碱性磷酸酶钙-钴法染色的不同包埋方法比较

目的探讨石蜡切片、冰冻切片及碳蜡(聚乙二醇)包埋切片在碱性磷酸酶染色中的应用,综合分析几种组织处理方法的优缺点,以便在病理诊断及科研工作中能找到更适合的碱性磷酸酶染色方法。方法取新鲜乳腺组织及肝组织,每份标本各取3块组织,根据包埋方法的不同,分为3组:石蜡切片碱性磷酸酶染色、冰冻切片碱性磷酸酶染色、碳蜡包埋切片碱性磷酸酶染色。结果 3组切片均可见黑色碱性磷酸酶的存在,其中肝组织内显示碱性磷酸酶呈黑色,沿胆小管分布;乳腺组织内显示碱性磷酸酶呈黑色沉淀弥漫分布于乳腺间质中。结论碳蜡包埋切片在碱性磷酸酶染色中,具有冰冻切片和石蜡切片的优点,并弥补了常规冰冻切片和石蜡切片染色的缺点和局限性,在病理诊断及科研工作中具有一定的应用价值。     

碱性磷酸酶在文昌鱼胚胎和幼体中表达图式的研究

研究组织特异性酶在胚胎发育中的表达图式对于研究细胞,组织和器官的分化具有重要意义。本文以BCIP为底物研究了碱性磷酸酶在文昌鱼胚胎和幼体中的表达图式,在囊胚、原肠胚和神经胚早期（12－13）未检测到碱性磷酸酶的特异性表达;到神经胚中期（15小时,约6个环节）,碱性磷酸酶在胚胎每一体节的中部开始表达,在胚胎中形成3－6个条纹（Fig.1);在18小时神经胚（9－10体节）中,碱性磷酸酶在肌节中表达（Fig.2);到24小时在后部内胚层中也开始表达（Fig.3）;在36－48小时幼体中,碱性磷酸酶在消化道中强烈表达,但在咽鳃区不表达,同时在肌节中仍有弱的表达（Fig.4)。研究表明碱性磷酸酶可能在肌节的发育过程中具有一定作用。碱性磷酸酶在消化道中的表达与这一时期消化道开始行使功能有关。另外,L－苯丙氨酸只抑制36、48小时文昌鱼肠碱性磷酸酶活性,不抑制其体节肠碱性磷酸酶活性（Fig.5)。表明文昌鱼至少存在两种碱性磷酸酶：在消化道中表达的是一种肠型的,与脊椎动物碱性磷酸酶可能为同一类型;另一种主要在肌节中表达,可能是组织非特异性的碱性酸酶。以上结果说明文昌鱼早期发育中碱性磷酸酶的表达与脊椎动物相似,具有时间和组织特异性。     

碱性磷酸酶在文昌鱼胚胎和幼体中表达图式的研究(英文)

研究组织特异性酶在胚胎发育中的表达图式对于研究细胞、组织和器官的分化具有重要意义。本文以 ＢＣＩＰ为底物研究了碱性磷酸酶在文昌鱼胚胎和幼体中的表达图式。在囊胚、原肠胚和神经胚早期（１２～１３小时）未检测到碱性磷酸酶的特异性表达;到神经胚中期（１５小时,约６个体节）,碱性磷酸酶在胚胎每一体节的中部开始表达,在胚胎中形成３～６个条纹（Ｆｉｇ．１）;在１８小时神经胚（９～１０体节）中,碱性磷酸酶在肌节中表达（Ｆｉｇ．２）;到２４小时在后部内胚层中也开始表达（Ｆｉｇ．３）;在３６～４８小时幼体中,碱性磷酸酶在消化道中强烈表达,但在咽鳃区不表达,同时在肌节中仍有弱的表达（Ｆｉｇ．４）。研究表明碱性磷酸酶可能在肌节的发育过程中具有一定作用。碱性磷酸酶在消化道中的表达可能与这一时期消化道开始行使功能有关。另外,Ｌ－苯丙氨酸只抑制３６、４８小时文昌鱼肠碱性磷酸酶活性,不抑制其体节肠碱性磷酸酶活性（Ｆｉｇ．５）、表明文昌鱼至少存在两种碱性磷酸酶：在消化道中表达的是一种肠型的,与脊椎动物碱性磷酸酶可能为同一类型;另一种主要在肌节中表达,可能是组织非特异性的破性磷酸酶。以上结果说明文昌鱼早期发育中碱性磷酸酶的表达与脊椎动物相似,具     

