Influence of Seed‐borne Cochliobolus sativus (Anamorph Bipolaris sorokiniana) on Crown Rot and Root Rot of Barley and Wheat

The effect of seed‐borne pathogens of wheat and barley on crown and root rot diseases of seven barley cultivars (Jimah‐6, Jimah‐51, Jimah‐54, Jimah‐58, Omani, Beecher and Duraqi) and three wheat cultivars (Cooley, Maissani and Shawarir) was investigated. Bipolaris sorokiniana and Alternaria alternata were detected in seeds of at least eight cultivars, but Fusarium species in seeds of only two barley cultivars (Jimah‐54 and Jimah‐58). Crown rot and root rot symptoms developed on barley and wheat cultivars following germination of infected seeds in sterilized growing media. Bipolaris sorokiniana was the only pathogen consistently isolated from crowns and roots of the emerging seedlings. In addition, crown rot and root rot diseases of non‐inoculated barley cultivars correlated significantly with B. sorokiniana inoculum in seeds (P = 0.0019), but not with Fusarium or Alternaria (P > 0.05). These results indicate the role of seed‐borne inoculum of B. sorokiniana in development of crown rot and root rot diseases. Pathogenicity tests of B. sorokiniana isolates confirmed its role in inducing crown rot and root rot, with two wheat cultivars being more resistant to crown and root rots than most barley cultivars (P < 0.05). Barley cultivars also exhibited significant differences in resistance to crown rot (P < 0.05). In addition, black point disease symptoms were observed on seeds of three barley cultivars and were found to significantly affect seed germination and growth of some of these cultivars. This study confirms the role of seed‐borne inoculum of B. sorokiniana in crown and root rots of wheat and barley and is the first report in Oman of the association of B. sorokiniana with black point disease of barley.     

The discovery of the virulence gene ToxA in the wheat and barley pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana

Bipolaris sorokiniana is the causal agent of multiple diseases on wheat and barley and is the primary constraint to cereal production throughout South Asia. Despite its significance, the molecular basis of disease is poorly understood. To address this, the genomes of three Australian isolates of B. sorokiniana were sequenced and screened for known pathogenicity genes. Sequence analysis revealed that the isolate BRIP10943 harboured the ToxA gene, which has been associated previously with disease in the wheat pathogens Parastagonospora nodorum and Pyrenophora tritici‐repentis. Analysis of the regions flanking ToxA within B. sorokiniana revealed that it was embedded within a 12‐kb genomic element nearly identical to the corresponding regions in P. nodorum and P. tritici‐repentis. A screen of 35 Australian B. sorokiniana isolates confirmed that ToxA was present in 12 isolates. Sequencing of the ToxA genes within these isolates revealed two haplotypes, which differed by a single non‐synonymous nucleotide substitution. Pathogenicity assays showed that a B. sorokiniana isolate harbouring ToxA was more virulent on wheat lines that contained the sensitivity gene when compared with a non‐ToxA isolate. This work demonstrates that proteins that confer host‐specific virulence can be horizontally acquired across multiple species. This acquisition can dramatically increase the virulence of pathogenic strains on susceptible cultivars, which, in an agricultural setting, can have devastating economic and social impacts.     

Seed Treatment of Barley with Idriella bolleyi causes Systemically Enhanced Defence against Root and Leaf Infection by Bipolaris sorokiniana

Inoculation of barley seed with the saprophytic fungus Idriella bolleyi caused systemically improved resistance on both leaves and roots of young plants to subsequent infection with the necrotrophic fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana . Lesion sizes were reduced by up to 50% as a result of the seed treatment. Seed and root inoculation with I. bolleyi induced biochemical defence responses in the plants as shown by slight accumulation of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, but the accumulation was not as great as when the roots were inoculated with B. sorokinina . Conidia of I. bolleyi applied to seed survived well during storage, with no significant reduction in colony forming units (CFUs) occurring at 15°C after 2 months. However, storage at 28°C decreased the viability of the applied conidia. The fungus colonized the seed and roots during field conditions as indicated by high numbers of CFUs. Two months after sowing, frequencies of I. bolleyi were higher on plants treated with the fungus than on control plants where colonization occurred naturally from field soil. The implications of the results are discussed in relation to earlier reports of biological control of cereal root diseases by I. bolleyi and induced resistance.     

