用米糠油代替动物脂肪制皂

在印度,由于肥皂工业需用的硬脂类短缺,故多用米糠油、楝树油、蓖麻油等作代用品,其中,米糠油用得最多。目前,印度市场上80％的米糠油属于非食用级,其游离脂肪酸含量为20～70％呈黑色、棕色或深绿色,并带油腻味。内含蜡、胶、糠粉、矿物质等杂质,必须经过氢化处理才能使用。作催化剂     

微孔草种子油的三萜醇和甾醇成分

微孔草Microula sikkimensis Hemsl,种子油中的不皂化物含量为0.6％。从不皂化物中分离出三萜醇和甾醇。已鉴定有4个三萜醇(β—香树脂醇、环阿屯醇、羽扇醇和24—次甲基环阿屯醉),11个甾醇(胆甾醉,△~7胆甾醇、菜油甾醇,24—甲墓△~7—胆甾醇、β—谷甾醇,22-二氢菠菜甾醇、菜子甾醇、豆甾烯醇、5,24(28)—豆甾烯醇、△~7—燕麦甾醇和7,24(28)-麦角甾醇)。     

Unsaponifiable Matter Extraction From Chrysomya megacephala Oil

许多不皂化物成分作为药效成分被应用于恶性肿瘤的临床治疗中,五谷虫不皂化物的提取分离可以充分发挥这种传统中药材的功效.通过单因素实验得到不皂化物酸值较低而产率较高的最佳工艺条件是石油醚添加量为10 mL/g,碱添加过量5％,在60℃的条件下反应15 min,0.5 mol/L的KCl溶液添加量为50 mL/g.通过响应面优化后,得到最佳的不皂化物酸值和提取率分别为70.21 mg KOH/g和58.05％.     

黑皂树油代豆油生产氨基醇酸烘漆

黑皂树油为一种野生植物油料,由黑皂树种子通过机械压榨方法而获得的,种子含油35.5％,种仁含油59.3％,和其他油脂(大豆油、花生油)的主要成分一样为三脂肪酸甘油脂。另外,还含有少量的类脂化合物,(类胡罗卜素、甾醇等)。为开发黑皂树资源,提高其使用价值,黑皂树油除作为燃料油研究外,还可将它用于涂料工业。我们在无锡造漆厂的密切合作下,利用黑皂树油代替食用豆油制备各色氨基醇酸烘漆,经试验证明:其漆膜性能完全达到原用豆油制造的氨基醇酸烘漆漆膜性能,具有色泽鲜艳、光泽高、有较好的机械性能、硬度、附着力和耐水性,以及施工方便等特点。这不但节省了豆油,而且开发了生产氨基醇酸烘干滋漆的新的原料。下面是试验和研究情况。     

天然脂肪酸的臭氧化—氧化分解反应

本文以棉油皂脚脂肪酸为原料,用气相色谱跟踪法研究了天然脂肪酸的臭氧化一氧化分解反应,包括溶剂的选择,脂肪酸臭氧化反应温度和时间的控制以及臭氧化物氧化分解反应温度和时间的控制等。分离反应混合物,可以获得壬二酸、C_(6～9)羧酸和棕榈酸等用途广泛的化工产品。     

酸解法制取甘草次酸及其纯化工艺

以甘草酸单铵盐为原料,酸解制取甘草次酸并利用低温冷析法对其进行精制纯化.通过L9(34)正交试验,确定了酸解甘草次酸的最佳条件:H2SO4体积分数8％、料液比(g/mL)1:100、温度100℃、12 h,在此条件下,转化率可达80.24％:通过对比实验,获得了低温冷析法精制甘草次酸的纯化工艺:酸解产物经水洗、氯仿溶提后,在体积分数30％乙醇溶液中80℃热溶15 min,再在冰水中冷析10 min,最终得到甘草次酸的质量分数为95.79％,得率40.87％.     

