农工共生型生态产业园的构建——以郑州经开区为例

生态产业园已成为我国循环经济建设和可持续发展的重要载体之一,但我国的生态产业园明显存在着产业结构趋同、区域特色不鲜明等问题。提出了农工共生型生态产业园的概念,这是一类以工业园区为核心,集园区周边各类型农业相关企业、合作组织、农民、乡镇及农田为一体的一种"社会-经济-自然"复合区域产业共生体系。农工共生型生态产业园可以实现核心园区与周边腹地的协同发展,可以提升区域整体的生态效率。给出了农工共生型生态产业园的发展模式、建设意义及设计原则。并以农业大省河南省中唯一的国家级经济技术开发区为研究案例,结合当地区域特色及资源优势,构建了由3条产品链及一条服务链所组成的农工共生型产业生态系统。农工共生型生态产业园是产业共生理论在区域层面的具体实现,是复合生态系统理论在产业园层次的创新性应用。     

生态产业园的复合生态效率及评价指标体系

生态产业园的建设在国内取得了丰富的成果,已成为我国循环经济建设和可持续发展的重要载体之一。与国外不同,我国的生态产业园最终将演化为生态城市,其功能也从工业生产功能发展为融生产、生活和生态为一体的复合功能。生态效率是评价一个研究对象投入产出效益的量化工具,将生态效率的理念融入生态产业园,从园区作为区域可持续发展的载体、作为生态城市演化的一个特定阶段的视角,提出了复合生态效率的概念,构建了园区复合生态效率评价指标体系,并以郑州经济技术开发区为例,说明了复合生态效率指标在产业园中的应用。     

生态化学计量学在水生态系统中的研究与应用

生态化学计量学主要是研究碳、氮、磷等元素在各种生态过程中平衡的一门科学,其核心问题是揭示生物体元素组成的差异对生态功能的影响。由于生态化学计量学研究可以把生态实体的各个层次在元素水平上统一起来,因此生态化学计量学已成为许多生态系统的新兴研究工具。目前,生态化学计量学的研究与应用已深入到生态学的各个层次(分子、细胞、个体、种群、群落、生态系统及区域等不同尺度)。该文围绕生态化学计量学的两个重要组成理论,并结合笔者近年来的研究,归纳总结了生态化学计量学在水生态系统中的研究与应用及未来研究重点,希望有助于推动我国生态化学计量学在水生态系统中的应用研究。     

生态红线划分的理论和技术

在重要生态功能区、生态环境敏感区/脆弱区等区域划定生态红线,控制人类活动强度,对于维护区域生态完整性和生态服务功能的可持续性,解决生态环境退化和资源枯竭问题,减轻异常自然灾害不利影响具有重要意义.虽然不少省市已开展生态红线划分和管理试点工作,但生态红线划分的理论和技术尚不完善。生态红线区划和管理急需理论指导和技术支持。对生态红线的内涵进行了分析,指出了空间红线、面积红线和管理红线之间的有机联系,强调了生态安全空间格局和区域生态服务需求在生态红线划分中的重要性;在生态红线划分技术研究综述基础上剖析了生态红线的研究中存在的问题,如划分方法简单粗放、对景观和区域尺度上的空间过程和空间联系考虑不足以及由于部门和学科分割带来的(海)水陆缺乏统筹等;论述了生态适宜性评价、景观/区域安全格局理论、海陆统筹理论、干扰生态学理论、生态系统管理和适应性理论以及驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应(DPSIR)模型框架等技术方法和理论以及它们在在生态红线划分中的潜在应用;最后提出了基于生态安全格局和区域生态服务需求的生态红线划分的技术路线,并对今后生态红线划分研究进行了展望。提出的生态红线划分技术和理论方法可为今后生态红线的研究提供有益参考。     

