Detection and Identification of an Elm Yellows Group Phytoplasma Associated with Camellia in China

In 2012, yellowing of camellias was observed in Tai'an in Shandong province, China. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed phytoplasma in the phloem sieve tube elements of symptomatic plants. A specific fragment of phytoplasma 16S rRNA gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the universal phytoplasma primers P1/P7 followed by R16F2n/R16R2. Sequence and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses allowed us to classify the detected phytoplasma into the elm yellows (EY) group (16SrV), subgroup 16SrV‐B. Sequence analyses of the ribosomal protein (rp) gene confirmed a close relationship with phytoplasmas belonging to the rpV‐C subgroup. Thus, the phytoplasma associated with yellows disease in camellia, designated as ‘CY’, is a member of the 16SrV‐B subgroup. This is the first report of phytoplasma associated with camellia.     

Metapopulation structure of a seed-predator weevil and its host plant in arms race coevolution

Although the importance of gene flow in the geographic structuring of host-parasite interactions has been well discussed, little is known about how dispersal drives the spatial dynamics of other types of coevolutionary interactions in nature. We evaluated the roles of gene flow in the geographically structured processes of a predator-prey arms race involving a seed-predatory weevil with a long mouthpart and its host camellia plant with a thick fruit coat. Molecular genetic analyses showed that both weevil and camellia populations were structured at a spatial scale of several kilometers. Importantly, the spatial pattern of the migration of weevils, but not that of camellias, imposed significant effects on the geographic configuration of the levels of coevolutionary escalation. This result suggests that even if migration is limited in one species (camellia), local coevolution with the other species that migrates between neighboring localities (weevil) can reduce the interpopulation difference in the local adaptive optima of the former species. Thus, gene flow of a species potentially homogenizes the local biological environments provided by the species and thereby promotes the evolutionary convergence of its coevolving counterparts. Consequently, by focusing on coevolutionary interactions in natural communities, "indirect" effects of gene flow on the adaptive divergence of organisms could be identified.     

豫南鸡公山自然保护区种子植物区系的研究

鸡公山是大别山西部余脉,位于豫、鄂两省的交界线上,为国家级自然保护区和风景区。本文根据该区现代植物分布的科、属、种,作了详细的统计分析,并与其它地区的植物区系成分作了对比研究。其结果表明:①植物种类组成丰富,共计有132科、544属、1161种。②鸡公山(大别山)是华东、华中、华北植物区系的交汇之地,各种成分兼容并存。③该区(大别山)是秦岭以东南北植物分布的天然界线,以此为北界的植物有34属、72种,以此为南界的植物有5属16种。④大别山是中国西南成分、华中成分向华东地区扩展散布的北部通道,鸡公山是这条通道上的一个连接点。     

Using an optimization algorithm to establish a network of video surveillance for the protection of Golden Camellia

The natural environment is facing increasing human disturbance. Many species of flora are extinct or endangered. To improve the efficiency of ecological management and monitoring, this study proposed to establish a video monitoring network to protect a world-famous rare flora: Golden Camellia, in Fangcheng nature reserve, Guangxi Province, China. Based on the model of LSCP (location set covering problem), we attempted to establish full monitoring coverage of camellias while minimizing the number of video cameras. The model was solved by integer programming. In case of multiple solutions, this study proposed two additional criteria, maximize monitoring area and maximize overlapping count, to eliminate suboptimal solutions. Both of the two optimal solutions included 80 cameras covering a monitoring area of over 55 km². Together, these cameras are able to monitor 97.2% of golden camellia in the reserve. The findings of this study suggest that this location optimization model can be used to improve the conservation effectiveness of rare species.     

Analysis of the impact of heat on new camellias using nondestructive methods

Cluster-flowering camellias are among the most promising types of camellia due to both their ornamental characteristics and their resistance capacity, especially to heat and alkaline soils. Because of global climate change, researchers at the Shanghai Botanical Garden are attempting to identify more heat tolerant plants; camellia is such a plant, and it has been promoted for more than 20 years. Morphological and physiological approaches were used in this study to evaluate the heat tolerance of two new cultivars, and new methods were also explored. The results indicate that the heat tolerance of the new cultivar Camellia hybrid ‘Pink Cascade’ is higher than that of Camellia hybrid ‘Sweet Gem’. In addition, infrared thermography can further be used to evaluate the heat resistance of plants in combination with their stomatal and photosynthetic characteristics.     