利用外源多酚氧化酶酶促氧化制备茶黄素的研究

本实验选用不同的酶源，通过采用生物酶促氧化的方法制取含量较高的茶黄素粗品。研究表明，在供试的酶源中，对茶黄素的形成与积累的效果依次为：梨子〉茶叶〉苹果，利用梨子PPO制取茶黄素，其含量高达45．727％，制率也高达41．11％。而在供试的茶鲜叶中，苹云较好，槠叶齐次之，在以苹云冷冻叶为酶源制取的茶黄素含量达33．737％，制率达42．22％。     

一种简捷的皂甙溶血活性定量测定法

一种简捷的皂甙溶血活性定量测定法董志峰,刘瑞林（中国生物工程开发中心,北京１０００８１）关键词：皂甙,溶血活性,定量测定皂惑是由皂忒元和糖类组成的一类化合物,许多中草药中的有效成分即为皂浅类物质,如广为人知的人参皂吹、知母皂款、胶股蓝皂成、紫胡皂长等等。     

基于生态足迹思想的皂市水利枢纽工程生态补偿标准研究

如何确定生态补偿标准是生态补偿研究的重点和难点问题.基于生态足迹思想方法,以皂市水利枢纽工程为例,构建了5个生态补偿主体受益评估模型(生态供给足迹评估模型)和8个生态补偿对象受损评估模型(生态需求足迹评估模型),对皂市工程生态补偿标准进行了定量评估.结果表明:①皂市工程生态补偿主体受益值为88482.2974 hm2/a,货币化转换结果为6.2353×108元/a;生态补偿对象受损值为14946.4861 hm2/a,货币化转换结果为1.0533×108元/a;生态补偿主体受益值是生态补偿对象受损值的5.92倍.②以明确生态补偿主体和生态补偿对象为前提,提出了3种生态补偿标准方案,目前推荐第2种生态补偿标准方案.③第2种生态补偿标准方案的生态补偿额为0.5238×108元/a,政府和水电开发业主是主要的生态补偿主体,其承担的生态补偿额分别占总生态补偿额的52.50％和35.77％;移民和河流生态系统本身是主要的生态补偿对象,其获得的生态补偿额分别占总生态补偿额的72.16％和15.68％.     

枯草杆菌碱性蛋白酶水解玉米皮蛋白

以枯草杆菌碱性蛋白酶对玉米皮进行水解,制取玉米蛋白水解液,结果,该酶水解的最佳工艺条件为：在浓度5％的玉米皮中加2．67％酶制剂,pH7.5,55度反应1h,制得的蛋白水解液中,蛋白质溶出率为89．3％,水解度为9．0％。     

Enzymatic utilization of cotton soap stock

Enzymatic hydrolysis of neutral fat of cotton oil soap stock with a nonspecific lipase produced by Oospora lactis F-500 was designed. The culture liquid and a preparation of enzyme obtained by precipitation with isopropanol from a filtrate of the culture liquid were used. Utilization of cotton oil soap stock as the only source of carbon during cultivation of the fungus was studied. The rate of hydrolysis of soap stock fat strongly depended on the way of biological conversion of cotton oil soap stock. The most effective utilization was observed during cultivation of the fungus in the medium containing soap stock.     

Enzymatic utilization of cotton oil soap stock

Enzymatic hydrolysis of neutral fat of cotton oil soap stock with a nonspecific lipase produced byOospora lactis F-500 was designed. The culture liquid and a preparation of enzyme obtained by precipitation with isopropanol from a filtrate of the culture liquid were used. Utilization of cotton oil soap stock as the only source of carbon during cultivation of the fungus was studied. The rate of hydrolysis of soap stock fat strongly depended on the way of biological conversion of cotton oil soap stock. The most effective utilization was observed during cultivation of the fungus in the medium containing soap stock.     

Isolation of oryzanol from crude rice bran oil

The isolation of oryzanol from crude rice bran oil (RBO) was achieved by a two-step crystallization process. In the first crystallization, oryzanol was concentrated in the liquid phase along with free fatty acid (FFA), monoacylglycerol (MG), squalene, tocols, and phytosterols, whereas the solid phase contained mainly triacylglycerol (TG) and steryl esters. Oryzanol-rich product obtained from the first crystallization was subjected to the second crystallization where the oryzanol-rich product was kept at room temperature (20.5+/-1.5 degrees C) for 24h. Hexane was added as anti-solvent to the oryzanol-rich product and kept at 5+/-1 degrees C for another 48h. Parameters that affect the isolation of oryzanol from crude RBO were systematically investigated. Under optimal operation conditions, oryzanol with purity and recovery of 93-95% and 59%, respectively, was obtained from RBO with an initial FFA content of ca. 5%.     

