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1.
Capacitive carbons are attractive for energy storage on account of their superior rate and cycling performance over traditional battery materials, but they usually suffer from a far lower volumetric energy density. Starting with expanded graphene, a simple, multifunctional molten sodium amide treatment for the preparation of high‐density graphene with high capacitive performance in both aqueous and lithium battery electrolytes is reported. The molten sodium amide can condense the expanded graphene, lead to nitrogen doping and, what is more important, create moderate in‐plane nanopores on graphene to serve as ion access shortcuts in dense graphene stacks. The resulting high‐density graphene electrode can deliver a volumetric capacitance of 522 F cm?3 in a potassium hydroxide electrolyte; and in a lithium‐ion battery electrolyte, it exhibits a gravimetric and volumetric energy density of 618 W h kg?1 and 740 W h L?1, respectively, and even outperforms commercial LiFePO4.  相似文献   

2.
Layered lithium–nickel–cobalt–manganese oxide (NCM) materials have emerged as promising alternative cathode materials owing to their high energy density and electrochemical stability. Although high reversible capacity has been achieved for Ni‐rich NCM materials when charged beyond 4.2 V versus Li+/Li, full lithium utilization is hindered by the pronounced structural degradation and electrolyte decomposition. Herein, the unexpected realization of sustained working voltage as well as improved electrochemical performance upon electrochemical cycling at a high operating voltage of 4.9 V in the Ni‐rich NCM LiNi0.895Co0.085Mn0.02O2 is presented. The improved electrochemical performance at a high working voltage at 4.9 V is attributed to the removal of the resistive Ni2+O rock‐salt surface layer, which stabilizes the voltage profile and improves retention of the energy density during electrochemical cycling. The manifestation of the layered Ni2+O rock‐salt phase along with the structural evolution related to the metal dissolution are probed using in situ X‐ray diffraction, neutron diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy. The findings help unravel the structural complexities associated with high working voltages and offer insight for the design of advanced battery materials, enabling the realization of fully reversible lithium extraction in Ni‐rich NCM materials.  相似文献   

3.
Lithium‐rich layered oxides (LRLOs) exhibit specific capacities above 250 mAh g?1, i.e., higher than any of the commercially employed lithium‐ion‐positive electrode materials. Such high capacities result in high specific energies, meeting the tough requirements for electric vehicle applications. However, LRLOs generally suffer from severe capacity and voltage fading, originating from undesired structural transformations during cycling. Herein, the eco‐friendly, cobalt‐free Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 (LRNM), offering a specific energy above 800 Wh kg?1 at 0.1 C, is investigated in combination with a lithium metal anode and a room temperature ionic liquid‐based electrolyte, i.e., lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide and N‐butyl‐N‐methylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide. As evidenced by electrochemical performance and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and online differential electrochemical mass spectrometry characterization, this electrolyte is capable of suppressing the structural transformation of the positive electrode material, resulting in enhanced cycling stability compared to conventional carbonate‐based electrolytes. Practically, the capacity and voltage fading are significantly limited to only 19% and 3% (i.e., lower than 0.2 mV per cycle), respectively, after 500 cycles. Finally, the beneficial effect of the ionic liquid‐based electrolyte is validated in lithium‐ion cells employing LRNM and Li4Ti5O12. These cells achieve a promising capacity retention of 80% after 500 cycles at 1 C.  相似文献   

4.
An innovative and environmentally friendly battery chemistry is proposed for high power applications. A carbon‐coated ZnFe2O4 nanoparticle‐based anode and a LiFePO4‐multiwalled carbon nanotube‐based cathode, both aqueous processed with Na‐carboxymethyl cellulose, are combined, for the first time, in a Li‐ion full cell with exceptional electrochemical performance. Such novel battery shows remarkable rate capabilities, delivering 50% of its nominal capacity at currents corresponding to ≈20C (with respect to the limiting cathode). Furthermore, the pre‐lithiation of the negative electrode offers the possibility of tuning the cell potential and, therefore, achieving remarkable gravimetric energy and power density values of 202 Wh kg?1 and 3.72 W kg?1, respectively, in addition to grant a lithium reservoir. The high reversibility of the system enables sustaining more than 10 000 cycles at elevated C‐rates (≈10C with respect to the LiFePO4 cathode), while retaining up to 85% of its initial capacity.  相似文献   