不同品种(系)小豆根系活力与叶片衰老的关联研究

以高产小豆品种(系)‘2000-75’、‘冀红9218’和低产品种(系)‘红宝1号’、‘湾选1号’为材料,测定小豆开花至成熟期,根系与始花节位叶片生长指标、保护酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量等变化,分析其根系与始花叶协同衰老的相关性,以揭示小豆根系活力与地上部叶片衰老之间的关系。结果表明:(1)各品种(系)开花后,植株根系伤流强度随着花后生育进程的推进呈单峰增长趋势,但根系活力的衰老起始期晚于叶片功能的衰退开始期。(2)从开花至成熟期,小豆根系活力与叶片中超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白、叶片净光合速率都存在正相关关系,与丙二醛含量呈负相关关系。(3)与低产品种相比,高产小豆品种(系)‘2000-75’和‘冀红9218’的根系活力强,叶片功能期持续时间长,叶绿素含量下降速度慢,保护性酶含量高,使花后小豆的功能叶捕获光能的能力增强,从而形成较高光合能力的小豆群体,最终获得高产。     

Hormonal Regulation of Assimilate Utilization in Barley Leaves in Relation to the Development of Their Source Function

Growth, photosynthesis, utilization of assimilates, and the development of a source function in leaves were studied in relation to changes in concentrations and ratios of phytohormones. Carbon isotope ¹⁴C was used to trace utilization and outflow of photosynthetic products from the leaf. Concentrations of endogenous phytohormones were determined by solid-phase immunoenzyme assay. It was shown that, in juvenile leaves (one-fifth of their final area), which did not attain a high rate of photosynthesis, up to 80% of assimilates were incorporated into structural polysaccharides (cellulose and hemicellulose) one day after feeding with ¹⁴CO₂. During leaf growth and the development of its source function, the synthesis of structural polysaccharides declined to 10%, but the formation of alcohol- and water-soluble compounds (AWSC) grew to 80%. Monosaccharides and oligosaccharides, which could act as transport forms of carbohydrates, constituted 30% and 40% of AWSC, respectively. The percentage of assimilates utilized for protein synthesis decreased with leaf growth. The revealed changes correlate with the concentration and the ratio of free forms of phytohormones at various stages of leaf development. Development of a source function, a decline in cellulose and hemicellulose syntheses, and an increase in AWSC were related to the decrease in ABA and IAA concentrations and the increase in the ABA/IAA ratio. The ABA level can regulate the pathways of photoassimilate utilization in leaves by partitioning carbon flows either to the synthesis of high-molecular-weight compounds (cellulose, hemicellulose, and proteins), used for cell growth in leaves, or to the synthesis of transport forms of carbohydrates. A high ABA level favors the first pathway while low level switches leaf metabolism to the second one.     

盐胁迫下大麦根系多胺代谢与其耐盐性的关系

研究了0～300mmol/LNaCl对大麦(Hordeum-vulgare-L.)幼苗生长速率、根系游离和结合态多胺含量以及多胺生物合成关键酶活性的影响。结果表明,在0～200mmol/L NaCl处理下精氨酸脱羧酶（ADC）、多胺氧化酶(PAO)以及转谷酰胺酶(Tgase)活性明显提高,而在300 mmol/L NaCl处理下活性下降。与之对应,游离腐胺（Put）含量随处理盐浓度的提高一直呈上升趋势,亚精胺(Spd)和在根系内检测到的未知多胺(Pax)在低浓度盐处理时含量上升,随盐浓度的提高含量下降。盐处理前后精胺(Spm)含量变化不明显。低浓度盐处理时游离态（Spd+Pax）/Put上升,随盐浓度的提高比值明显下降。结合态Put、Spd和Pax含量以及结合态多胺总量均在低浓度盐处理时上升,随盐浓度的提高含量明显下降。统计分析显示,大麦相对生长速率与游离态（Spd+Pax）/Put和结合态多胺含量间均呈极显著正相关关系,与游离态多胺和结合态多胺的比值间均呈显著负相关关系,上述结果说明盐胁迫下大麦体内游离态Spd、Pax与Put以及结合态形式之间的平衡与大麦耐盐性关系密切,游离态Put向Spd 、Pax以及结合态形式转化均有利于大麦耐盐性的提高.     