Rice bran oil and oryzanol reduce plasma lipid and lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations and aortic cholesterol ester accumulation to a greater extent than ferulic acid in hypercholesterolemic hamsters

Our laboratory has reported that the hypolipidemic effect of rice bran oil (RBO) is not entirely explained by its fatty acid composition. Because RBO has a greater content of the unsaponifiables, which also lower cholesterol compared to most vegetable oils, we wanted to know whether oryzanol or ferulic acid, two major unsaponifiables in RBO, has a greater cholesterol-lowering activity. Forty-eight F(1)B Golden Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) (BioBreeders, Watertown, MA) were group housed (three per cage) in cages with bedding in an air-conditioned facility maintained on a 12-h light/dark cycle. The hamsters were fed a chow-based hypercholesterolemic diet (HCD) containing 10% coconut oil and 0.1% cholesterol for 2 weeks, at which time they were bled after an overnight fast (16 h) and segregated into 4 groups of 12 with similar plasma cholesterol concentrations. Group 1 (control) continued on the HCD, group 2 was fed the HCD containing 10% RBO in place of coconut oil, group 3 was fed the HCD plus 0.5% ferulic acid and group 4 was fed the HCD plus 0.5% oryzanol for an additional 10 weeks. After 10 weeks on the diets, plasma total cholesterol (TC) and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (very low- and low-density lipoprotein) concentrations were significantly lower in the RBO (-64% and -70%, respectively), the ferulic acid (-22% and -24%, respectively) and the oryzanol (-70% and -77%, respectively) diets compared to control. Plasma TC and non-HDL-C concentrations were also significantly lower in the RBO (-53% and -61%, respectively) and oryzanol (-61% and -70%, respectively) diets compared to the ferulic acid. Compared to control and ferulic acid, plasma HDL-C concentrations were significantly higher in the RBO (10% and 20%, respectively) and oryzanol (13% and 24%, respectively) diets. The ferulic acid diet had significantly lower plasma HDL-C concentrations compared to the control (-9%). The RBO and oryzanol diets were significantly lower for plasma triglyceride concentrations compared to the control (-53% and -65%, respectively) and ferulic acid (-47% and -60%, respectively) diets. Hamsters fed the control and ferulic acid diets had significantly higher plasma vitamin E concentrations compared to the RBO (201% and 161%, respectively) and oryzanol (548% and 462%, respectively) diets; the ferulic acid and oryzanol diets had significantly lower plasma lipid hydroperoxide levels than the control (-57% and -46%, respectively) diet. The oryzanol-fed hamsters excreted significantly more coprostenol and cholesterol in their feces than the ferulic acid (127% and 120%, respectively) diet. The control diet had significantly greater aortic TC and FC accumulation compared to the RBO (115% and 89%, respectively), ferulic acid (48% and 58%, respectively) and the oryzanol (74% and 70%, respectively) diets. However, only the RBO and oryzanol diets had significantly lower aortic cholesterol ester accumulation compared to the control (-73% and -46%, respectively) diet. The present study suggests that at equal dietary levels, oryzanol has a greater effect on lowering plasma non-HDL-C levels and raising plasma HDL-C than ferulic acid, possibly through a greater extent to increase fecal excretion of cholesterol and its metabolites. However, ferulic acid may have a greater antioxidant capacity via its ability to maintain serum vitamin E levels compared to RBO and oryzanol. Thus, both oryzanol and ferulic acid may exert similar antiatherogenic properties, but through different mechanisms.     

β-carotene production from soap stock by loofa-immobilized Rhodotorula rubra in an airlift photobioreactor

In this study, the soap stock as a sole carbon source was used for growing a carotenoid producing yeast (Rhodotorula rubra). The application of soap stock resulted in increase of carotenoids yield up to 5.36 folds when compared with the grown cultures on glucose. On the best Monod equation fitted on the specific growth rate (μ) data, the maximum specific growth rate (μ_m) and half-saturation concentration (K_S) were respectively determined at 0.064 h⁻¹ and 3.26 g L⁻¹ for total fatty acids presented in soap stock. Further tests on the carotenogenesis process were carried out in a cell-immobilized airlift photobioreactor where the natural loofa sponge was used for immobilization of the cells. The performance of the bioreactor was statistically studied by the response surface methodology (RSM) where aeration rate of 0.11 vvm and light irradiation intensity of 2517 Lx provided an optimum condition for producing β-carotene with a specific production rate of 22.65 mg g_cell⁻¹ day⁻¹.     

Evaluation of nongermicidal handwashing protocols for removal of transient microbial flora.

