MnPO4‐Coated Li(Ni0.4Co0.2Mn0.4)O2 for Lithium(‐Ion) Batteries with Outstanding Cycling Stability and Enhanced Lithiation Kinetics

Herein, the successful synthesis of MnPO₄‐coated LiNi_0.4Co_0.2Mn_0.4O₂ (MP‐NCM) as a lithium battery cathode material is reported. The MnPO₄ coating acts as an ideal protective layer, physically preventing the contact between the NCM active material and the electrolyte and, thus, stabilizing the electrode/electrolyte interface and preventing detrimental side reactions. Additionally, the coating enhances the lithium de‐/intercalation kinetics in terms of the apparent lithium‐ion diffusion coefficient. As a result, MP‐NCM‐based electrodes reveal greatly enhanced C‐rate capability and cycling stability—even under exertive conditions like extended operational potential windows, elevated temperature, and higher active material mass loadings. This superior electrochemical behavior of MP‐NCM compared to as‐synthesized NCM is attributed to the superior stability of the electrode/electrolyte interface and structural integrity when applying a MnPO₄ coating. Employing an ionic liquid as an alternative, intrinsically safer electrolyte system allows for outstanding cycling stabilities in a lithium‐metal battery configuration with a capacity retention of well above 85% after 2000 cycles. Similarly, the implementation in a lithium‐ion cell including a graphite anode provides stable cycling for more than 2000 cycles and an energy and power density of, respectively, 376 Wh kg^?1 and 1841 W kg^?1 on the active material level.     

Boosting the Activity of BaCo0.4Fe0.4Zr0.1Y0.1O3−δ Perovskite for Oxygen Reduction Reactions at Low‐to‐Intermediate Temperatures through Tuning B‐Site Cation Deficiency

Doped perovskite oxides with the general formula of A_xA′_1?xB_yB′_1?yO₃ have been extensively exploited as the cathode materials of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), but the performance at low‐to‐medium temperatures still needs improvement. BaCo_0.4Fe_0.4Zr_0.1Y_0.1O_3?δ (BCFZY) has been recently reported to show promising oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity under SOFCs' operating conditions. Here, it is reported that the activity of BCFZY can be further boosted via introducing a slight B‐site cation deficiency into the oxide lattice, and such an improvement is assigned to an increase in oxygen mobility that brings enhancement in both surface exchange and bulk diffusion kinetics. Specifically, materials with the nominal composition of Ba(Co_0.4Fe_0.4Zr_0.1Y_0.1)_0.975O_3?δ and Ba(Co_0.4Fe_0.4Zr_0.1Y_0.1)_0.95O_3?δ show significantly improved activity for ORR at reduced temperatures with the area specific resistances of 0.011 and 0.024 Ω cm² at 600 °C, as a comparison of 0.042 Ω cm² for the cation stoichiometric BCFZY. Excessive B‐site deficiencies, however, lead to the formation of impurity phases, which cause a block for charge transfer and, consequently, a reduction in electrode performance. Introducing a B‐site cation deficiency is a promising way to optimize the activity of perovskite oxides for ORR at reduced temperatures, but the degree of deficiency shall be carefully tuned.     

Microstructure of Nanoscaled La0.6Sr0.4CoO3‐δ Cathodes for Intermediate‐Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Nanocrystalline La_1‐xSr_xCoO_3‐δ (LSC) thin films with a nominal Sr‐content of x = 0.4 were deposited on Ce_0.9Gd_0.1O_1.95 electrolyte substrates using a low temperature sol‐gel process. The structural and chemical properties of the LSC thin films were studied after thermal treatment, which included a calcination step and a variable, extended annealing time at 700 °C or 800 °C. Transmission electron microscopy combined with selected‐area electron diffraction, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometry, and scanning transmission electron microscopy tomography was applied for the investigation of grain size, porosity, microstructure, and analysis of the local chemical composition and element distribution on the nanoscale. The area specific resistance (ASR) values of the thin film LSC cathodes, which include the lowest ASR value reported so far (ASR_chem = 0.023 Ωcm² at 600 °C) can be interpreted on the basis of the structural and chemical characterization.     