两种鼠蚤在新羽化和吸血后不同时间三种酶的组织化学研究

采用组织化学技术,研究了不等单蚤Monopsyllus anisus (Rothschild)和缓慢细蚤Leptopsylla segnis (Schonherr)新羽化和吸血后24 h、48 h和72 h碱性磷酸酶、酸性磷酸酶和三磷酸腺苷酶的分布和活性。显微摄影及定量图像分析结果显示：新羽化蚤碱性和酸性磷酸酶主要存在于中肠、神经细胞核、精子束头部、精巢附腺、射精管、输卵管和受精囊附腺中;三磷酸腺苷酶各组织中均有分布。吸血消化后,两种蚤中肠3种酶活性均有增强;除碱性磷酸酶在消化72 h 后酶活性有所下降外,其余不同消化时间酶活性增强程度上不存在显著差异。两种蚤卵母细胞发育成熟过程中3种酶活性亦见增强。     

重金属镉对鲫鱼碱性磷酸酶和酸性磷酸酶活性的影响

研究了重金属镉对鲫鱼肠、肝胰脏、鳃组织碱性磷酸酶和酸性磷酸酶活性的影响。结果表明,在0.2、0.4、0.8mg/L镉浓度条件下静态染毒12h、24h、48h、96h后,鲫鱼肠、鳃组织中碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)的活性降低,肝和胰脏的碱性磷酸酶活性没有明显变化,其酸性磷酸酶活性则升高。     

非特异性酯酶及酸性和碱性磷酸酶 在奥尼罗非鱼消化道的分布

本研究利用石蜡切片结合组织化学方法研究奥尼罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus♀×O. aureus♂)消化道内非特异性酯酶、酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶的分布特点。结果发现,非特异性酯酶大量密集分布在前肠,其次为胃、食管和中肠,极少数零散分布在后肠。酸性磷酸酶主要分布于奥尼罗非鱼前肠,其次为中肠和胃,极少数分布在食管和后肠。碱性磷酸酶大量密集分布在奥尼罗非鱼前肠和中肠,其次为胃、食管和后肠。结果表明,奥尼罗非鱼前肠、中肠、食管和胃有较强的吸收和消化脂质功能,前肠、中肠和胃是蛋白质吸收和消化的主要部位,前肠和中肠是营养物质吸收的主要部位。     

近交系剑尾鱼的遗传生化标记研究

目的通过研究对RR-B、RW-H、BY-F三个近交系和非选育剑尾鱼的研究比较,建立近交系剑尾鱼的遗传生化标记检测技术。方法依照国标GB／T14927.1-2008的遗传操作规程优化实验条件,对三个近交品系及非选育群剑尾鱼的不同组织的6个遗传生化位点进行研究,以得到其遗传生化图谱。结果在6个生化位点中,同一品系剑尾鱼同工酶存在组织特异性,多数同工酶在肝中活性较强。同一生化位点在不同品系间存在差异。RR-B系在葡萄糖磷酸异构酶（Gpi）、6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶（Gpd）位点表现出特异性条带,RW-H系在过氧化氢酶（Ce）位点表现出特异性条带。同一生化位点在各品系内表现较为一致,而在非选育剑尾鱼中在上述三个生化位点表现出多态性。在酯酶（ES）、碱性磷酸酶（AKP）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）位点,各品系谱带不易区分其差异。结论建立了剑尾鱼近交系生化标记检测技术,可望用于近交系剑尾鱼的遗传质量监测。     