A method has been described which can compare the efficacy of different nongermicidal handwashing protocols for removal of transient microbial flora without the necessity of establishing or relying on a previously determined baseline for an individual subject. The wash effluent is collected, and colony counts for the effluent reflect the number removed by the wash protocol. A second standard wash in a handwashing machine is performed, and the test criterion is the percent removed in the test wash based on the sum of total CFU recovered from the two washes. The method was used to compare an 8-s cycle for a newly developed handwashing machine with a conventional 15-s Ivory soap wash. When machine pressure was adequate (42 lb/in2), there was no statistically significant difference in the percent removal of transient flora by the two methods (48.8% from the machine versus 45.1% from the Ivory soap wash). At 32 lb/in2, the Ivory soap wash recovered 60.3%, whereas the machine recovered 45.1%.     

Evaluation of nongermicidal handwashing protocols for removal of transient microbial flora

A method has been described which can compare the efficacy of different nongermicidal handwashing protocols for removal of transient microbial flora without the necessity of establishing or relying on a previously determined baseline for an individual subject. The wash effluent is collected, and colony counts for the effluent reflect the number removed by the wash protocol. A second standard wash in a handwashing machine is performed, and the test criterion is the percent removed in the test wash based on the sum of total CFU recovered from the two washes. The method was used to compare an 8-s cycle for a newly developed handwashing machine with a conventional 15-s Ivory soap wash. When machine pressure was adequate (42 lb/in2), there was no statistically significant difference in the percent removal of transient flora by the two methods (48.8% from the machine versus 45.1% from the Ivory soap wash). At 32 lb/in2, the Ivory soap wash recovered 60.3%, whereas the machine recovered 45.1%.     

THE RELATION BETWEEN SENSORY, LIKING AND IMAGE ATTRIBUTES: THE CASE OF SOAP

This paper discusses the relation for soaps between sensory attributes and both liking and image attributes. A clear relation emerges between sensory attribute level and liking, but no clear relation emerges between sensory attributes and image attributes. There are two possible conclusions to be drawn from these results. One conclusion is that consumers can validly assign ratings to the image attribute of a soap, but that there is no way to trace this image rating back to sensory inputs. This conclusion suggests that more research is needed to understand the meaning of image attributes. The second conclusion is that consumers cannot validly rate the image attributes of a soap, even though they can complete the questionnaire. This second conclusion implies that consumers can validly rate some attributes (e.g., sensory, liking), but not others (e.g., image), and that it may be misleading to collect and attempt to analyze image ratings for health and beauty aids products.     

电波传递在嫁接基本理论研究中的应用

研究发现电波从接穗跃过嫁接面向砧木传递与嫁接的组织学变化相关。砧木和接穗愈伤组织细胞突破隔离层互相嵌合之前,接穗中产生的电波不能传到砧木。砧木和接穗细胞间产生次生胞间连丝后,电波即可沿接穗传至砧木,但此时传递速度慢。当砧木和接穗间产生维管束桥时,电波下传的速度加快。由此可见,通过检测电波跃过嫁接面与否及下传的速度,就可推断嫁接接合部组织学变化状况。电波传递法是一种快速鉴定嫁接植株发育过程的新方法。     

Behavioral responses and mortality in German cockroaches (Blattodea: Blattellidae) after exposure to dishwashing liquid

Behavioral responses and mortality of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), after exposure to solutions of common household dishwashing liquid diluted in tap water without other known insecticidal active ingredients are described. Soap solutions of 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0% were tested on first and second instars, fifth and sixth instars, and adults. Cockroaches were treated individually or in groups. Behavioral observations after treatment included an immediate knockdown period, an awakening and a struggle period, an unresponsive period, and either death or recovery between 30 min and 18 h after treatment. Probit analysis gave an excellent fit of unresponsive rates 18 h after treatment with the various soap concentrations, and LD50 and LD99 values were calculated to be 0.4 and 3.0% soap, respectively. Adult females were the most difficult to kill, but at soap concentrations of 1% or higher, 95% or greater unresponsiveness and death occurred. Soap concentrations of 3% or greater resulted in 100% unresponsiveness after 3 min, and eventually resulted in 100% mortality within 72 h for all adults and nymphs treated. Observations on the mode and site of action for soap are consistent with the blockage of spiracles and/or tracheae that results in asphyxiation and death. Future investigations into the efficacy of soaps against other arthropod groups are warranted and may be beneficial in certain situations.