THE ‘ENGLISH EXPERIENCE’ AMONG THE HUMBLEST CHINESE IN THE CANTON TRADE ERA (1700s‐1842)

This article puts into context the unusual experience of Whang at Tong, the Chinese boy who was brought by John Bradby Blake from Canton to England, against a wider background of 18th and 19th century Canton where a considerable number of Chinese made a living from foreign trade. Referencing various sources and circumstantial materials, I suggest that prior to his first departure for England, Whang at Tong had already been exposed to an English‐Chinese environment in which he was able to make a living by being an in‐between person, perhaps also picking up some English with a few English‐learning kits. He might have benefited from existing foreign knowledge circulated in Canton when he was young; he might also have contributed to the enhancement of this pool of knowledge after he returned home from England in the 1780s. The experiences of Whang at Tong thus open a window to reconsider how cultural encounters between East and West could have taken place, including especially among ordinary people on a daily basis.     

Phylogenetics of global Camellia (Theaceae) based on three nuclear regions and its implications for systematics and evolutionary history

Camellia contains tea, oil camellia, and camellias which benefit people globally. Its infrageneric classification is, however, controversial and unstable, and former phylogenetic analyses failed to yield robust and consistent trees. Here, we aimed to reconstruct a robust phylogenetic tree, date all clades and discuss the evolutionary history of Camellia. Emphasizing the taxonomically comprehensive sampling rather than more DNA data, orthologous nuclear RPB2 introns 11–15 and 23, and waxy were sequenced for 99 taxa of Camellia to reconstruct its phylogenetic history. Ten clades are identified in Camellia: Camellia II, Camelliopsis, Corallina, Furfuracea, Heterogenea, Paracamellia, Piquetia, Stereocarpus, Thea and Yellow camellias II. Camellia grijsii and C. shensiensis are not closely related with other oil camellias that form the clade Paracamellia. Sections Camelliopsis and Theopsis together form the clade Camelliopsis, while clade Furfuracea consists of sect. Furfuracea and C. hongkongensis. Camellia connata is separated from C. lanceolata but nested in the clade Heterogenea, and C. longissima is nested in the clade Thea, suggesting a new germplasm for tea breeding. Molecular dating using four fossil calibration points suggests that the crown age of Camellia is 39.5 Ma with clade Corallina probably the earliest infrageneric clade to diversify and the most widespread clade, Paracamellia, the latest. Our findings provide new insights into the phylogenetic relationships, systematics and evolutionary history of Camellia.     

杭州西湖水域微生物的生态调查

对杭州西湖水域微生物生态调查结果表明:(1)有机营养型细菌在富营养化程度较重的岳湖分布较多,而无机营养型细菌在水质较好的小南湖丰度较大;(2)许多微生物类群在温度较高的季节数量反而较少;(3)西湖经综合治理后,异养型细菌和大肠菌群数量有显着减少,但近年又有增加的趋势;(4)西湖水体中的微生物以假单胞菌属的细菌较多,而底泥中芽孢杆菌属的细菌占优势。       

中国的手斧

越来越多的考古发现表明:中国不缺少手斧,东亚、南亚其他地区也不缺少手斧;手斧在这里某些旧石器初期工业中扮演着一个不容忽视的角色;这类工业的工具组合和欧非手斧文化有许多相似之处。上述发现逐步填平东西方文化上的“鸿沟”,表明两大地区的文化交流早在旧石器初期可能已经存在。     

