微生态制剂防治婴幼儿肺炎继发腹泻的卫生经济学评价

目的 评价预防性应用微生态制剂(培菲康)防治婴幼儿肺炎继发腹泻的疗效及成本效益.方法 2008年1月到2010年9月住院治疗的婴幼儿肺炎966例为研究对象,对患儿的临床特征、微生态制剂(培菲康)预防性应用情况、是否出现继发腹泻及住院治疗费用的关系进行分析.结果 干预组594例,对照组372例,两组住院治疗期间继发腹泻的发病率分别为18.69％、39.78％,两组比较,x2 =51.889,P ＜0.01,RR=0.470;干预组99例发生继发腹泻后继续原有微生态制剂治疗,对照组134例因继发腹泻才开始应用同类微生态制剂治疗,两组腹泻治疗总有效率分别86.87％、74.63％,差异无统计学意义(x2=5.299,P=O.021).干预组、对照组每例(次)患儿住院总费用分别为(2775.0±1724.2)元和(3130.7±1899.8)元,预防性应用微生态制剂(培菲康)次均节省直接医疗费用支出355.6元,差异有统计学意义(t =2.998,P=0.003);预防性应用微生态制剂(培菲康)的效益成本比为13.02.结论 预防性应用微生态制剂(培菲康)不仅能降低肺炎继发腹泻的发病率,缩短住院病程,提高腹泻治疗总有效率,同时,明显降低患儿的次均医疗费用,效益成本比高.     

微生态制剂（培菲康）治疗新生儿高胆红素血症临床疗效评价

目的评价微生态制剂（培菲康）治疗新生儿高胆红素血症的临床疗效。方法110例在福建医科大学附属第一医院儿科住院治疗的新生儿高胆红素血症患儿分为治疗组和对照组;对照组65例给予肝酶诱导剂、光疗等综合治疗;治疗组45例在综合治疗基础上加用培菲康治疗。治疗前后检测患儿血清总胆红素和间接胆红素含量。采用SPSS11.0软件包进行统计学分析,α=0.05为显著性检验标准。结果时间-效应分析显示培菲康治疗组和对照组血清总胆红素下降值及95%CI（μmol/L）分别为142.6（126.7～158.4）、74.1（66.9～81.3）,血清间接胆红素下降值及95%CI（μmol/L）为115.7（103.3～128.1）、62.6（53.7～71.7）,差异有显著性（P〈0.05）;多元Cox回归分析显示患儿年龄、体重、孕周、入院前病程、入院血清总胆红素值/间接胆红素值及应用培菲康治疗为影响高胆红素血症患儿血清总胆红素/间接胆红素下降的主要因素;治疗组和对照组治愈例数（治愈率）分别为37例（82.2%）、8例（17.8%）,好转例数（好转率）分别为47例（72.3%）、10例（27.7%）,χ^2=1.448,P=0.229。2组均未见明显不良反应发生。结论应用培菲康治疗新生儿高胆红素,可促进胆红素分解和排泄,减少肠肝循环,减少肠道重吸收未结合胆红素,是治疗新生儿高胆红素血症一种可靠、安全的药物。     

微生态疗法治疗婴儿腹泻的临床研究与探讨

目的 研究微生态制剂对婴幼儿腹泻的临床疗效并对新近提出的一些看法与异议进行探讨。方法 １８６例住院的急性婴幼儿腹泻患者被随机分为思密达对照组、米雅爱儿Ａ治疗组、培菲康治疗组以及爱儿Ａ联合思密达治疗组,４个组的疗效以ＳＰＳＳ１０．０软件包进行统计分析。结果 ３个治疗组与对照组的疗效比较均无显著性差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）,但爱儿Ａ的疗效优于培菲康,二者相比有高度显著性差异（Ｐ〈０．０１）。结论 爱儿Ａ与培菲康的疗效与思密达相当且爱儿Ａ的作用优于培菲康,爱儿Ａ联合思密达的疗效并不优于两种药单用。所有微生态制剂治疗的患儿均未发现任何副作用。     

婴幼儿抗生素相关性腹泻的危险因素分析及其护理

目的探讨引起婴幼儿抗生素相关性腹泻(AAD)的危险因素及预防护理措施。方法选择798例住院应用抗生素的患者作为研究对象,以发生AAD者作为观察组,与没有发生腹泻者进行对比分析。结果 798例中发生AAD 187例(23.4%)。单因素分析结果显示:结果显示婴幼儿AAD的发生与发病年龄、合并有感染性疾病、病情严重程度、抗生素种类、抗生素使用天数、抗生素联合应用、微生态制剂使用、激素应用、住院天数、血红蛋白量、侵入性操作等因素相关,差异有统计学意义。经Logistic回归分析,筛选出5个AAD独立相关因素:合并有感染性疾病(OR=1.431)、病情重(OR=1.985)、抗生素时间长(OR=2.117)、抗生素联合应用≥2种(OR=3.783)、侵入性操作(OR=4.092)、使用微生态制剂(OR=0.706)。微生态制剂OR1,表示使用微生态制剂为AAD的保护因素。。结论接受抗生素治疗的婴幼儿特别是婴儿发生AAD的可能性大,侵袭性操作、重症患儿、抗生素应用时间长、联合用药是AAD的高危因素,应合理应用抗生素,预防性应用微生态制剂,防止AAD的发生。     