Synthesis and Antioxidant Activity of 3‐(Pyridin‐2‐ylmethyl)‐1,3‐thiazinan(thiazolidin)‐4‐ones

The antioxidant properties of two series of thiazolidinones and thiazinanones were reported. The novel six‐membered thiazinanones were synthesized from the efficient multicomponent reaction of 2‐picolylamine (2‐aminomethylpyridine), arenaldehydes, and the 3‐mercaptopropionic acid in moderate to excellent yields. These novel compounds were fully identified and characterized by NMR and GC‐MS techniques. In vitro antioxidant activities of all compounds were evaluated by 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′‐azinobis‐3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid (ABTS) tests. The antioxidant assays of thiobarbituric acid reactive species and total thiol content levels in the cerebral cortex and liver of rats were also performed. Thiazinanone 5a showed the best radical scavenging activity in DPPH and ABTS tests, as well as reduced lipid peroxidation and increased total thiol group in biological systems. Altogether, the results may be considered a good starting point for the discovery of a new radical scavenger.     

Stereoselective synthesis of fully protected (2S,4S,6S)‐2‐amino‐6‐hydroxy‐4‐methyl‐8‐oxodecanoic acid (AHMOD)

The stereocontrolled synthesis of fully protected (2S,4S,6S)‐2‐amino‐6‐hydroxy‐4‐methyl‐8‐oxodecanoic acid was accomplished using a glutamate derivative as starting material. The key steps of this stereochemical synthetic pathway involved an Evans asymmetric alkylation, a Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation, and a Grignard reaction. Copyright © 2012 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Design,Synthesis and Bioevaluation of Two Series of 3‐[(1‐Benzyl‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl)methyl]quinazolin‐4(3H)‐ones and N‐(1‐Benzylpiperidin‐4‐yl)quinazolin‐4‐amines

Two series of 3‐[(1‐benzyl‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl)methyl]quinazolin‐4(3H)‐ones and N‐(1‐benzylpiperidin‐4‐yl)quinazolin‐4‐amines were designed initially as potential acetylcholine esterase inhibitors. Biological evaluation demonstrated that N‐(1‐benzylpiperidin‐4‐yl)quinazolin‐4‐amines significantly inhibited AChE activity. Especially, two compounds of them were found to be the most potent with relative AChE inhibition percentages of 87 % in comparison to donepezil. The docking studies with AChE showed similar interactions between donepezil and four derivatives. N‐(1‐Benzylpiperidin‐4‐yl)quinazolin‐4‐amines also exhibited significant DPPH scavenging effects. The two series of compound also exerted moderate to good cytotoxicity against three human cancer cell lines, including SW620 (human colon cancer), PC‐3 (prostate cancer), and NCI?H23 (lung cancer), with 3‐[(1‐benzyl‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl)methyl]quinazolin‐4(3H)‐one being the most cytotoxic agent. 3‐[(1‐Benzyl‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl)methyl]quinazolin‐4(3H)‐one significantly induced early apoptosis and arrested the SW620 cells at G2/M phase. From this study, two compounds of N‐(1‐benzylpiperidin‐4‐yl)quinazolin‐4‐amines could serve as new leads for further design and AChE inhibitors, while 3‐[(1‐benzyl‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl)methyl]quinazolin‐4(3H)‐one could serve as a new lead for the design and development of more potent anticancer agents.     

Possible antagonism of (Z)‐2‐hexenyl (E)‐3‐hexenoate against the attractiveness of (E)‐2‐hexenyl (Z)‐3‐hexenoate to Ooencyrtus nezarae (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)

Ooencyrtus nezarae (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is an egg parasitoid of bean bug Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae) which is a major pest of beans. Females of O. nezarae are attracted to (E)‐2‐hexenyl (Z)‐3‐hexenoate (EZ), one of the components of aggregation pheromone of R. pedestris. Effects of three isomers (ZE, EE and ZZ) of EZ on the attractiveness of O. nezarae were tested using electroantennography (EAG) and field bioassays. EAG analyses revealed that the response of O. nezarae to ZE was significantly higher than those to air, hexane and two other isomers, even though the response was lower than that to EZ. ZE affected the attractiveness of EZ dose‐dependently in the field. Addition of ZE (100 mg) to EZ (10 mg) caused a significant reduction in the catches of O. nezarae females. Single or binary addition of two other isomers (EE and ZZ) to EZ could not decrease or increase significantly the number of O. nezarae catches of EZ. Even though addition of ZZ (10, 50 or 100 mg) to EZ (10 mg) caused dose‐dependent reduction in the number of O. nezarae female catches, the reductions were not significantly different from that of EZ. EZ and its three isomers were not attractive to O. nezarae males at all.     