盐胁迫下大麦根系多胺代谢与其耐盐性的关系

研究了0－300mmol/L NaCl对大麦（Hordeum vulgare L.)幼苗生长速率,根系游离和结合态多胺含量以及多胺生物合成关键酶活性的影响。结果表明,在0－200mmol/L NaCl处理下精氨酸脱羧酶（ADC）、多胺氧化酶（PAO）以及转谷酰胺酶（TGase)活性明显提高,而在300mol/L NaCl处理下活性下降,与之对应,游离腐胺（Put)含量随处理盐浓度的提高一直呈上升趋势。亚精胺（Spd)和在根系内检测到的未知多胺（PAx）在低浓度盐处理时含量上升,随盐浓度的提高含量下降,盐处理前后精胺（Spm)含量变化不明显,低浓度盐处理时游离态（Spd PAx)/Put上升,随盐浓度的提高比值明显下降,结合态Put,Spd和PAx含量以及结合态多胺总量均在低浓度盐处理时上升,随盐浓度的提高含量明显下降,统计分析显示,大麦相对生长速率与游离态（Spd PAx）／Put和结合态多胺含量间均呈极显著正相关关系,与游离态多胺和结合态多胺的比值间均呈显著负相关关系,上述结果说明盐胁迫下大麦体内游离态Spd,PAx与Put以及结合态形式之间的平衡与大麦耐盐性关系密切,游离态Put向Spd,PAx以及结合态形式转化均有利于大麦耐盐性的提高。     

Interaction between Rhynchosporium secalis and Pyrenophora teres in the Field and Identification of Genotypes with Double Resistance in a Doubled-haploid Barley Population

Net blotch [Pyrenophora teres (Died.) Drechsl.] and scald [Rhynchosporium secalis (Oudem.) J.J. Davis] are the two most important foliar diseases of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in Tunisia. The use of cultivars with double resistance is the most effective method in controlling both diseases. A doubled‐haploid barley population derived from Tunisian cultivars was evaluated to both net blotch and scald during two growing seasons in the field. Mass disease index (MDI), area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) and apparent infection type (r) were used to assess disease reaction. MDI of net blotch and scald reached up to 65% and 90% respectively. Least significant difference (LSD) test and comparison of the reaction of the doubled haploid (DH) lines to the overall population mean value were efficient in identifying lines with double resistance to both diseases. From the 59 DH lines screened, lines 21, 33, 37, 46 and 47 showed the best level of adult plant resistance to both diseases and may be used in a breeding program for diseases resistance. Interactions between R. secalis and P. teres were investigated at the level of the whole plant under variable epidemic conditions. Under low epidemic conditions, net blotch and scald developments were usually independent, but positively associated for tolerant lines for both diseases. Under high epidemic conditions, competition effects were obtained for susceptible and resistant genotypes. This competition seems to be an exploitation competition that is associated with decreasing resource availability as it occurs only with high levels of infestation or/and when susceptible lines are infected. This study demonstrates the variability of net blotch and scald interaction with epiphytotic conditions and group of resistance.     