5.
A new concept of pairing an active material and a mixed conductor is explored as a solid‐state battery electrode. By imbedding nano‐FeS2 domains into an amorphous LiTiS2 matrix, a hybrid power‐energy system is achieved while additionally improving upon many common solid electrode design flaws. High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy is used to probe the active material/mixed conductor interface over the course of cycling. Arguably the most beneficial development is enhancement of charge transfer, manifesting in a significantly increased exchange current as captured in a Tafel analysis. By developing a solution to active material isolation and creating a more homogenous electrode design, cycling at a high rate of C/2 for 500 cycles is obtained. Additionally, the electrode can recover full capacity simply by reducing system rate. Capacity recovery implicates a lack of active material isolation, a common problem in solid‐state batteries.  相似文献   

6.
Aqueous batteries are facing big challenges in the context of low working voltages and energy density, which are dictated by the narrow electrochemical window of aqueous electrolytes and low specific capacities of traditional intercalation‐type electrodes, even though they usually represent high safety, low cost, and simple maintenance. For the first time, this work demonstrates a record high‐energy‐density (1503 Wh kg?1 calculated from the cathode active material) aqueous battery system that derives from a novel electrolyte design to expand the electrochemical window of electrolyte to 3 V and two high‐specific‐capacity electrode reactions. An acid‐alkaline dual electrolyte separated by an ion‐selective membrane enables two dissolution/deposition electrode redox reactions of MnO2/Mn2+ and Zn/Zn(OH)42? with theoretical specific capacities of 616 and 820 mAh g?1, respectively. The newly proposed Zn–Mn2+ aqueous battery shows a high Coulombic efficiency of 98.4% and cycling stability of 97.5% of discharge capacity retention for 1500 cycles. Furthermore, in the flow battery based on Zn–Mn2+ pairs, more excellent stability of 99.5% of discharge capacity retention for 6000 cycles is achieved due to greatly improved reversibility of the Zn anode. This work provides a new path for the development of novel aqueous batteries with high voltage and energy density.  相似文献   

7.
Advanced electrode materials with bendability and stretchability are critical for the rapid development of fully flexible/stretchable lithium‐ion batteries. However, the sufficiently stretchable lithium‐ion battery is still underdeveloped that is one of the biggest challenges preventing from realizing fully deformable power sources. Here, a low‐temperature hydrothermal synthesis of a cathode material for stretchable lithium‐ion battery is reported by the in situ growth of LiMn2O4 (LMO) nanocrystals inside 3D carbon nanotube (CNT) film networks. The LMO/CNT film composite has demonstrated the chemical bonding between the LMO active materials and CNT scaffolds, which is the most important characteristic of the stretchable electrodes. When coupled with a wrinkled MnOx /CNT film anode, a binder‐free, all‐manganese‐based stretchable full battery cell is assembled which delivers a high average specific capacity of ≈97 mA h g?1 and stabilizes after over 300 cycles with an enormous strain of 100%. Furthermore, combining with other merits such as low cost, natural abundance, and environmentally friendly, the all‐manganese design is expected to accelerate the practical applications of stretchable lithium‐ion batteries for fully flexible and biomedical electronics.  相似文献   

8.
The development of all‐solid‐state lithium–sulfur batteries is hindered by the poor interfacial properties at solid electrolyte (SE)/electrode interfaces. The interface is modified by employing the highly concentrated solvate electrolyte, (MeCN)2?LiTFSI:TTE, as an interlayer material at the electrolyte/electrode interfaces. The incorporation of an interlayer significantly improves the cycling performance of solid‐state Li2S batteries compared to the bare counterpart, exhibiting a specific capacity of 760 mAh g?1 at cycle 100 (330 mAh g?1 for the bare cell). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy shows that the interfacial resistance of the interlayer‐modified cell gradually decreases as a function of cycle number, while the impedance of the bare cell remains almost constant. Cross‐section scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/ energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) measurements on the interlayer‐modified cell confirm the permeation of solvate into the cathode and the SE with electrochemical cycling, which is related to the decrease in cell impedance. In order to mimic the full permeation of the solvate across the entire cell, the solvate is directly mixed with the SE to form a “solvSEM” electrolyte. The hybrid Li2S cell using a solvSEM electrolyte exhibits superior cycling performance compared to the solid‐state cells, in terms of Li2S loading, Li2S utilization, and cycling stability. The improved performance is due to the favorable ionic contact at the battery interfaces.  相似文献   

