超抗原及靶向治疗肿瘤作用进展

超抗原作为一种强大的T细胞激活荆,单用极低浓度便可激活大量的T淋巴细胞克隆来杀伤肿瘤细胞,但这种杀伤作用缺乏特异性.靶向治疗是现阶段肿瘤治疗的新技术,可针对各种机制来抑制肿瘤的发生和发展或消除肿瘤.时此,通过单抗导向或将超抗原结合于肿瘤细胞表面以及基因工程等手段,国内外的学者已在超抗原的靶向抗肿瘤治疗方面开展了大量工作,为肿瘤的防治提供了参考依据.     

CAR-NK细胞在肿瘤免疫治疗中的研究进展

自然杀伤细胞(NK细胞)具有细胞毒性效应,无需抗原预先致敏,就能自发杀伤靶细胞,抵挡恶性肿瘤和病原的入侵,参与免疫监视和抗肿瘤应答免疫。嵌合抗原受体(chimeric antigen receptor,CAR)主要由来源于抗体的单链抗体(single-chain variable fragment,sc Fv)的胞外识别区和来自于T细胞抗原受体(TCR)的CD3ζ组成,能特异性地识别肿瘤细胞表面的抗原和通过胞内的信号传导区域激活淋巴细胞,增强淋巴细胞的靶向性和活性,从而杀伤多种肿瘤。目前大多数的CAR研究都集中在T细胞,但巨额的花费、额外的毒性等都极大地限制了CAR-T细胞的广泛应用。CAR-NK细胞因能提供一种安全、有效的抗肿瘤免疫治疗,受到越来越多的重视。主要阐述CAR-NK细胞在肿瘤免疫治疗中的最新研究进展,以期为后续免疫治疗研究和NK细胞研究提供参考。     

新型双特异性单链抗体BiTEs及其在肿瘤治疗中的应用前景

BiTEs(bispecificTcellengagers)是一种以T细胞作为效应细胞的双特异性单链抗体 ,它具有两个抗原结合臂 ,可以同时和T细胞及靶细胞结合 ,并激活细胞毒性T细胞杀伤病变细胞。和其它双特异性抗体相比 ,BiTEs的分子柔韧性更好 ,能更好地促进CD3复合体和肿瘤靶标的连接 ,并且它不受T细胞受体和靶细胞上MHCⅠ类分子的约束 ,不需要共刺激分子的参与 ,是一种极具应用潜力的抗体形式。就BiTEs的结构、作用机理及其在肿瘤临床上的应用前景几个方面做一综述。     

ADC药物的抗体组成及其作用靶点研究进展*

抗体药物偶联物(antibody-drug conjugates,ADC)是一类由单克隆抗体和小分子细胞毒性药物通过连接子偶联而成的新型生物治疗药物。与传统的细胞毒药物相比,ADC具有靶向性强、毒副作用小等优势,在临床上展现较好的治疗潜力。其中,抗体部分通过与肿瘤细胞表面的靶向抗原结合,精准地将小分子细胞毒性药物递送至肿瘤部位,从而实现肿瘤特异性杀伤效果,是影响ADC疗效的核心要素之一。对近年来ADC药物中抗体的组成及其作用靶点的研究进展进行了综述。     

LRH-PE40重组毒素的高效表达及其特异性细胞毒性

将肿瘤特异性抗体、细胞因子和激素等导向物质与毒性分子如动植物毒素、放化疗药物、细菌毒素等用化学方法偶联起来或用基因融合的方法将各自的基因连接起来表达融合蛋白,制成具有特异靶向特性及细胞毒性作用的导向药物,即所谓“生物导弹”,可以选择性地杀伤相应的抗原相关细胞或受体相关细胞,对其他无关细胞则较少或无影响。这项技术在肿瘤治疗、器官移植、自体免疫病和慢性感染等疾病的治疗上,显示出广阔的前景。     