生态化学计量学理论的应用、完善与扩展

生态化学计量学结合生物学、化学和物理学等基本原理, 研究碳、氮、磷等化学元素在各种生态过程中的平衡。由于生态化学计量学研究可以把生态实体的各个层次在元素水平上统一起来, 因此生态化学计量学已成为许多生态系统的新兴研究工具。目前, 生态化学计量学研究已深入到生态学的各个层次(分子、细胞、个体、种群、群落、生态系统)及区域等不同尺度。由于C、N、P 对有机体和生态系统的结构和功能的重要作用, C∶N∶P 化学计量学成为各种生态过程研究中的核心内容, 其基本理论(动态平衡理论、生长速率理论)围绕C∶N∶P 化学计量比而展开阐述。将生态化学计量学理论应用于全球格局下的生态系统研究时, 产生了许多崭新的成果(如植物营养全球格局等)。希望对生态化学计量学的概念、核心理论和全球格局下的应用以及该学说的完善与发展状况的简单介绍, 能有助于推动我国在此领域的相关研究。     

生态位概念及其在昆虫生态学中的应用

生态位理论已成为现代生态学的重要内容。在生态位概念百年演变史中,“空间生态位”、“功能生态位”与“多维超体积生态位”最具代表性。生态位宽度和生态位重叠是描述物种内和物种间生态位关系最重要的2个指标。本文系统总结了生态位概念的演变历史及其主要测度公式在昆虫生态学中的应用概况;并就如何利用生态位理论,开展害虫综合治理提出了几点看法;最后就生态位理论在昆虫生态学中存在的问题及应用前景进行了分析和展望。合理利用生态位理论,将为切实制定有害生物综合治理策略和探讨外来入侵物种种群形成机理等方面提供理论指导。     

九龙山濒危植物南方铁杉的生态位研究

采用生态位理论研究了南方铁杉在九龙山群落中的地位。结果表明：乔木层中,南方铁杉（Tsuga tchekiangensis）、猴头杜鹃（Rhododendron simiarum）、木荷（Schima superba）生态位宽度较大,它们之间的生态位相似性比例值较高,生态位重叠值较大;灌木层中,南方铁杉、猴头杜鹃、朱砂根（Ardisia crenata）、木荷、三角枫（Acer buergerignum）的生态位宽度较大,南方铁杉与这几个树种之间的生态位相似性比例值较高,生态位重叠值较大;这些分析结果为珍稀濒危植物南方铁杉种群数量的扩增具有一定的理论价值。     

九龙山濒危植物南方铁杉的生态位研究

采用生态位理论研究了南方铁杉在九龙山群落中的地位.结果表明:乔木层中,南方铁杉(Tsuga tchekiangensis)、猴头杜鹃(Rhododendron simiarum)、木荷(Schima superba)生态位宽度较大,它们之间的生态位相似性比例值较高,生态位重叠值较大;灌木层中,南方铁杉、猴头杜鹃、朱砂根(Ardisia crenata)、木荷、三角枫(Acer buergerignum)的生态位宽度较大,南方铁杉与这几个树种之间的生态位相似性比例值较高,生态位重叠值较大;这些分析结果为珍稀濒危植物南方铁杉种群数量的扩增具有一定的理论价值.     