9.
With the rapid growth of the lithium‐ion battery (LIBs) market, recycling and re‐use of end‐of‐life LIBs to reclaim lithium (Li) and transition metal (TM) resources (e.g., Co, Ni), as well as eliminating pollution from disposal of waste batteries, has become an urgent task. Here, for the first time the ambient‐pressure relithiation of degraded LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 (NCM523) cathodes via eutectic Li+ molten‐salt solutions is successfully demonstrated. Combining such a low‐temperature relithiation process with a well‐designed thermal annealing step, NCM523 cathode particles with significant Li loss (≈40%) and capacity degradation (≈50%) can be successfully regenerated to achieve their original composition and crystal structures, leading to effective recovery of their capacity, cycling stability, and rate capability to the levels of the pristine materials. Advanced characterization tools including atomic resolution electron microscopy imaging and electron energy loss spectroscopy are combined to demonstrate that NCM523's original layered crystal structure is recovered. For the first time, it is shown that layer‐to‐rock salt phase change on the surfaces and subsurfaces of the cathode materials can be reversed if lithium can be incorporated back to the material. The result suggests the great promise of using eutectic Li+ molten–salt solutions for ambient‐pressure relithiation to recycle and remanufacture degraded LIB cathode materials.  相似文献   

10.
Nanostructured V2O5 is emerging as a new cathode material for lithium ion batteries for its distinctly high theoretic capacity over the current commercial cathodes. The main challenges associated with nanostructured V2O5 cathodes are structural degradation, instability of the solid‐electrolyte interface layer, and poor electron conductance, which lead to low capacity and rapid decay of cyclic stability. Here, a novel composite structure of V2O5 nanoparticles encapsulated in 3D networked porous carbon matrix coated on carbon fibers (V2O5/3DC‐CFs) is reported that effectively addresses the mentioned problems. Remarkably, the V2O5/3DC‐CF electrode exhibits excellent overall lithium‐storage performance, including high Coulombic efficiency, excellent specific capacity, outstanding cycling stability and rate property. A reversible capacity of ≈183 mA h g?1 is obtained at a high current density of 10 C, and the battery retains 185 mA h g?1 after 5000 cycles, which shows the best cycling stability reported to date among all reported cathodes of lithium ion batteries as per the knowledge. The outstanding overall properties of the V2O5/3DC‐CF composite make it a promising cathode material of lithium ion batteries for the power‐intensive energy storage applications.  相似文献   

11.
Li‐O2 batteries are promising next‐generation energy storage systems because of their exceptionally high energy density (≈3500 W h kg?1). However, to achieve stable operation, grand challenges remain to be resolved, such as preventing electrolyte decomposition and degradation of carbon, a commonly used air electrode in Li‐O2 batteries. In this work, using in situ differential electrochemical mass spectrometry, it is demonstrated that the application of a ZnO coating on the carbon electrode can effectively suppress side reactions occurring in the Li‐O2 battery. By probing the CO2 evolution during charging of 13C‐labeled air electrodes, the major sources of parasitic reactions are precisely identified, which further reveals that the ZnO coating retards the degradation of both the carbon electrode and electrolyte. The successful suppression of the degradation results in a higher oxygen efficiency, leading to enhanced stability for more than 100 cycles. Nevertheless, the degradation of the carbon electrode is not completely prevented by the coating, because the Li2O2 discharge product gradually grows at the interface between the ZnO and carbon, which eventually results in detachment of the ZnO particles from the electrode and subsequent deterioration of the performance. This finding implies that surface protection of the carbon electrode is a viable option to enhance the stability of Li‐O2 batteries; however, fundamental studies on the growth mechanism of the discharge product on the carbon surface are required along with more effective coating strategies.  相似文献   

12.
All‐solid‐state Li‐ion batteries based on Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) garnet structures require novel electrode assembly strategies to guarantee a proper Li+ transfer at the electrode–electrolyte interfaces. Here, first stable cell performances are reported for Li‐garnet, c‐Li6.25Al0.25La3Zr2O12, all‐solid‐state batteries running safely with a full ceramics setup, exemplified with the anode material Li4Ti5O12. Novel strategies to design an enhanced Li+ transfer at the electrode–electrolyte interface using an interface‐engineered all‐solid‐state battery cell based on a porous garnet electrolyte interface structure, in which the electrode material is intimately embedded, are presented. The results presented here show for the first time that all‐solid‐state Li‐ion batteries with LLZO electrolytes can be reversibly charge–discharge cycled also in the low potential ranges (≈1.5 V) for combinations with a ceramic anode material. Through a model experiment, the interface between the electrode and electrolyte constituents is systematically modified revealing that the interface engineering helps to improve delivered capacities and cycling properties of the all‐solid‐state Li‐ion batteries based on garnet‐type cubic LLZO structures.  相似文献   