昆明市儿童医院治疗腹泻用药品种分析

目的分析小儿腹泻用药品种,为临床用药、药品购进提供参考。方法统计昆明市儿童医院１９９６年８月至１９９８年８月西药库帐目统计、药品消耗之品种,分两年进行比较分析,按各品种消耗量多少排列顺序。结果１９９６年８月至１９９７年８月为：乳酶片,多酶片,古胺卡那,思密达,乳酸菌素,先锋铋,小儿痢宝,回春生,妈噗爱,培菲康,米雅。１９９７年９月至１９９８年８月为：乳酸菌素,促菌生,妈咪爱,回春生,先锋铋,思密达,乳酶生,多酶,丁胺卡那,培菲康,米雅。两年的比较显示：微生态调节剂的应用有明显上升趋势,尤其益生菌制剂更为突出居上。讨论随着肠道微生态的深入认识和微生态制剂的临术应用,对小儿腹泻的治疗以基于益生菌种有害菌的认识,重视到肠道菌群平衡的问题。小儿一方面由于免疫系统还不成熟,机体很容易感染各种疾病,另一方面由于采用抗生素治疗,使正常菌群发生改变,生态失调,引起菌群交替症,导致腹泻。因此使用微生态制剂治疗,使之肠道内保持一个安定的生态平衡的正常肠内菌群,对于包括各种病原菌在内的外籍菌引起的肠道感染具有明显的抵抗力就格外显得重要。结论临床应用微生态调节剂取得良好疗效,尤其益生菌活菌制剂的应用,为小儿腹泻拓宽了一条新路     

几种微生态制剂治疗婴幼儿腹泻病的疗效评价

目的：评价微生态制剂治疗婴幼儿腹泻病的临床疗效,为合理应用微生态制剂治疗婴幼儿腹泻提供指导。方法：对婴幼儿腹泻病患儿住院治疗期间应用微生态制剂治疗情况进行回顾性调查,运用Kaplan—Meier(K—M)法对不同微生态制剂治疗婴幼儿腹泻病的临床疗效进行时间—效应分析。结果：470例婴幼儿腹泻病患儿住院治疗期间,有453例患儿有应用微生态制剂治疗,占96．4％;其中,选用培菲康、整肠生的病例最多,分别有237例和198例;多种微生态制剂联合应用有83例(18．32％)。K—M法分析显示：培菲康治疗婴幼儿急性腹泻病的疗效优于整肠生组及多种微生态制剂联合应用组;无论是急性腹泻病,还是迁延性、慢性腹泻病,多种微生态制剂联合应用治疗的临床治愈时间均不优于单用微生态制剂组。结论：适当应用微生态制剂有助于婴幼儿腹泻的恢复,但盲目采用多种微生态制剂联合治疗并不能提高临床疗效,甚至不利于婴幼儿腹泻病的康复。     

婴幼儿感染性腹泻的微生态疗法

报告１９９５年２～４月间住院的９９例急性感染性腹泻患儿,年龄２．５月～１８月,随机分成微生态治疗组６３例及常规抗生素对照组３６例。两组病儿入院时病程及病症相仿,经统计学处理无显著性差（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结果治疗组显效４０例,有效１６例,无效７例;对照组显效１２例,有效１１例,无效１３例。治疗组显效率６３．４９％及总有效率８８．８９％均高于对照组３３．３３％及６３．８９％。提示以新一代微生态制剂——培菲康为主药治疗婴幼儿感染性腹泻有良好的疗效,结合文献探讨微生态疗法的作用机理。     

微生态制剂“培菲康”治疗小儿感染性腹泻及便秘100例临床研究

培菲康为双歧杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、粪链球菌组成的人体肠道微生态活菌制剂,本文采用此制剂治疗小儿菌痢２２例,有效率８１．８２％;小儿肠炎４７例,有效率８６．６％;便秘３１例,有效率达８７．１％。全部１００例,总有效率为８６％。所有病例未用抗菌药物。本文对微生态药物培菲康的药理作用及特点进行了讨论。     

常用微生态制剂的体外药敏试验

目的了解常用微生态制剂与一些常见抗菌药物的体外相互作用。方法从3种微生态制剂(美常安、妈咪爱、培菲康)中培养并分离供试菌,用电子显微镜和药敏纸片做鉴别及药敏试验。结果3种微生态制剂对常用的抗菌药物均敏感。尤其是制剂中的杆菌类对所选的抗菌药物几乎都敏感,而屎肠球菌和粪肠球菌对各种抗菌药物表现出不同程度的耐药。结论除阿莫西林外,常用的抗菌药物不宜与美常安、妈咪爱、培菲康配伍。     

微生态制剂预防新生儿抗生素相关性腹泻的Meta分析

目的评价微生态制剂预防新生儿抗生素相关性腹泻（AAD）的效果。方法按照系统评价的要求全国检索MEDLINE,中国期刊全文数据库;中国生物医学文献等数据库,对符合纳入标准的5篇文献共计1560例患儿进行了Meta分析。结果发表性偏倚分析显示5篇文献以AAD发生率做的倒漏斗图显示呈基本对称分布,但提示存在一定的发表偏倚和方法学质量低下。经异质性检验,微生态制剂预防新生儿AAD具有临床及统计学上的同质性,可用固定效应模型进行分析。合并分析显示：应用抗生素治疗原发性疾病并同时加口服微生态制剂后,新生儿抗生素相关性腹泻发生率从23．7％降到7．9％（OR：0．28;95％CI;0．20～0．38）,无副反应报道。微生态制剂预防新生儿AAD效果有统计学意义。结论从现有的临床证据来看,微生态制剂可降低新生儿AAD的发生率,但还需要严格设计的、大样本的随机双盲对照试验来进一步验证和支持。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.