中国杭子梢属植物的研究

本文叙述了杭子梢属(gen.Campylotropis)植物的研究历史,说明在中国一共记录过59种杭子梢属植物,经过著者的研究整理,确定并提出了14种新的异名名称,经过详细考订,本属植物在中国已确知为29种、6变种、6变型。其中包括经发现和研究整理的新种4、新变种3、新变型3、新组合变种2、新组合变型3。此外尚有2个存疑种有待今后采集调查解决。本文历述了关于本属是否应该并入胡枝子属(gen.Lespedeza)这一问题所存在的长期争议之后,详细论述了本属与胡枝子属在特征上的异同诸点、进行了比较和分析,据此,明确地肯定本属与胡枝子属亲缘关系极为相近,但特征的分化已经必须确认本属应是与胡枝子属有明确区别的独立的属。此外,从特征分析中也可得出本属应是由胡枝子属大胡枝子组(sect.Macrolespedeza)演化发展而来的。本文在讨论了属内主要特征的演化趋势与种群关系之后,论述了本属在世界主要分布地区的种数和分布概况,同时将此与胡枝子属大胡枝子组的分布概况作了比较和分析,明确地认定我国机子梢属植物的大部分种类是本国西南地区发生的(中国有20个特有种),我国的西南地区是本属植物的分布中心,也是本属植物从较原始特征开始分化的一个特征分化多样化中心,并且此地区正是胡枝子属大胡枝子组与本属多数种类包括较原始种类分布相交叉的地区,因而我国的西南地区有可能即是本属植物的起源中心,并且这一起源应是与胡枝子属大胡枝子组植物分布到中国西南地区以后的分化发展想联系的。     

PROSPECTS FOR THE CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF MAJOR INSECT PESTS AND WEEDS IN SOUTHERN CHINA

Abstract  This paper deals with the prospects for the classical biological control of major insect pests and weeds in southern China. One hundred and seventy-four species of insect pests in southern China are nominated and their broad distribution and origin or possibly origin in other countries are discussed. An attempt is made to draw together information relevant to where a search might be made for natural enemies if an arthropod pest is being considered as the target for classical biological control. The success of classical biological control of the six insect pests and five weeds elsewhere in the world has been indicated. It is recommended to take urgent measures to strengthen and expand projects in classical biological control in China.     

中国南方主要害虫和杂草传统生物防治的前景(英文)

中国很重视害虫生物防治,但与欧美国家相比,对更经济有效的传统生物防治重视较少。对那些源于外国、特别是最近从国外侵入的害虫来说,传统生物防治更是一本万利。本文列举了174种中国南方的有害节肢动物及它们在外国的分布和可能的发源地。还举出了分布于中国南方的6种害虫及5种杂草在外国传统生防成功的情况。     

青海柴达木盆地晚中新世深沟小哺乳动物群

描述了2002-2005年间在青海德令哈深沟上油砂山组采集的小哺乳动物化石。化石共有16种,隶属食虫目、啮齿目和兔形目的12科,代表了迄今青藏高原发现种类最多、材料最丰富的小哺乳动物群。深沟动物群的组成与陕西蓝田灞河组下部层位发现的小哺乳动物组合最为接近,两者有相似的群体结构,共有Sciurotamias,Lophocricetus,Protalactaga,Myocricetodon,Nannocricetua,Pararhizomys和Ochotona 7属。但由于深沟动物群含有略进步的属、种,其时代似乎稍晚,很可能属晚中新世早期,或者中国陆生哺乳动物时代的保德期早期,与欧洲MN10上部或MN11下部的时代相当。深沟动物群指示了一个温带开阔干旱草原为主体的景观。晚中新世柴达木盆地的气候似乎没有现在这样干燥,在草原中尚有一些灌丛甚至林地。动物群的组成及所指示的生态环境都表明,青藏高原在中新世以后有过较大幅度的上升。深沟动物群中含有一鼠科新种——细弱许氏鼠(Huerzelerimys extguus sp.nov.)。Huerzele—rimys属过去只发现于欧洲,新种为该属在亚洲的首次发现。其特征为:与现知最小种H.minor相比,其臼齿更小,M1中t1的位置相对靠后,c6和t9间有超过50%的标本具一弱脊连接,m1和m2的唇侧齿带狭窄、附尖弱小。Ochotonoma primitiva(Zheng & Li,1982)是动物群中较为多见的一种鼠兔。该种最先发现于甘肃天祝,并作为Ochotona属描述。正型地点的标本不多,但尺寸和形态完全落入深沟标本的变异范围,因此认为同属一种。该种的特征增订为:中等大小的鼠兔。P2冠面长三角形,舌侧长度明显大。p3的下前边尖宽大,一般具有两个前褶或凹槽,而且至少有一褶具水泥质充填物;连接前边尖和后边尖间的齿桥(dentine isthmus)宽;前褶(paraflexis)比O.anatolica的短而狭窄,向后延伸没有O.csarnotana的那样明显。     