13.
The design and fabrication of high‐performance all‐plastic batteries is essentially important to achieve future flexible electronics. A major challenge in this field is the lack of stable and reliable soft organic electrodes with satisfactory performance. Here, a novel all‐plastic‐electrode based Li‐ion battery with a single flexible bi‐functional ladderized heterocyclic poly(quinone), (C6O2S2)n, as both cathode and anode is demonstrated. Benefiting from its unique ladder‐like quinone and dithioether structure, the as‐prepared polymer cathode shows a high energy density of 624 Wh kg?1 (vs lithium anode) and a stable battery life of 1000 cycles. Moreover, the as‐fabricated symmetric full‐battery delivers a large capacity of 249 mAh g?1 (at 20 mA g?1), a good capacity retention of 119 mAh g?1 after 250 cycles (at 1.0 A g?1) and a noteworthy energy density up to 276 Wh kg?1. The superior performance of poly(2,3‐dithiino‐1,4‐benzoquinone)‐based electrode rivals most of the state‐of‐the‐art demonstrations on organic‐based metal‐ion shuttling batteries. The study provides an effective strategy to develop stable bi‐functional electrode materials toward the next‐generation of high performance all‐plastic batteries.  相似文献   

14.
Developing low‐cost, high‐capacity, high‐rate, and robust earth‐abundant electrode materials for energy storage is critical for the practical and scalable application of advanced battery technologies. Herein, the first example of synthesizing 1D peapod‐like bimetallic Fe2VO4 nanorods confined in N‐doped carbon porous nanowires with internal void space (Fe2VO4?NC nanopeapods) as a high‐capacity and stable anode material for potassium‐ion batteries (KIBs) is reported. The peapod‐like Fe2VO4?NC nanopeapod heterostructures with interior void space and external carbon shell efficiently prevent the aggregation of the active materials, facilitate fast transportation of electrons and ions, and accommodate volume variation during the cycling process, which substantially boosts the rate and cycling performance of Fe2VO4. The Fe2VO4?NC electrode exhibits high reversible specific depotassiation capacity of 380 mAh g?1 at 100 mA g?1 after 60 cycles and remarkable rate capability as well as long cycling stability with a high capacity of 196 mAh g?1 at 4 A g?1 after 2300 cycles. The first‐principles calculations reveal that Fe2VO4?NC nanopeapods have high ionic/electronic conductivity characteristics and low diffusion barriers for K+‐intercalation. This study opens up new way for investigating high‐capacity metal oxide as high‐rate and robust electrode materials for KIBs.  相似文献   

15.
Several crystal forms of FeOOH are recently reported to be highly promising for lithium storage due to their high capacity, low cost, and environmental friendliness. In particular, β‐FeOOH has shown a capacity of ≈1000 mAh g?1, which is comparable to other promising iron‐based anodes, such as Fe2O3 and Fe3O4. However, its storage mechanisms are unclear and the potential for further improvement remains unexplored. Here, it is shown that this material can have a very high reversible capacity of ≈1400 mAh g?1, which is 20%–40% higher than Fe2O3 and Fe3O4. Such a high capacity is delivered from a series of reactions including intercalation and conversion reactions, formation/deformation of solid‐state electrolyte interface layers and interfacial storage. The mechanisms are studied by a combination of electrochemical and X‐ray absorption near edge spectroscopic approaches. Moreover, very long cycling performance, that is, after even more than 3000 cycles the material still has a significant capacity of more than 800 mAh g?1, is obtained by a simple electrode design involving introducing a rigid support into porous electrodes. Such long cycling performance is for the first time achieved for high‐capacity materials based on conversion reactions.  相似文献   

16.
Dual‐ion batteries (DIBs) with high operation voltage offer promising candidates for low‐cost clean energy chemistries. However, there still exist tough issues, including structural collapse of the graphite cathode due to solvent co‐intercalation and electrolyte decomposition on the electrode/electrolyte interface, which results in unsatisfactory cyclability and fast battery failure. Herein, Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) modified mesocarbon microbeads (MCMBs) are proposed as a cathode material. The LTO layer functions as a skeleton and offers electrocatalytic active sites for in situ generation of a favorable and compatible cathode electrolyte interface (CEI) layer. The synergetic LTO‐CEI network can change the thermodynamic behavior of the PF6? intercalation process and maintain the structural integrity of the graphite cathode, as a “Great Wall” to protect the cathode from structural collapse and electrolyte decomposition. Such LTO‐CEI reinforced cathode exhibits a prolonged cyclability with 85.1% capacity retention after 2000 cycles even at cut‐off potential of 5.4 V versus Li+/Li. Moreover, the LTO‐modified MCMB (+)//prelithiated MCMB (?) full cell exhibits a high energy density of ≈200 Wh kg?1, remarkably enhanced cyclability with 93.5% capacity retention after 1000 cycles. Undoubtedly, this work offers in‐depth insight into interface chemistry, which can arouse new originality to boost the development of DIBs.  相似文献   