基于GIS的产业生态学研究述评

产业生态学由于缺少关于空间分析的工具,使得研究结果因缺乏空间维度信息而影响对管理效率和精准度的支持。基于GIS的产业生态学相关研究已成为产业生态学研究的一个新的方向。为总结已有的研究成果并展望未来的研究方向,运用文献计量及对比分析的手段,系统分析了国内外基于GIS的产业生态学的相关研究进展,得出以下结论:当前基于GIS的产业生态研究主要集中在物质代谢、产业共生和生命周期评价3个方面,将GIS技术引入到物质代谢研究中,可以更好的展示物质代谢的时空分布格局,为物质代谢研究提供了一种新的方法;基于GIS技术,不仅可以更加高效地挖掘潜在的产业共生机会,还可应用于生态产业园的规划管理如企业的选址、空间布局等以及废弃物的回收再利用方面;将GIS与LCA耦合在一起,可以很好地补充、完善和管理传统数据,有助于探索产品、活动或工艺的环境影响的空间特性以及进行土地利用相关的环境影响评价。另外,国内外研究的侧重点也不尽相同。在物质代谢研究中,国内研究较少,仅在城市尺度上进行了基础设施的物质代谢及其存量分析,国外在国家、城市尺度上研究了铜、锌等金属的物质代谢情况;在产业共生研究中,国内侧重于生态产业园的研究,而国外侧重于城市尺度的产业共生机会识别的研究;在LCA的研究中,国内开展了基于GIS的生命周期评价数据库和产品材料信息管理系统的研究,而国外侧重于进行区域化的生命周期评价、进行土地利用影响类型的相关评价以及污染物的追踪,国内在该方面尚处于起步阶段。国内外在研究方法上存在共性,都是基于GIS的空间分析方法、缓冲区分析方法以及数据库技术等。未来将GIS作为一个平台,面向产业转型展开产业生态学综合理论方法的研究,可以为产业的可持续性管理提供有效支持。     

整体大于部分之和: 生态自组织斑图及其涌现属性

近30年来, 自组织理论已经发展成为解释生态系统呈现规则空间格局的有效理论。伴随着生态系统自发有序空间格局的生成, 自组织过程产生一系列的涌现属性, 这些特征对生态系统功能至关重要。在此, 我们将介绍这一正蓬勃发展的研究领域的主要理论进展。首先, 叙述了自组织这一概念的发展历程与定义, 详细阐述了自组织理论的两个经典理论框架: 图灵原理与相分离原理。然后, 根据几个典型的生态自组织研究案例, 描述了图灵原理与相分离原理在不同生态系统中的具体数学模型表达形式。接着, 分别阐述了图灵原理的涌现属性对生态系统功能以及相分离原理的涌现属性对细胞功能的作用。最后, 从多尺度自组织斑图、瞬态斑图和生物个体行为自组织3个方面对未来生态自组织理论发展方向进行了探讨。自组织研究在生态学与生物学研究中方兴未艾, 希望更多的学者在未来关注与参与该领域的发展。     

EMF1 interacts with EIP1, EIP6 or EIP9 involved in the regulation of flowering time in Arabidopsis

The EMBRYONIC FLOWER (EMF) 1 gene has been shown to be necessary for maintenance of vegetative development. To investigate the molecular mechanism of EMF1-mediated plant development, we screened EMF1-interacting proteins and identified 11 candidate proteins using the yeast two-hybrid system. Among the candidate genes, three EMF1-Interacting Protein (EIP) genes, EIP1, EIP6 and EIP9, are predicted to encode a WNK (with-no-lysine) kinase, a B-box zinc-finger protein and a DnaJ-domain protein, respectively. The expression patterns of EIP1, EIP6 and EIP9 were similar to that of EMF1, and EMF1-EIP1, EMF1-EIP6 and EMF1-EIP9 heterodimers were localized in the nucleus. In addition, eip1, eip6 and eip9 mutants flowered early and showed increased expression of flowering-time and floral organ identity genes, while EIP1-, EIP6- and EIP9-overexpressing transgenic plants showed late flowering phenotypes. Our results suggest that EMF1 interacts with EIP1, EIP6 and EIP9 during vegetative development to regulate flowering time in Arabidopsis.     