胚乳和蔗糖对大麦成熟胚无菌苗生长和叶片切段愈伤组织诱导及分化的影响

大麦无菌苗的苗高。苗干重和单位长度、叶片切段的干重均依胚培养时所带胚乳的增多而递增。但叶片切段培养时的愈伤组织诱导率和再分化率并不与胚乳多少正相关。成熟胚培养时蔗糖的供应明显影响叶片切段培养时的愈伤组织诱导率。培养带1/2胚乳的胚,用萌发率高的新鲜种子培养无菌苗时,以不供给蔗糖的有较高的叶段愈伤组织诱导率,用萌发率显著降低的陈种子时,则以育苗时供给6％蔗糖为好。     

Effects of Salinity on the Extensibility and Ca Availability in the Expanding Region of Growing Barley Leaves

The growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) leaves is reduced by salinity. We used the Instron extensometric technique to measure the reversible and irreversible compliance of the expanding regions of growing barley leaves from plants exposed to 1, 40, 80 and 120 mM NaCl in nutrient solution. Two barley cultivars differing in salinity resistance (cv ‘Arivat’ and cv ‘Briggs’) were compared over 5d of leaf growth. During the period of most active leaf expansion, salinity reduced reversible compliance and increased compliance in the leaf segments, although responses to salinity were complex and changed over the course of leaf expansion. Salinity increased irreversible compliance more in the salt-sensitive cultivar Arivat than in the more salt-tolerant cultivar Briggs. Elemental analysis of the basal leaf segments used for extensometry revealed an accumulation of Na and a depletion of Ca in segments from salinized plants, resulting in very high Na: Ca ratios in salinized expanding tissue. The concentrations of K and Mg in basal leaf tissue were elevated by salinity. Our data do support the hypothesis that the inhibition of leaf expansion by salinity stress is mediated by a decline in irreversible extensibility. We suggest that reduced Ca availability in expanding leaf tissue may contribute to growth reduction in salt-stressed barley seedlings.     

Influence of Root Oxygen Deficiency on Photosynthesis and Antioxidant Status in Barley Plants1

Roots of barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L., cv. Alfa) were subjected to hypoxia for 120 h. By 72 to 120 h of soil flooding, a noticeable decrease in the rate of CO₂ assimilation and transpiration was observed. A drop in the activities of Rubisco and photorespiratory enzymes was found. We examined the changes in the activities of enzymes involved in the antioxidative system and stress markers related to membrane integrity, namely, lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage. Catalase and peroxidase activities were increased during the experiment, whereas superoxide dismutase activity drastically decreased.     

Comprehensive Overview: The Effect of Using Different Solvents for Barley Extraction with Its Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activity

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the world's oldest cereal crops. There is considerable interest in barley's potential usage in human diets. Barley is rich in bioactive metabolites such as high content of β-glucan, fiber, and vitamin E. It is also well-known as a rich source of phytochemical derivatives, namely, phenolic acids, flavonols, chalcones, flavones, proanthocyanidins, and flavanones. Phenolic compounds are recognized as excellent dietary materials with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This review was written to give an overview of the main components that are separated from barley using different solvents. Even though there were numerous biological activities for barely, the antioxidant, as well as the anti-inflammatory, are the main focus of this review.     

不同来源大麦对条纹病抗性鉴定及遗传多样性分析

为了解不同来源大麦对条纹病的抗性及遗传多样性,本研究采用"三明治法"通过人工接种大麦条纹病菌对91份大麦材料进行抗性评价,并通过31对SSR标记对91份大麦材料进行遗传多样性和群体结构分析。结果表明,人工接种大麦条纹病菌后共鉴定出4份免疫、6份高抗、33份抗病、43份感病和5份高感大麦材料;31对SSR标记共检测出等位基因238个,平均每对标记可检测到7.677个等位基因,等位基因数的变幅为2～19;主基因频率变化范围为0.236～0.951,平均值为0.394;基因多样性指数的变幅为0.094～0.871,平均值为0.667;多态性信息含量变幅为0.091～0.860,平均值为0.613;遗传相似系数变异范围为0.103～1.000,平均值为0.522;在遗传相似系数为0.783水平上可将参试材料聚为3个大类群,各大类分别包含86份、2份和3份材料;群体遗传结构分析表明,供试大麦材料分为3个亚群,每个亚群分别包含47份、33份和11份材料,且在91份材料中,Q>0.6的材料占总数的97.80%。本研究经抗病鉴定及分子标记结果综合分析,可为挑选抗病亲本辅助抗大麦条纹病优良品种的选...     