Development of chloroplast markers for Japanese and snow camellias

Eight chloroplast markers were developed from Japanese and snow camellia (Camellia japonica and C. rusticana). Six markers were based on mononucleotide repeats, while the other two resulted from indels of larger units. Polymorphisms were screened using 15 individuals from all over the Japanese archipelago, including C. japonica, C. japonica var. macrocarpa, C. japonica var. hozanensis, and C. rusticana. Polymorphisms within a single population were searched in 22 and 26 individuals of C. japonica and C. rusticana, respectively. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to three, resulting in eight haplotypes, two of which were specific to C. rusticana. No polymorphisms were detected within a single population for both C. japonica and C. rusticana. The eight markers developed in the present study will be useful for analyzing the genetic diversity and tracing maternal origins of Japanese and snow camellias.     

山东鲁中南地区周-汉代人骨研究

本文对 11例出土于山东省鲁中南地区保存较好的周 -汉代颅骨进行测量研究。在颅、面部测量特征的比较上 ,这批头骨与鲁北地区同时代头骨特征类似 ,都属于东亚蒙古人种类型。与周邻地区古代人群的聚类分析与主成分分析结果表明 ,鲁中南周 -汉代组人群与黄河流域古代类群的亲缘关系比与华南组的更接近 ,这组人群与西日本弥生人接近的程度明显大于与绳文人接近的程度。本研究支持在现代日本人的起源中有源自中国大陆特别是华北东部地区的因素。     

末次冰期以来中国海区浮游有孔虫Pulleniatina obliquiloculata含量变化的地层学意义

西北太平洋尤其是中国海区末次冰期旋回中浮游有孔虫Pulleniatina obliquiloculata含量变化研究是近年来最重要的古海洋学内容之一.作者综合分析了中国及邻近海区具有可靠测年地层的深海沉积物柱状样中P.obliquiloculata含量变化,探讨其含量低值事件(PME)的生物地层学意义.末次冰期以来P.obliquiloculata含量变化在中国海区呈现两种变化模式:一是以东海及南海北部为代表的冰期含量低、间冰期含量高的特点;另一种则是南海南部的冰期含量高、间冰期含量低的现象.高分辨率地层记录显示,在这种冰期/间冰期总体变化趋势基础上,我国东海、南海和黑潮源区等广泛存在晚全新世～4 300-2 800 cal yr BP P.obliquiloculata含量低值,但以南海北部与东海冲绳海槽最为明显;而南海南部P.obliquiloculata含量还在冰消期(～16.5-15 cal kyr BP)有另一特征的低含量阶段.因而,末次冰期旋回中国海区P.obliquiloculata含量变化可以作为区域性地层划分和对比的标志.尽管如此,由于黑潮分支水团的影响,冲绳海槽中部和北部部分海域,在末次冰期与PME期间,P.obliquiloculata虽然含量相对较低,但仍可保持3%-5%以上,而非多数站位PME事件中的特征性零含量.研究表明PME事件主要由次表层海水的温度降低、温跃层变浅、上部水体温度梯度增加等引起,与表层海水无关,但引起这些海洋环境变化的原因尚不清楚.     

山茶属连蕊茶组和毛蕊茶组资源及其种质创新研究进展

山茶属(Camellia)植物集茶叶、茶油及茶花三大特色为一身。近年来,该属连蕊茶组(Sect. Theopsis)和毛蕊茶组(Sect. Eriandria)植物随着野生资源在束花茶花种质创新等方面的发展而逐渐受到关注。为在未来山茶的开发应用中进一步利用两组资源,本文重点总结连蕊茶组和毛蕊茶组的植物资源、观赏性及适应性、种质创新等方面的研究进展。1)山茶属主要包括闵天禄、张宏达及Sealy三个分类系统研究,按照张宏达分类系统,连蕊茶组资源48种,毛蕊茶组15种;闵天禄分类学系统连蕊茶组19种,毛蕊茶组9种。2)两组资源具开花繁密,叶形较小的特点;花的挥发性成分以苯乙醇、芳樟醇、柏木醇为主。3)在应用研究中主要体现在束花茶花的育种,连蕊茶组植物10余种,毛蕊茶组1～2种已用于种质创新。从目前的研究来看,两组资源的基础研究相对薄弱,亟需结合经典分类及现代分子生物等技术开展全面的综合性基础研究;在充分发挥我国特有连蕊茶组和毛蕊茶组资源的基础上,聚焦抗逆性及观赏性的种质创新,不断丰富该类资源在园林景观等方面的应用。     