配体依赖性Cre重组酶在培养肝细胞中介导条件性基因激活

嵌合性Cre重组酶与肝组织特异性调控区的结合使其在肝细胞上介导的条件性基因激活成为可能。为此 ,首先构建了在小鼠白蛋白基因调控区调控下的Cre ERt表达载体 (Alb Cre ERt) ,然后将其构件分别转染工程化的BRL(大鼠肝细胞 )和BRK(大鼠肾细胞 )细胞株 ,这些细胞携带的floxed βgeo框架位于启动子与人碱性磷酸酶基因 (hAP)之间 ,因而阻碍hAP表达。用 1μmol/L 4 羟基三苯氧胺 (4 hydroxytamoxifen ,4 OHT)处理后 ,经碱性磷酸酶染色 ,部分BRL细胞显示碱性磷酸酶染色阳性 ;用PCR方法证实Cre重组酶介导了floxed βgeo框架的切除。然而 ,在未用 4 OHT处理的BRL细胞未观察到碱性磷酸酶染色阳性细胞 ,在用 4 OHT处理或未处理的BRK细胞同样未观察到碱性磷酸酶染色阳性细胞。这些结果表明已成功构建肝细胞特异表达Alb Cre ERt载体 ,并在表达Cre融合蛋白的BRL细胞证实 4 OHT能够诱导Cre介导的DNA重组 ,从而激活碱性磷酸酶报告基因的表达。该研究将为进一步建立肝细胞特异表达Cre ERt转基因小鼠奠定基础。     

B型烟粉虱与温室白粉虱不同虫态的碱性磷酸酶性质比较

为了探明B型烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci B-biotype 和温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum体内的碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)在两者竞争替代中所起的作用,以对硝基苯磷酸二钠 (pNPP)为底物,采用个体测定和群体测定的方法,研究比较了2种粉虱不同虫态中该酶的性质。结果表明：2种粉虱的碱性磷酸酶比活力在整个发育历期均逐渐增加,成虫期达到最大。温室白粉虱2至4龄若虫（伪蛹）期的碱性磷酸酶比活力分别是B型烟粉虱对应龄期酶比活力的2.58、2.68和3.14倍; B型烟粉虱雌雄成虫的碱性磷酸酶比活力分别是温室白粉虱雌雄成虫酶比活力的1.24和1.26倍,且2种粉虱雌虫的酶比活力显著大于其雄虫。2种粉虱2龄若虫到成虫的碱性磷酸酶最适pH均为7.8,最适温度均为47℃;在1龄若虫中均未能检测到该酶活性。测定并比较2种粉虱不同虫态碱性磷酸酶动力学特征参数的结果显示,温室白粉虱碱性磷酸酶在3、4龄若虫的亲和力以及在2, 3, 4龄若虫的酶蛋白浓度均显著大于B型烟粉虱的对应值,而在成虫期2种粉虱的亲和力、酶蛋白浓度无差异,B型烟粉虱的活化能显著小于温室白粉虱。据此推测,B型烟粉虱利用碱性磷酸酶在若虫期进行组织骨化和生长发育不如温室白粉虱,但羽化为成虫后利用其进行解毒代谢则可能强于温室白粉虱。     

不同方式构建的单链抗体-碱性磷酸酶融合蛋白的活性分析

为了研究不同方式构建的单链抗体-碱性磷酸酶融合蛋白原核表达后的生物活性差异,并分析其可溶性表达的影响因素,本研究通过基因工程操作构建含有不同类型的单链抗体-碱性磷酸酶融合基因的表达载体,优化原核表达条件并诱导表达,比较分析宿主菌、连接肽、抗体的单体或二聚体等因素对融合蛋白可溶性表达和生物活性的影响。结果显示不同方式构建的单链抗体-碱性磷酸酶融合蛋白的活性差异显著,在单链抗体和碱性磷酸酶之间添加连接肽能够获得更高活性的融合蛋白,而单链抗体二聚体与碱性磷酸酶的融合蛋白的活性明显降低。因此,单链抗体-碱性磷酸酶融合蛋白的可溶性表达和活性与单链抗体及其构建方式有关,而抗体自身的特性起着关键性作用。     

The response of alkaline phosphatase to osmoregulatory changes in the trout,Salmo gairdneri

Summary The relationship between alkaline phosphatase and environmental salinity was examined in the rainbow trout and the migratory rainbow (steelhead),Salmo gairdneri. The enzyme activity in tissues involved in osmoregulation was strongly correlated with the adaptation salinity and thus to the degree of salt and fluid transport in those tissues. After transfer from freshwater to seawater, the specific activity of the enzyme increased over 260% in the intestine, decreased by 50% in kidney, and was unchanged in the liver, an organ not directly involved in osmoregulation. The sea-run steelhead trout response was similar to the nonmigratory rainbow; although, the pre-migratory transformation (smoltification) had no effect on enzyme activity. Amino acid inhibitors of alkaline phosphatase significantly reduced fluid absorption in the isolated intestine of rainbow trout, reaffirming the relationship between the enzyme and fluid movement. Electrophoretic identification of trout alkaline phosphatase isozymes, clearly distinguishes the enzyme from different tissue origins. However, from the analysis of intestinal electrophoretic patterns, osmoregulatory adjustments are not associated with the induction of new alkaline phosphatase isozymes, or in the large scale preferential stimulation of one of the two existing intestinal isozymes over the other.     

