听觉早潜伏期电位同步记录法研究

听觉脑干电位(BAEP)和耳蜗电图(EcochG)是从头部不同位置记录出来的听觉早潜伏期电位。听觉早潜伏期电位由快波电位(快成分)和慢波电位(慢成分)组成。BAEP由快波电位(FW-BAEP)和慢波电位(SW BAEP)组成,是从颅顶记录     

猫耳蜗电图中N_2波起源的分析

在35只猫进行了耳蜗电图、听觉脑干电反应及耳蜗核局部电位的同时描记,将普鲁卡因或海人酸微量注入耳蜗核内,观察电位的变化,以分析耳蜗电图中N_2 波的起源。实验结果表明:猫的 N_2 波来源于外周第一级神经元冲动的成分和耳蜗核电活动的成分。     

豚鼠耳蜗电图慢成分的研究

选用0.8-150Hz的带通滤波,从豚鼠圆窗记录出一负一正相慢电位.实验结果表明.其对0.5kHz短音的反应阈为729dB nHL.较耳蜗电图快成分低38.27dB nHL.通过离断听觉传导径路不同水平对该电位的观察,表明它是毛细胞及听神经电反应的慢成分.而且可能受听觉传出神经的调控.     

耳蜗电图慢波电位

采用同极双道同步记录法对比观察了豚鼠耳蜗电图慢波电位和快波电位的波形;测量了慢波电位的潜伏期、波幅和阈值;并与快波电位的阈值进行了比较。结果表明,慢波电位不但对高频声音反应好,而且对低频声音反应也很好,反应闽都在OdBnHL以下,因而弥补了快波电位对低频声音反应闽值高的缺陷,解决了耳蜗电图低频检测的难题。作者认为,慢波电位主要来源于听神经动作电位的慢成分,其次是听觉脑干诸核团的慢成分。慢波电位是反映频率和强度特性的理想指标,在科研及临床实践中应用将是很有前途的。     

催产素对豚鼠听觉机能作用的电生理研究

本实验利用听觉电生理学方法,研究了催产素(Oxytocin)对豚鼠内耳听觉机能的作用。给豚鼠肌内注射催产素后,由短声引起的耳蜗微音器电位和听神经复合动作电位幅值增加,听神经复合动作电位和听皮层诱发电位的阈值降低。说明催产素具有提高豚鼠内耳听觉机能的作用。     

豚鼠耳蜗电图面神经管慢性引导方法的改进

豚鼠耳蜗电图(ECochG)是目前听觉电生理研究的常用手段。Hildesher介绍了经面神经管引导豚鼠ECochG的方法,国内尚未见报道。我们对此法做了改进,使其更简单易行,并提高了成功率及远期效果,同时应用此法对清醒豚鼠的ECochG各种指标做了系统观察。     

长期观察多种听觉诱发电位的一种动物模型

在豚鼠的面神经管和颅顶同时植入电极、在清醒状态下长期观察耳蜗电图、听觉诱发的ＳＮ４电位、听觉脑干电位、听觉中潜伏期反应、听觉中潜伏期反应的４０Ｈｚ相关电位及颅顶慢电位等听觉诱发电位,电极不接触、不损害听觉结构,埋植３、６个月的成功率分别为８８．１０％、８０．９５％,埋植１２－１８个月的成功率为７６．１９％。     

豚鼠听觉超敏现象的电生理学研究

听觉阈值是判断听觉系统机能变化的灵敏指标。70年代后期Gerken等的实验室系统地研究了给予强声刺激之后听觉阈值的变化,观察到在听神经发生暂时性阈移(TTS)或永久性阀移时,听觉系统的中枢部分电刺激阀值降低,即灵敏度增加,称之为刺激超敏,但是外周部分(耳蜗)是否也会出现听觉敏度增加,尚未见报道。本实验对此作了较系统的研究,观察     

无Ca^2＋外淋巴灌流对短时噪声听损伤的作用

已有报道Ｃａ２＋在噪声所致耳蜗病理损伤中起重要作用。本实验比较采用不含Ｃａ２＋人工外淋巴鼓阶灌流和对照灌流耳蜗在接受到１１５ｄＢＳＰＬ白噪声暴露１ｈ后耳蜗各种生物电反应的差异,以探索降低外淋巴Ｃａ２＋浓度是否能减轻噪声所致的听觉损伤。结果提示,用无Ｃａ２＋外淋巴降低鼓阶Ｃａ２＋浓度可部分压抑耳蜗声电响应,但强噪声所致的耳蜗功能损伤将减轻。本文在多种电生理指标的综合分析中对此种低Ｃａ２＋保护的机制做了初步探讨。     

耳蜗及听觉感受器

听觉系统是接受、传输、分析、处理声音信息的特殊感觉系统。从20世纪70年代至今对听觉系统的研究进展迅速。耳蜗足听觉感受器所在之处,其结构复杂,但中学生物学教材中对耳蜗结构阐述很简单,一些中学教师对耳蜗的结构了解较少,冈此本文就耳蜗的解剖结构及生理功能作一介绍、     

Middle ear morphology of Lemur variegatus. Some implications for primate paleontology.

The middle ear morphology of Lemur variegatus, a strepsirhine primate, is described. Although no promontory branch of the internal carotid artery appears, there is a well-developed "promontory canal" containing a nerve trunk. This structure, which is previously undescribed in strepsirhines, is made up of the tympanic nerve and the internal carotid nerve. The implications of this discovery for paleontology, systematics, and future research are discussed.     