The Effects of Root Treatment with Various Stress Agents on Plant Cold- and Heat-Tolerance

The root systems of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) plants were subjected to a short-term (6–7-h-long) treatment with low and high temperatures, sodium chloride, and lead nitrate, and the effect of these treatments on the changes in the cold- and heat-tolerance of leaf cells was determined. It was established that chilling of cucumber and wheat seedling roots at 10 and 2°C, respectively, or their heating at 38°C and 40°C, respectively, induced an increase in both cold- and heat-tolerance of leaf cells. An increase in the cold- and heat-tolerance was also observed in roots treated with sodium chloride at concentrations of 0.15 M (cucumber) and 0.2 M (wheat), as well as with lead nitrate at a concentration of 0.1 mM (barley, wheat). The tolerance increase induced by these stress agents was accompanied by a considerable increase in the ABA concentration in leaves. The effect of physical and chemical stress agents is suggested to induce the same nonspecific changes in the aboveground organs. These changes bring about, directly or indirectly, an increase in the cold- and heat-tolerance and are related to an increase in the ABA content.     

The Pool of Chlorophyllous Pigments in Barley Seedlings of Different Ages under Heat Shock and Water Deficit

The effects of a high temperature (3 h, 40°C) and water deficit (45 h on 3% PEG 6000) on the pool of chlorophyllous pigments in the leaves of 4-, 7-, and 11-day-old barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings were studied. Heating resulted in a decrease in the total content of chlorophylls (Chl) (a + b) in 4-day-old plants but not in the older leaves. Water deficit induced an increase in the pigment content in young seedlings but reduced it in the leaves of 11-day-old plants. In young seedlings, hyperthermia and dehydration affected similarly Chl (a + b) degradation, leading to a marked inhibition of the chlorophyllase (Chlase) activity hydrolyzing Chl to chlorophyllides and phytol. In old leaves, an activation of this enzyme was observed. The stress factors under study affected different stages of pigment biosynthesis. High temperature inhibited the activity of dark and light stages of Chl(a + b) biosynthesis. Dehydration did not change markedly the resynthesis of protochlorophyllide, while the enzymes of the light stage of Chl biosynthesis were activated in young but inhibited in old barley leaves. The results thus obtained allowed us to conclude that heat treatment and dehydration specifically affected the Chl biosynthesis. At the same time, the Chlase response was nonspecific.     

青霉TS67菌株对大豆根腐病和玉米小斑病的防治效果评价

采用盆栽试验的方法,通过病情指数和防治效率等指标研究青霉TS67菌株的发酵液、发酵上清液和菌体对大豆根腐病及玉米小斑病的影响,实验结果的SPSS统计分析表明,青霉TS67的所有处理均能显著(P<0.01)抑制大豆根腐病及玉米小斑病的发生,其中采用TS67菌株与大豆尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)的混合物进行拌种,对大豆根腐病的防治效果最好,防治效率迭63.98%;在玉米小斑病发病前喷洒TS67菌株的发酵液,对玉米小斑病的防治效果最好,防治效率达到53.34%.此外实验结果还表明用青霉TS67进行大豆拌种能有效促进大豆幼苗生长.     

水稻叶片性状和根系活力的QTL定位

应用由247个株系组成的珍汕97B/密阳46重组自交系(RIL)群体及其分子标记连锁图谱,检测控制剑叶、倒二叶、倒三叶的5个形态性状和控制根系伤流量性状的数量性状座位(QTL)。在9个标记区间检测到控制叶片形态性状的24个QTL,LOD值为2．9～11．8,单个QTL的表型变异贡献率为4．0％～32．5％;分别检测到56对和4对控制叶片形态和根系活力的上位性互作,绝大多数互作发生在2个不表现加性效应的座位之间。与该群体产量性状QTL的研究结果相比较,发现控制叶片性状和根系活力的QTL与产量性状QTL往往处于相似的染色体区间。