dominant sources of DOC to the estuary. On an annual basis, riverineand benthic DOC concentrations were estimated to be 2.8 ×10 10 g C yr-1 and 8.8 × 10 10 g C yr-1, respectively, while the totalDOC pool in the estuary was 3.8 × 10 10 gC. Annual average concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC)(1298 M) and pCO2 (5774 atm)were comparable to those found in other freshwater systems that reachedCO2 saturation levels. Net losses of DOC in the LakePontchartrain estuary appeared to be primarily controlled by heterotrophicconsumption (conversion of CO2) – whichmay have been amplified by the long residence time (approximately 120days) of DOC in this system.     

基于雷达图分析的耕层构造效应综合评价

改善耕层构造是解决旱作农田耕层存在"浅"、"实"、"少"问题的重要技术措施之一,对北方旱作农田合理耕层构建和土壤健康发展具有重要意义。为了探明旱作农田耕层构造的综合效应,在国家农业环境阜新科学观测实验站长期定位试验,设置了上虚下实耕层(up loose and down compaction plough layer,ULDC)、虚实并存耕层(furrow loose and ridge compaction plough layer,FLRC)、全虚耕层(all loose plough layer,AL)、全实耕层(all compaction plough layer,AC) 4种耕层构造,利用2015—2016年2年的产量、水分利用效率、群体生物产量、叶面积指数、光合速率、土壤容重、土壤三相结构距离、根重密度、根表面积密度9个指标,进行基于雷达图分析的耕层构造效应综合评价。根据向量综合评价函数,虚实并存耕层构造、全虚耕层构造、全实耕层构造、上虚下实耕层构造的综合评价值分别为0.8222、0.7174、0.6903、0.6455,验证了虚实并存耕层构造在辽西地区的优越性。综合分析认为,虚实并存耕层是北方旱作农田的最优耕层结构,为区域建立科学的土壤耕作制度和土壤可持续发展提供了理论和技术参考。     

森林流域坡面流与壤中流耦合模型的构建与应用

采用饱和入渗理论、Saint-Venant方程和Richards方程构建了以有限差分法求解的坡面流与壤中流耦合模型,并模拟了不同坡度和不同雨强下的坡面产汇流室内实验.结果表明：该模型模拟的坡面流和壤中流过程与实测过程基本一致,峰现时间、径流历时、峰值流量、出流总量模拟值与实测值的相对误差均较小,基本小于10%.模型的模拟精度较高,实用性较强,为深入研究壤中流机制和改进流域降雨-径流模型提供了理论依据.     

土地利用方式转变对赣中地区土壤活性有机碳的影响

选取江西省安福县15年撂荒地和3种林地(毛竹林人工林、木荷次生林、杉木人工林),研究土地利用方式改变对土壤有机碳库以及活性有机碳的影响.结果表明：不同样地的土壤总有机碳、微生物生物量碳、热水浸提有机碳和易氧化态碳均表现为毛竹人工林>杉木人工林>木荷次生林>撂荒地;与对照(撂荒地)相比,3种林地的土壤有机碳含量、碳储量及活性有机碳含量均随土壤深度增加而递减,表层富集现象明显;不同土壤活性有机碳的分配比例明显不同,其中,土壤易氧化态碳占总有机碳的比例最大,微生物生物量碳所占比例最小,土壤总有机碳、微生物生物量碳、热水浸提有机碳和易氧化态碳间的相关性均达到极显著水平.后三者表征了土壤中活性较高部分碳的含量,对土地利用方式的响应较敏感,可以作为评价赣中地区土壤质量和肥力的指标之一.     

1997-2006年中国城市建成区有机碳储量的估算

随着城市区域碳排放的增加,城市碳循环在全球碳循环中的地位越来越重要,而城市碳排放和碳储量的估算是城市碳循环研究的基础.本研究利用统计资料,参考国内外相关研究成果,对1997-2006年中国城市建成区有机碳储量进行估算.结果表明： 1997-2006年,中国城市建成区总有机碳储量呈上升趋势,由0.13～0.19 Pg C（平均值为0.16 Pg C）增加到0.28～0.41 Pg C（平均值为0.34 Pg C）;建成区有机碳密度由9.86～14.03 kg C·m^-2（平均值为11.95 kg C·m^-2）增加到10.54～15.54 kg C·m^-2（平均值为13.04 kg C·m^-2）.建成区的有机碳主要储存在土壤中,其次是建筑物和绿地,居民有机体的碳储量可忽略不计.1997和2006年,土壤、建筑物、绿地和居民有机体在总碳库中的比例分别为78%、12%、9%、1%和73%、16%、10%、1%.