昆虫的听觉器官

昆虫的听器是一类对声波具有特异感受作用的器官,对其生存具有非常重要的意义。昆虫的听器主要有听觉毛、江氏器和鼓膜听器3种类型。本文主要介绍了昆虫3种听器的结构和功能特点,并从系统发生和个体发育角度介绍了鼓膜听器的演化过程。     

Auditory acuity in the orientation behaviour of the bushcricket Pachysagella australis walker (Orthoptera,Tettigoniidae, Saginae)

The female tettigoniid Pachysagella australis (Saginae) orients to the call of the conspecific with an angular acuity of ±5°. This acuity is mediated by sound entering to the tympanic receptors through the auditory trachea and the slits exterior to the tympanic membranes. The phonokinetic response of females was filmed in an arena. The slit system was blocked on both anterior and posterior ports with the effect that the female spiralled towards the sound source; blocking the posterior slit alone reduced the auditory acuity as did the partial occlusion of the fore slit, but in both cases the female located the male. Complete blocking of the auditory spiracle caused the insect to spiral towards the unoperated side, whereas reducing the sound input to one side by some 8–12 dB, by plugging the auditory bulla with compacted cotton wool, did not substantially affect the orientation pattern of the insect. Ablation of the tympanic organ on one side caused the female to move in a circular pattern to the unoperated side. A hypothesis is formulated whereby the female, when actively orienting to the calling male, may use the slit port system to gain a high degree of auditory acuity to sound in front of her body axis. When off target she may use the less accurate spiracular input system. This system, with its greater sensitivity to high frequency sounds, may function as an effective anti-predator warning system.     

On the origin of the tympanic membrane the middle ear of mammals

The tympanic membrane appeared in the evolution of archaic mammals, when the articulare had already lost its function in the jaw articulation. Even earlier the quadrate and, then, the articular bone had acquired the role of additional auditory ossicles.     

The primitive course of the internal carotid artery in mammals.

In all recent mammals the internal carotid artery at the level of the auditory capsule is derived from the embryonic dorsal aorta. In adults of various groups, the artery lies in positions which are classified as medial or promontory. It is shown that these character states arise by a process of differential growth affecting the relative positions of the dorsal aorta and the cochlear promontory. There is no evidence for separate vessels in the embryo which could give rise to non-homologous internal carotid arteries in the two positions. It follows that the concept of a primitive mammalian morphotype with both a medial and a promontory internal carotid artery in the same individual presents a formidable embryological problem. It is recommended that, in the absence of supporting evidence, the widespread current taxonomic and palaeontological use of this hypothetical morphotype should be regarded with suspicion.     

白噪声对听觉脑干电反应(ABR)和耳蜗电图(ECochG)的影响

本文通过20例听力正常人和10例听力正常豚鼠研究了白噪声对耳蜗电图(ECochG)和听觉脑干电反应(ABR)的干涉作用。实验结果表明,白噪声比短声(信号)的声强级低30dB(SL)以上时,ECochG和ABR的振幅仅轻微减小。白噪声与短声的声强级相等时,ECochG与ABR的振幅和出现率会明显受到干涉而减小,甚至完全消失。但是,此时的耳蜗微音器电位(CM)并未观察到有明显的变化。这意味着白噪声对ECochG和ABR的干涉作用主要与围绕毛细胞基底部的突触产生的抑制密切相关。由于白噪声对ABR各波的干涉有些差异,所以认为这种抑制,可能既包括脑中抑制也包括侧方抑制。     

The petrosal of Omomys carteri and the evolution of the primate basicranium

The first omomyine petrosals, those of Omomys carteri, are described. Omomys probably had a tympanic bulla and canals for the intratympanic carotid circulation derived from the petrosal bone. The stapedial and promontory canals were complete, large and subequal. The posterior carotid foramen entered the bulla posteromedially. The intratympanic portion of the facial nerve was fully enclosed in bone, the stapedius fossa is extrabullar and the parotic fissure is patent. The mastoid was pneumatized from the epitympanic recess and a supracochlear cavity may have been present. The Omomys petrosals exhibit a generic omomyiform morphology, exhibiting no features that can be interpreted as autapomorphies and only one feature shared with adapiforms. The monophyly of Omomyiformes is based on other cranial characters, dental and postcranial characters assessed elsewhere. The similarity of the Shanghuang petrosal to the petrosals of omomyiforms, as well as the ambiguous evidence of its association, suggest that an omomyiform affinity for that petrosal cannot be ruled out.     

Morphologische Untersuchungen am Mittelohr der Marsupialial

Morphological studies on the auditory bulla of marsupials The resent study on the comparative anatomy of the marsupial auditory bulla starts with that of the didelphids; ontogenetic data are included. It becomes clear from these comparisons, that the marsupial bulla is throughout composed of the same skeletal elements. Contrary to widespread opinion, there exists no good evidence for the existence of an entotympanic in any marsupial. The tympanic process of the petrosal develops relatively late in ontogeny as ‘additional bone’ (“Zuwachsknochen” of Starck ); the same holds true for the tympanic process of the alisphe-noid. Biometric study of the tymanic ring in didelhids reveals that the tympanic membrane does only slightly increase with skull size (pronounced negative allometry). It is surprising, however, that the data of the tympanic diameter do arrane at two distinct levels of regression. Several taxa of didelphids must have jumped at this level independently. The possible functional meanings of these data are briefly discussed.