17.
Sodium‐ion capacitors (SICs) are emerging energy storage devices with high energy, high power, and durable life. Sn is a promising anode material for lithium storage, but the poor conductivity of the a‐NaSn phase upon sodaition hinders its implementation in SICs. Herein, a superior Sn‐based anode material consisting of plum pudding‐like Co2P/Sn yolk encapsulated with nitrogen‐doped carbon nanobox (Co2P/Sn@NC) for high‐performance SICs is reported. The 8–10 nm metallic nanoparticles produced in situ are uniformly dispersed in the amorphous Sn matrix serving as conductive fillers to facilitate electron transfer in spite of the formation of electrically resistive a‐NaSn phase during cycling. Meanwhile, the carbon shell buffers the large expansion of active Sn and provides a stable electrode–electrolyte interface. Owing to these merits, the yolk–shell Co2P/Sn@NC demonstrates a large capacity of 394 mA h g?1 at 100 mA g?1, high rate capability of 168 mA h g?1 at 5000 mA g?1, and excellent cyclability with 87% capacity retention after 10 000 cycles. By integrating the Co2P/Sn@NC anode with a peanut shell‐derived carbon cathode in the SIC, high energy densities of 112.3 and 43.7 Wh kg?1 at power densities of 100 and 10 000 W kg?1 are achieved.  相似文献   

18.
Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) that operate in a wide temperature range are in high demand for practical large‐scale electric energy storage. Herein, a novel full SIB is composed of a bulk Bi anode, a Na3V2(PO4)3/carbon nanotubes composite (NVP‐CNTs) cathode and a NaPF6‐diglyme electrolyte. The Bi anode gradually evolves into a porous network in the ether‐based electrolyte during initial cycles, and in the NVP‐CNTs cathode the NVP is cross linked by CNTs to show large exchange current density. These unique features merit the full SIB of Bi//NVP‐CNTs with high Na+ diffusion coefficient and low reaction activation energy, and hence fast Na+ transport and facile redox reaction kinetics. The resultant full SIB presents high power density of 2354.6 W kg?1 and energy density of 150 Wh kg?1 and superior cycling stability in a wide temperature range from ?15 to 45 °C. This will shed light on battery design, and promote their development for practical applications in various weather conditions.  相似文献   

19.
A new form of TiO2 microspheres comprised of anatase/TiO2‐B ultrathin composite nanosheets has been synthesized successfully and used as Li‐ion storage electrode material. By comparison between samples obtained with different annealing temperatures, it is demonstrated that the anatase/TiO2‐B coherent interfaces may contribute additional lithium storage venues due to a favorable charge separation at the boundary between the two phases. The as‐prepared hierarchical nanostructures show capacities of 180 and 110 mAh g?1 after 1000 cycles at current densities of 3400 and 8500 mA g?1. The ultrathin nanosheet structure which provides short lithium diffusion length and high electrode/electrolyte contact area also accounts for the high capacity and long‐cycle stability.  相似文献   

20.
Development of electrolytes that simultaneously have high ionic conductivity, wide electrochemical window, and lithium dendrite suppression ability is urgently required for high‐energy lithium‐metal batteries (LMBs). Herein, an electrolyte is designed by adding a countersolvent into LiFSI/DMC (lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide/dimethyl carbonate) electrolytes, forming countersolvent electrolytes, in which the countersolvent is immiscible with the salt but miscible with the carbonate solvents. The solvation structure and unique properties of the countersolvent electrolyte are investigated by combining electroanalytical technology with a Molecular Dynamics simulation. Introducing the countersolvent alters the coordination shell of Li+ cations and enhances the interaction between Li+ cations and FSI? anions, which leads to the formation of a LiF‐rich solid electrolyte interphase, arising from the preferential reduction of FSI? anions. Notably, the countersolvent electrolyte suppresses Li dendrites and enables stable cycling performance of a Li||NCM622 battery at a high cut‐off voltage of 4.6 V at both 25 and 60 °C. This study provides an avenue to understand and design electrolytes for high‐energy LMBs in the future.  相似文献   

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