An improved synthesis of (2S, 4S)‐ and (2S, 4R)‐2‐amino‐4‐methyldecanoic acids: assignment of the stereochemistry of culicinins

An improved synthesis of (2S, 4S)‐ and (2S, 4R)‐2‐amino‐4‐methyldecanoic acids was accomplished using a glutamate derivative as starting material and Evans' asymmetric alkylation as the decisive step. The NMR data of the two diastereomers were measured and compared with those of the natural product. As a result, the stereochemistry of this novel amino acid unit in culicinins was assigned as (2S, 4R). Copyright © 2011 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Synthesis of 5‐(4′‐carboxyphenyl)‐10,15,20‐tris‐(4 pyridyl)‐porphyrin and its peptidyl phosphonate derivatives

The synthesis and characterization of three new 4‐pyridyl porphyrin‐peptidyl‐phosphonate compounds, containing a diphenyl 3‐pyridylmethyl‐phosphonate moiety, is described in this article. Nitrogen atoms in the pyridine rings of the obtained compounds were alkylated using methyl iodide, to give additional three, water soluble derivatives of these peptidyl‐porphyrin conjugates. All the synthesized compounds could serve as potential photosensitizers for the photodynamic therapy (PDT) method of tumor therapy and displayed activity as inhibitors of aminopeptidase N. Copyright © 2009 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Constructing Multifunctional Interphase between Li1.4Al0.4Ti1.6(PO4)3 and Li Metal by Magnetron Sputtering for Highly Stable Solid‐State Lithium Metal Batteries

Due to high ionic conductivity and low cost, Li_1.4Al_0.4Ti_1.6(PO₄)₃ (LATP) has emerged as a promising solid‐state electrolyte for next‐generation lithium (Li) metal solid‐state batterie with high safety performance and energy density. However, the extremely high impedance and surface instability of LATP with Li metal retard its practical application. Herein, a novel method is proposed to construct an ultrathin ZnO layer that is tightly coated on the LATP pellets, surface (ZnO@LATP) via magnetron sputtering, which in situ reacts with Li to form a low electronic conductivity and multifunctional solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). The formed SEI can not only effectively lower the interfacial resistance, but also overcome the side reactions of LATP with the Li metal anode and suppress the Li dendrite growth. Specifically, the interface resistance decreases from 80 554 to 353 Ω and the overpotential reduces from 1 V to 20 mV. As a result, the Li/ZnO@LATP@ZnO/Li symmetric batteries can stably cycle for more than 2000 h without short circuit at 0.05 mA cm^?2 and Li/ZnO@LATP/LiFePO₄ batteries show excellent cycle stability for 200 cycles at 0.1 C. This work highlights the significance of multifunctional interphase between LATP and Li metal for improvement of interfacial impedance and instability.     

Selective recognition of thymidine homopolymer (poly T) oligonucleotide with cobalt(II)–4‐[(5‐chloro‐2‐pyridyl)azo]‐1,3‐diaminobenzene complex

The interactions of cobalt(II)–4‐[(5‐chloro‐2‐pyridyl)azo]‐1,3‐diaminobenzene (5‐Cl‐PADAB) complex with different kinds of homopolymer oligonucleotides in basic medium were investigated based on the measurements of resonance light scattering, UV–vis, circular dichroism spectra and dark field light‐scattering imaging. Experiments showed that only thymidine homopolymer (poly T) oligonucleotides with the length in the range of poly T₆ to poly T₁₈ could interact with the Co(II)–5‐Cl‐PADAB complex in alkaline conditions and cause evident color and spectral change. Thus, the binary complex of Co(II)–5‐Cl‐PADAB could be employed as a visual probe for selectively recognizing the poly T oligonucleotides. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel 1‐(4‐(Hydroxy(1‐oxo‐1,3‐dihydro‐2H‐inden‐2‐ylidene)methyl)phenyl)‐3‐phenylurea Derivatives

A series of novel phenylurea containing 2‐benzoylindan‐1‐one derivatives 3a  –  3j were synthesized from the reaction of phenylurea‐substituted acetophenones 1a  –  1j with phthalaldehyde 2 under mild reaction conditions in good yields. All synthesized compounds were characterized by spectroscopic methods. The obtained compounds ( 3a  –  3j ) were evaluated for anticancer activity against HeLa and C6 cell lines. Antiproliferative activity was determined by the BrdU proliferation ELISA assay, 3f and 3g were found to be most active compounds. The compounds were also screened for antimicrobial activity and all compounds showed remarkable activity against used microorganisms.     