Demonstration of calmodulin-stimulated phosphatase isozymes by monoclonal antibodies

A procedure combining immunoprecipitation and immunotransblot employing subunit-specific monoclonal antibodies of the brain phosphatase, VJ6 and VA1, was used on tissues including heart, muscle, lung, spleen, pancreas, uterus, and liver. The various tissue extracts were subjected to immunoprecipitation by the beta subunit-specific VA1-immunoabsorbant, the immunoprecipitates were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunotransblot, using both the alpha and beta subunit-specific antibodies VJ6 and VA1, respectively. Protein bands corresponding to alpha and beta subunits and the immunostain of beta subunit were detected in all samples, whereas alpha subunit was strongly stained only in the brain extract, weakly in heart and muscle extracts, and essentially negatively in all the other samples. In contrast, a polyclonal antiserum of bovine brain calmodulin-stimulated phosphatase could immunostain both alpha and beta subunits from all tissues. Calmodulin-binding protein fractions from a number of bovine tissues were all shown to contain the immunoprecipitable alpha subunit, as well as calmodulin-stimulated p-nitrophenylphosphatase activity. Micropeptide mapping showed that alpha subunits of bovine brain and bovine lung calmodulin-stimulated phosphatase isozymes were distinct molecular species. These results provide direct evidences for the existence of calmodulin-stimulated phosphatase isozymes in mammalian tissues.     

Isozymal differention between two species of Prosopis

The patterns of five multilocus isozyme systems were investigated in seed, shoot and cotyledon tissue of two species of mesquite, Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa and P. pallida. The isozymes of malate dehydrogenase, peroxidase, esterase, alcohol dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase from each of these tissues were analysed by starch gel electrophoresis and specific histochemical stains. In the case of each enzyme system examined, there were distinctly different isozymes which could be utilized to differentiate between these two species.     

云南高背鲫鱼不同组织同工酶分析

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,分析了滇池中云南高背鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)的脑、眼睛、肝脏、心脏、肌肉5种组织中的酯酶(EST)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)3种同工酶的表达模式,并对各种酶的同工酶酶谱表型进行了分析。结果表明,云南高背鲫鱼的同工酶系统具有明显的组织特异性,且同工酶的种类与活性变化与其功能相适应。     

Comparative characterization of pulmonary surfactant aggregates and alkaline phosphatase isozymes in human lung carcinoma tissue

Alkaline phosphatase (AP) isozymes are surfactant-associated proteins (SPs). Since several different AP isozymes have been detected in the pneumocytes of lung cancer patients, we attempted to identify the relationship between pulmonary surfactant aggregate subtypes and AP isozymes. Pulmonary surfactant aggregates were isolated from carcinoma and non-carcinoma tissues of patients with non-small cell carcinoma of the lung. Upon analysis, ultraheavy, heavy, and light surfactant aggregates were detected in the non-carcinoma tissues, but no ultraheavy surfactant aggregates were found in the carcinoma tissues. Surfactant-associated protein A (SP-A) was detected as two bands (a 27-kDa band and a 54-kDa band) in the ultraheavy, heavy, and light surfactant aggregates found in the non-carcinoma tissues. Although both SP-A bands were detected in the heavy and light surfactant aggregates from adenocarcinoma tissues, the 54-kDa band was not detected in squamous cell carcinoma tissues. Liver AP (LAP) was detected in the heavy and light surfactant aggregates from both non-carcinoma and squamous carcinoma tissues, but not in heavy surfactant aggregates from adenocarcinoma tissues. A larger amount of bone type AP (BAP) was found in light surfactant aggregate fractions from squamous cell carcinomas than those from adenocarcinoma tissues or non-carcinoma tissues from patients with either type of cancer. LAP, BAP, and SP-A were identified immunohistochemically in type II pneumocytes from non-carcinoma tissues and adenocarcinoma cells, but no distinct SP-A staining was observed in squamous cell carcinoma tissues. The present study has thus revealed several differences in pulmonary surfactant aggregates and AP isozymes between adenocarcinoma tissue and squamous cell carcinoma tissue.     