假单胞菌外毒素免疫原性的改善策略

重组免疫毒素(recombinant immunotoxin, RIT)是靶向杀伤肿瘤细胞的药物,由抗体与毒素分子连接而成的融合蛋白。其特异性抗体和靶细胞表面的抗原结合,介导毒素分子进入细胞起到杀伤细胞的作用。多种细菌和植物毒素已被用于制备免疫毒素。假单胞菌外毒素(pseudomonas exotoxin, PE)是构建免疫毒素的优选分子,被证明具有极高的细胞毒性。由于PE分子的免疫原性强、穿透能力差等原因,使其疗效低于预期。近年来利用各种方法降低RIT的免疫原性,去掉B细胞表位和T细胞表位,成为研究重点。现就PE的结构、功能以及免疫原性的降低等作一概述。     

胰腺或胰岛移植后1型糖尿病复发的预测

胰腺或胰岛移植后的1型糖尿病复发(T1DR)是影响远期移植物功能的关键因素之一。由T1DR导致的移植物功能丧失约占7﹪,与慢性同种排斥反应的发生率相当。然而,由于T1DR引起的复发性高血糖缺乏特异性,导致一直以来临床上T1DR发生被严重低估。移植物组织活检提示特异性靶向β细胞的炎性T细胞浸润是诊断T1DR的“金标准”。但是,作为一种有创性操作,组织活检不作为常规筛查T1DR方法。研究显示监测移植受者的胰岛自身抗体和抗原特异性T细胞对T1DR具有预测价值。本文就胰岛自身抗体和抗原特异性T细胞对预测T1DR作一综述。     

p53转染黑色素瘤细胞修饰的树突状细胞疫苗体外抗肿瘤作用的研究

利用野生型p53质粒转染黑色素瘤B16细胞,反复冻融法提取p53修饰的肿瘤抗原(p53-Ag),将抗原体外冲击同基因小鼠骨髓来源的树突状细胞(dendritic cells,DC)制备特异性DC肿瘤疫苗;观察DC诱导的淋巴细胞增殖反应和细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(cytotoxic T lymphocytes,CTL)对黑色素瘤细胞的细胞毒效应,分析其诱导肿瘤抗原特异性免疫应答的机制。结果显示,p53-肿瘤抗原冲击的DC可显著刺激淋巴细胞增殖,其诱导的CTL效应对肿瘤细胞也有很好的杀伤效果。     

T细胞重定向双特异性抗体在肿瘤治疗中的挑战与应对策略

T细胞重定向双特异性抗体能同时结合肿瘤相关抗原和T细胞表面CD3分子,通过将T细胞与肿瘤细胞桥联而激活T细胞发挥抗肿瘤作用,是肿瘤免疫治疗中极具潜力的策略之一。该疗法已成功应用于多种血液肿瘤的治疗,但在实体瘤治疗领域进展缓慢。就近年T细胞重定向双特异性抗体在肿瘤治疗方面所面临的主要挑战及解决策略进行综述,以探讨未来有可能改善其疗效的潜在策略。     

Epstein-Barr病毒特异性T细胞对重组痘苗病毒表达LMP和EBNA2的靶细胞的识别

本文用EB病毒转化自体淋巴细胞所建立的类淋巴母细胞系(LCL),以及用EB病毒潜伏感染膜蛋白(LMP)基因和核蛋白-2(EBNA2)基因与痘苗病毒重组的重组病毒(Vac-LMP和Vac-EBNA2)感染的自身纤维母细胞,同时作为刺激细胞和靶细胞,以~(51)Cr释放法检测5例血清中EB病毒VCA—IgA抗体阳性者及1例阴性健康者外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)的特异性T细胞杀伤效应。结果表明,用自身LCL激活的EB病毒特异性T细胞杀伤效应高峰出现在第14～28天;参与杀伤性细胞免疫反应的T细胞亚群主要是T3、T8阳性的细胞毒性T细胞,其对靶细胞的识别及杀伤受HLA-I的限制。用重组牛痘病毒感染的纤维母细胞作靶细胞或刺激细胞,有1例供者可接受LMP,另1例可接受EBNA2的刺激,并对相应的靶细胞产生特异性T细胞杀伤反应,表明EB病毒-LMP和EBNA2可能既是EB病毒特异性T细胞的刺激抗原,又是其识别的靶抗原。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.