MOULT IN THE SHAG PHALACROCORAX ARISTOTELIS, AND THE ONTOGENY OF THE "STAFFELMAUSER"

There are three main types of plumage in the Shag, the juvenal which is brown, the post-juvenal which is dark brown and the nuptial which is black-green. The replacement of these plumages and the ontogeny of the Staffelmauser was studied in a sample of 566 Shags mainly from northeast England. The replacement of the juvenal primaries starts at the age of eight months with the loss of the innermost primary and continues outwards at a rate of about one primary per 17 days. Another cycle starts when the first reaches the 8th primary but both cycles soon pause for the winter. Successive cycles are established annually in August or September in this way, so that cycles which take longer than one year to complete result eventually in a Staffelmauser in which each feather is replaced once annually. Most individual Shags in a breeding population will retain feathers from two or three cycles, but a large sample of breeding adults of the same age will retain the feathers of four cycles. The winter pause is considered an adaptation to the increased probability of adverse conditions at this time. The system described for the ontogeny of the Staffelmauser is applicable to those other sea-birds which have been studied in detail, and is probably advantageous since it combines slow moult during the difficult early years with a highly efficient moult during the breeding years, especially where moult and breeding occur together.     

我国冰核活性细菌的优势种类调查与研究

１９８６￣１９９４年,从国内１７个省、市、自治区的６８种植物上分离到了２５０株冰核活性细菌,经鉴定分别属于３个属的１７个种或致病变种。其中出现最多的是菠萝欧文氏菌,共１３３株,占总数的５３．２％,其次是丁香假单胞菌群,共７０株,占２８％,其它种类的冰核活性细菌共４７株,仅占１８．８％。因此,我国冰核活性细菌的优势菌种是Ｅ．ａｎａｎａｓ,其次是Ｐ．ｓｙｒｉｎｇａｅ ｐｖｓ。在低纬度的南方地区中Ｅ．ａ     

油茶象幼虫虫龄的划分

【目的】油茶象 Curculio chinensis Chevrolat是我国特有木本油料树种--油茶 Camellia meiocarpa 的专性蛀果害虫,常导致大量落果。幼虫准确分龄是其生物学、生态学及防控研究的基础,但对钻蛀性昆虫来说,这非常困难。本研究旨在明确研究样地油茶象幼虫龄数及各龄形态指标极差,试图探讨确定钻蛀性昆虫龄数及合理划分虫龄的可靠方法。【方法】收集了1 253头不同发育阶段的幼虫,测量头壳宽、头壳长和上颚宽3个形态指标,用多峰拟合分析频次分布资料,结合戴氏法则判断幼虫龄数。以正态曲线交点作为相邻虫龄分界点,计算各龄幼虫测量指标的平均值、极差、增长率及误判率。【结果】头壳宽、头壳长和上颚宽频次分布多峰拟合均呈显著的5个正态峰（P＜0.01）,对应5个虫龄;头壳宽、头壳长和上颚宽3个形态指标均以对3龄幼虫的误判率最大,分别为6.04%,7.03%和6.51%,而对其他虫龄误判率均小于5%,提示3个形态指标均可作为油茶象虫龄划分的可靠依据,以头壳宽最佳。各龄幼虫头壳宽、头壳长及上颚宽增长率依次为1.41~1.54,1.43~1.61及1.44~1.64,基本恒定,其平均值的自然对数与虫龄均呈极显著线性正相关（P＜0.01）,油茶象幼虫头壳生长呈间断性几何级数增长,符合戴氏法则。【结论】油茶象幼虫具5个虫龄,不同于前人报道的仅4个虫龄;多峰拟合可用于确定钻蛀性昆虫或野外种群的龄数,特别是为相邻虫龄形态指标重叠区虫龄划分提供有效方法。