Ecdysteroid-inducible polypeptides in a Drosophila cell line

In the Drosophila melanogaster cell line Kc-H, ecdysteroid hormone treatment causes increased relative synthesis of three ecdysteroid-inducible polypeptides (EIPs), named according to their molecular weights (in kilodaltons) EIP 40, EIP 29 and EIP 28. Increased synthesis of the EIPs is detectable within 45 min (EIP 28) or 75 min (EIPs 40 and 29), is maximal at 4-8 hr and continues for almost 2 days. During this period no other major changes in protein synthesis are discernible using one-dimensional gels. At maximum, EIP 28 synthesis is elevated at least 10 fold above its basal level, and EIPs 40 and 29 somewhat less. EIP induction is ecdysteroid-specific and is detectable in the presence of 10(-8) M 20-hydroxyecdysone. It does not occur in hormone-resistant cells. Apparently identical polypeptides are inducible in another ecdysteroid-responsive cell line, Schneider's line 3. Because EIP synthesis is an early and substantial response to ecdysteroids, this is a promising system for the study of steroid hormone action.     

工业园区循环经济关联与生态效率评价——以福建省蛟洋循环经济示范园区为例

工业园区因物质能量的高度集聚,生产-消费过程的网络关联,以及区域示范带动效应,在循环经济发展中受到持续关注。本研究以福建省蛟洋循环经济示范园区为例,应用物质流、生态网络和生态效率等测度分析方法,综合评估了2012—2016年间园区循环经济的网络关联和生态效率。研究结果表明:(1)园区物质流结构单一,关联度和稳定度明显较弱;(2)园区网络的韧性不足,关键节点的级联效应显著,尤其对中下游企业的影响程度大;(3)生态效率指数分析发现,园区关键节点企业在循环经济效益方面带动能力不足,影响园区循环经济的前景。为此,从园区网络关联稳定度和企业生态经济效率优化提升的角度,探讨园区未来的循环经济发展策略。可为处于起步阶段的专一化工业园区探索可行的循环经济模式提供借鉴。     

cDNA clones for the ecdysone-inducible polypeptide (EIP) mRNAs of Drosophila Kc cells

The ecdysone-inducible polypeptides (EIPs) 28, 29 and 40 were identified previously as polypeptides whose synthesis is stimulated early in the ecdysone response of Drosophila Kc cells. We have now shown, using two-dimensional gels, that each of these EIPs consists of three species differing in pI, and all stimulated by ecdysone. Translations and hybrid-arrested translations indicated that the poly(A)⁺ EIP mRNAs increase ˜10-fold in abundance during the first 4 h of ecdysone treatment. By a differential screen of a cDNA library we have identified cDNA clones corresponding to all three EIPs. Two kinds of clones were isolated: one hybridizes to the EIP 40 mRNA(s); the second hybridizes to the mRNA(s) encoding all the EIPs 28 and 29. The EIP 28/29 and EIP 40 loci detected by these clones are each present at single sites on the polytene chromosomes and each is at or in the vicinity of an ecdysone-regulated puff.     

The Incubation Periods of Dengue Viruses

Dengue viruses are major contributors to illness and death globally. Here we analyze the extrinsic and intrinsic incubation periods (EIP and IIP), in the mosquito and human, respectively. We identified 146 EIP observations from 8 studies and 204 IIP observations from 35 studies. These data were fitted with censored Bayesian time-to-event models. The best-fitting temperature-dependent EIP model estimated that 95% of EIPs are between 5 and 33 days at 25°C, and 2 and 15 days at 30°C, with means of 15 and 6.5 days, respectively. The mean IIP estimate was 5.9 days, with 95% expected between days 3 and 10. Differences between serotypes were not identified for either incubation period. These incubation period models should be useful in clinical diagnosis, outbreak investigation, prevention and control efforts, and mathematical modeling of dengue virus transmission.     