鲇鱼不同组织同工酶的组织特异性的初步研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺垂直凝胶电泳法(PAGE)对鲇鱼的9种组织的5种同工酶(LDH、MDH、ADH、SUDH和EST)进行了分析,结果表明:5种同工酶在各种组织均有不同的表达程度:在心、肝、卵巢和肌肉中的表达频率最高,在脑和眼中最低。LDH和MDH在各个组织中均为强表达,与以往研究结果比较,认为鲇鱼LDH同工酶不存在C位点。鲇鱼同工酶组织特异性较明显。     

Serine/threonine phosphatases in the nervous system.

The cloning and sequence determination of cDNAs encoding different types of serine/threonine protein phosphatases has provided a molecular basis for the protein phosphatase classification proposed by Ingebritsen and Cohen. Each of the phosphatases, phosphatase-1, -2A, -2B and -2C, exists as multiple isozymes raising the possibility that isozymes selectively expressed in different tissues may perform specific functions. The recent discovery of potent toxin inhibitors specific for protein phosphatase-1 and -2A will undoubtedly play an important role in the elucidation of the role of these enzymes in neuronal function.     

Immunological characterization of human acid phosphatase gene products

The immunological cross-reactivity of heterogeneous acid phosphatase isozymes from different human tissues has been studied using monospecific antisera prepared against four homogeneous acid phosphatases. The enzyme characterized as tartrate-inhibitable, prostatic acid phosphatase is also found to be present in leukocytes, kidney, spleen, and placenta. The tartrate-inhibitable (liver) lysosomal enzyme is also found in kidney, fibroblasts, brain, placenta, and spleen, but it is not detectable in erythrocytes and prostate. In several tissues, 10–20% of the tartrate-inhibitable enzyme is not precipitated by any of the antisera used; an exceptionally high amount (54%) of such an enzyme is present in human brain. Antiserum against a low molecular weight tartrate-resistant liver enzyme (14 kDa) does not cross-react with the erythrocyte enzyme. (10–20 kDa). All other tissues except placenta, prostate, and fibroblast cells show a cross-reactivity with the 14-kDa acid phosphatase antiserum. Thus, the low molecular weight human liver acid phosphatase is distinct from the erythrocyte enzyme, and there are also at least three different tartrate-inhibitable acid phosphatases in human tissues. Chromosomal assignments have been made for only two of the (at least) five acid phosphatases that are present in adult human tissues.This study was supported by DHHS Research Grant GM 27003 from the U.S. National Institute of General Medical Sciences and by Grant SFB-104 from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

中国石龙子不同组织三种同工酶的研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法,研究了分布在广东韶关地区的中国石龙子（Eumeces chinensis）的肝脏、肌肉、心脏、脑、生殖腺5种组织的酯酶（EST）、淀粉酶（AMY）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）3种同工酶,旨在为华南地区中国石龙子的系统分类提供理论依据,结果表明不同的同工酶存在组织特异性,并且分布特征与其生理功能有一定关系.     

Inhibitor profiles of alkaline phosphatases in bovine preattachment embryos and adult tissues.

The alkaline phosphatases are a small family of isozymes. Bovine preattachment embryos transcribe mRNA for two tissue-specific alkaline phosphatases (TSAP2 and TSAP3) beginning at the 4- and 8-cell stages. Whereas no mRNA has been detected in oocytes, there is maternally inherited alkaline phosphatase activity. It is not known which isozyme(s) is responsible for the maternal activity or when TSAP2 and TSAP3 form functional protein. No antibodies are available that recognize the relevant bovine alkaline phosphatases. Therefore, sensitivity to heat and chemical inhibition was used to separate the different isozymes. By screening tissues, it was determined that the bovine tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) is inactivated by low temperatures (65C) and low concentrations of levamisole (<1 mM), whereas bovine tissue-specific isozymes require higher temperatures (90C) and levamisole concentrations (>5 mM). Inhibition by L-homoarginine and L-phenylalanine was less informative. Cumulus cells transcribe two isozymes and the pattern of inhibition suggested heterodimer formation. Inhibition of alkaline phosphatase in bovine embryos before the 8-cell stage indicated the presence of only TNAP. At the 16-cell stage the pattern was consistent with TNAP plus TSAP2 or -3 activity, and in morulae and blastocysts the pattern indicated that the maternal TNAP is fully supplanted by TSAP2 or TSAP3.