Investigation of Optical Spectroscopic and Computational Binding Mode of Bovine Serum Albumin with 1, 4‐Bis ((4‐((4‐Heptylpiperazin‐1‐yl) Methyl)‐1H‐1, 2, 3‐Triazol‐1‐yl) Methyl) Benzene

A newly synthesized 1, 4‐bis ((4‐((4‐heptylpiperazin‐1‐yl) methyl)‐1H‐1, 2, 3‐triazol‐1‐yl) methyl) benzene from the family of piperazine derivative has good anticancer activity, antibacterial and low toxic nature; its binding characteristics are therefore of huge interest for understanding pharmacokinetic mechanism of the drug. The binding of piperazine derivative to bovine serum albumin (BSA) was investigated using fluorescence spectroscopy. The molecular distance r between the donor (BSA) and acceptor (piperazine derivative) was estimated according to Forster's theory of nonradiative energy transfer. The physicochemical properties of piperazine derivative, which induced structural changes in BSA, have been studied by circular dichroism and those chemical environmental changes were probed using Raman spectroscopic analysis. Further, the binding dynamics was expounded by synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular modeling studies explored the hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonding results, which stabilize the interaction.     

Synthesis and characterization of high quantum yield and oscillator strength 6‐chloro‐2‐(4‐cynophenyl)‐4‐phenyl quinoline (cl‐CN‐DPQ) organic phosphor for solid‐state lighting

A novel blue luminescent 6‐chloro‐2‐(4‐cynophenyl) substituted diphenyl quinoline (Cl‐CN DPQ) organic phosphor has been synthesized by the acid‐catalyzed Friedlander reaction and then characterized to confirm structural, optical and thermal properties. Structural properties of Cl‐CN‐DPQ were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction technique (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive analysis of X‐ray (EDAX) spectroscopy. FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of different functional groups and bond stretching. ¹H–NMR and ¹³C–NMR confirmed the formation of an organic Cl‐CN‐DPQ compound. X‐ray diffraction study provided its crystalline nature. The surface morphology of Cl‐CN‐DPQ was analyzed by SEM, while EDAX spectroscopy revealed the elemental analysis. Differential thermal analysis (TGA/DTA) disclosed its thermal stability up to 250°C. The optical properties of Cl‐CN‐DPQ were investigated by UV–vis absorption and photoluminescence (PL) measurements. Cl‐CN‐DPQ exhibits intense blue emission at 434 nm in a solid‐state crystalline powder with CIE co‐ordinates (0.157, 0.027), when excited at 373 nm. Cl‐CN‐DPQ shows remarkable Stokes shift in the range 14800–5100 cm^?1, which is the characteristic feature of intense light emission. A narrow full width at half‐maximum (FWHM) value of PL spectra in the range 42–48 nm was observed. Oscillator strength, energy band gap, quantum yield, and fluorescence energy yield were also examined using UV–vis absorption and photoluminescence spectra. These results prove its applications towards developing organic luminescence devices and displays, organic phosphor‐based solar cells and displays, organic lasers, chemical sensors and many more.     

Synthesis of 3‐Methylidene‐1‐tosyl‐2,3‐dihydroquinolin‐4(1H)‐ones as Potent Cytotoxic Agents