Evolutionary potential of the extrinsic incubation period of dengue virus in Aedes aegypti

Dengue fever is the most common arboviral disease worldwide. It is caused by dengue viruses (DENV) and the mosquito Aedes aegypti is its primary vector. One of the most powerful determinants of a mosquito's ability to transmit DENV is the length of the extrinsic incubation period (EIP), the time it takes for a virus to be transmitted by a mosquito after consuming an infected blood meal. Here, we repeatedly measured DENV load in the saliva of individual mosquitoes over their lifetime and used this in combination with a breeding design to determine the extent to which EIP might respond to the evolutionary forces of drift and selection. We demonstrated that genetic variation among mosquitoes contributes significantly to transmission potential and length of EIP. We reveal that shorter EIP is genetically correlated with reduced mosquito lifespan, highlighting negative life‐history consequences for virus‐infected mosquitoes. This work highlights the capacity for local genetic variation in mosquito populations to evolve and to dramatically affect the nature of human outbreaks. It also provides the impetus for isolating mosquito genes that determine EIP. More broadly, our dual experimental approach offers new opportunities for studying the evolutionary potential of transmission traits in other vector/pathogen systems.     

An Extracellular Insoluble Protein in Cultures and Seeds of Carrot

An 18-kDa extracellular insoluble protein (EIP18) was foundin the culture medium of calli and in seeds of carrot (Daucuscarota L.). EIP18 was found in amorphous particles suspendedin the culture medium of callus and was not solubilized by treatmentof these particles with EDTA, with Triton X-100 plus NaCl orwith LiCl, but it was partially solubilized by treatment withNaSCN and was entirely solubilized by treatment with urea. EIP18seems not to belong to any known family of cell wall proteinsbecause of the complete absence of glycan moieties and its lowlevels of hydroxyproline, proline and glycine. The protein inthe medium seemed to have become insoluble as a result of formationof a homopolymer. In the plant, the protein was found only inthe seed, being located both in the embryo and at the inneredge of the endosperm that faced the interspace between theembryo and the endosperm. EIP18 might be an extracellular matrixprotein specific to seeds. (Received August 19, 1994; Accepted December 20, 1994)     

基于社会网络分析法的生态工业园典型案例研究

以丹麦卡伦堡和广西贵港生态工业园为例,应用社会网络分析法分析典型生态工业园的组织结构和网络结构。用簇系数、平均最短距离、传递性以及核心-边缘结构来衡量其稳定性,分析其不同结构特征。卡伦堡生态工业园的簇系数为0.715,远高于贵港生态工业园的0.246,说明其聚合性较好;从最短距离长度来看,卡伦堡和贵港分别为2.110和2.236,复杂性弱;从传递性来看,两者传递性皆低于25%,节点之间联系性不够强;从核心-边缘结构来看,卡伦堡各节点之间的异质性(0.057)高于贵港(0.005),可见贵港参与主体的中心性较为均衡,而卡伦堡差异性较大。两者都以一个产业或者企业集团为网络核心;网络内其他节点联系不够紧密,长链条联结较少;网络复杂性弱。     

Composition of ethanol-insoluble polysaccharides in water extracts of ripening tomatoes

The carbohydrate composition of the 80% ethanol-insoluble polysaccharides (EIP) from water extracts of ‘Rutgers,’ rin (ripening inhibitor) and nor (non-ripening) tomatoes has been determined. The amount of EIP extracted from ‘Rutgers’ fruit increased from 0.34 to 0.61 mg/g fr. wt during ripening little change occurred in rin or nor fruit. The carbohydrate composition (μg/g fr. wt) of EIP from mature green fruit was: galacturonic acid (48); rhamnose (3); arabinose (20); xylose (48); mannose (31); glucose (139); galactose (51). The most obvious changes that accompanied ripening were a 7.4-fold and 4-fold increase in galacturonic acid and rhamnose content, respectively. These changes were attenuated in the ripening mutants. EIP was fractionated into three major peaks by using DEAE-cellulose ion exchange chromatography. The first peak, which was not retained by the column, contained predominantly glucose and mannose, with lower amounts of galacturonic acid and galactose. The two retained peaks which eluted at 0.1 and 0.2 M sodium chloride contained primarily galacturonic acid, xylose, galactose and arabinose. The galacturonic acid content of these two fractions increased substantially during ripening, whereas the other components decreased. No changes were evident in the ripening mutants. No increase in water-soluble polysaccharides high in galactose content was observed during ripening.