An efficient synthetic strategy to 3‐methylidene‐2,3‐dihydroquinolin‐4(1H)‐ones variously substituted in position 2 has been developed. The title compounds were synthesized in the reaction sequence involving reaction of diethyl methylphosphonate with methyl 2‐(tosylamino)benzoate, condensation of thus formed diethyl 2‐oxo‐2‐(2‐N‐tosylphenyl)ethylphosphonate with various aldehydes followed by successful application of the obtained 3‐(diethoxyphosphoryl)‐1,2‐dihydroquinolin‐4‐ols as Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reagents for the olefination of formaldehyde. Also, enantioselective approach to the target compounds has been evaluated using 3‐dimenthoxyphosphoryl group as a chiral auxiliary. Single X‐ray crystal analysis of (2S)‐3‐(dimenthoxyphosphoryl)‐2‐phenyl‐1‐tosyldihydroquinolin‐4‐ol revealed the presence of strong resonance‐assisted hydrogen bond (RAHB). The obtained 3‐methylidene‐2,3‐dihydroquinolin‐4(1H)‐ones were then tested for their cytotoxic activity against two leukemia cell lines NALM‐6 and HL‐60 and a breast cancer MCF‐7 cell line. All compounds showed very high cytotoxic activity with the IC₅₀ values mostly below 1 μm in all three cancer cell lines. The selected analogs were also tested on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and on human mammary gland/breast cells (MCF‐10A) to evaluate their influence on normal cells. Since one of the most serious problems in cancer chemotherapy is the development of drug resistance, the mRNA levels and activity of ABCB1 transporter considered to be the most important factor engaged in drug resistance, were evaluated in MCF‐7 cells treated with two selected analogs. Both compounds were strong ABCB1 transporter inhibitors that could prevent efflux of anticancer drugs from cancer cells.     

Synthesis and application of N‐[1‐(4‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐2,6‐dioxocyclohexylidene)ethyl] (Fde)‐protected amino acids for optimization of solid‐phase peptide synthesis using gel‐phase 19F NMR spectroscopy

N‐[1‐(4‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐2,6‐dioxocyclohexylidene)ethyl] (Fde) protected amino acids have been prepared and applied in solid‐phase peptide synthesis monitored by gel‐phase ¹⁹F NMR spectroscopy. The Fde protective group could be cleaved with 2% hydrazine or 5% hydroxylamine solution in DMF as determined with gel‐phase ¹⁹F NMR spectroscopy. The dipeptide Ac‐L ‐Val‐L ‐Val‐NH₂ 12 was constructed using Fde‐L ‐Val‐OH and no noticeable racemization took place during the amino acid coupling with N,N′‐diisopropylcarbodiimide and 1‐hydroxy‐7‐azabenzotriazole or Fde deblocking. To extend the scope of Fde protection, the hydrophobic nonapeptide LLLLTVLTV from the signal sequence of mucin MUC1 was successfully prepared using Fde‐L ‐Leu‐OH at diagnostic positions. Copyright © 2009 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of the enantiomeric purity of the selective dopamine transporter inhibitor (+)‐R,R‐4‐(2‐benzhydryloxyethyl)‐1‐(4‐fluorobenzyl)piperidin‐3‐ol

(+)‐R ,R ‐D‐84 ((+)‐R ,R ‐4‐(2‐benzhydryloxyethyl)‐1‐(4‐fluorobenzyl)piperidin‐3‐ol) is a promising pharmacological tool for the dopamine transporter (DAT), due to its high affinity and selectivity for this target. In this study, an analytical method to ascertain the enantiomeric purity of this compound was established. For this purpose, a high‐performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method, based on a cellulose derived chiral stationary phase (CSP) was developed. The method was characterized concerning its specificity, linearity, and range. It was shown that the method is suitable to determine an enantiomeric excess of up to 99.8%. With only a few adjustments, this analytical CSP‐HPLC method is also well suited to separate (+)‐R ,R ‐D‐84 from its enantiomer in a semipreparative scale.     

K114 (trans,trans)‐bromo‐2,5‐bis(4‐hydroxystyryl)benzene is an efficient detector of cationic amyloid fibrils

Cationic amyloid fibrils found in human semen enhance the transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and thus, are named semen‐derived enhancer of virus infection (SEVI). The mechanism for the enhancement of transmission is not completely understood but it has been proposed that SEVI neutralizes the repulsion that exists between the negatively charged viral envelope and host cell membrane. Consistent with this view, here we show that the fluorescence of cationic thioflavin T (ThT) in the presence of SEVI is weak, and thus ThT is not an efficient detector of SEVI. On the other hand, K114 ((trans, trans)‐bromo‐2,5‐bis(4‐hydroxystyryl)benzene) forms a highly fluorescent, phenolate‐like species on the cationic surface of SEVI. This species does not form in the presence of amyloid fibrils from insulin and amyloid‐β protein, both of which are efficiently detected by ThT fluorescence. Together, our results show that K114 is an efficient detector of SEVI.