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1.
2,5-Anhydro-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-; -3-O-alpha-L-idopyranosyl-; -3-O-alpha-D-arabinopyranosyl-; -3-O-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl-; -3-O-beta-D-maltopyranosyl-; -3-O-beta-D-gentiobiopyranosyl-; -1,6-di-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-; -1,6-di-O-alpha-L-idopyranosyl-; -1-O-beta-D-maltopyranosyl-; -1,3,6-tri-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-; -1,6-di-O-beta-maltopyranosyl- and -1,6-di-O-beta-D-gentiobiopyranosyl-2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol as well as their poly-O-sulfated derivatives were synthesized. The IP3-IC50 values of their sodium and/or potassium salts were determined for structure-activity studies aiming at the synthesis of new, orally active antiasthmatic compounds. 相似文献
2.
《Carbohydrate research》1986,145(2):293-306
The tetrasaccharides β-d-Glcp-(1→3)-β-d-Glcp-(1→3)-[β-d-Glcp-(1→6)]-d-Glcp, β-d-Glcp-(1→3)-[β-d-Glcp-(1→6)]-β-d-Glcp-(1→3)-d-Glcp, and β-d-Glcp-(1→6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→3)-β-d-Glcp-(1→3)-d-Glcp, corresponding to the three possible repeating-units of Schizophyllan, have been synthesised by silver trifluoromethanesulfonate-promoted Koenigs-Knorr type condensations, using 2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-3-O-allyl-α-d-glucopyranosyl bromide as the key intermediate. 相似文献
3.
Summary The structure-activity data of 6 years on 395 analogs of the luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) have been studied to determine effective substituents for the ten positions for maximal antiovulatory activity and minimal histamine release. The numbers of substituents studied in the ten positions are as follows: (41)1-(12)2-(12)3-(5)4-(47)5-(52)6-(16)7-(18)8-(4)9-(8)10. In position 1, DNal and DQal were effective with the former being more frequently the better substituent. DpClPhe was uniquely effective in position 2. Positions 3 and 4 are very sensitive to change. D3Pal in position 3 and Ser in position 4 of LHRH were in the best antagonists. PicLys and cPzACAla were the most successful residues in position 5 with cPzACAla being the better substituent. Position 6 was the most flexible and many substituents were effective; particularly DPicLys. Leu7 was most often present in the best antagonists. In position 8, Arg was effective for both antiovulatory activity and histamine release; ILys was effective for potency and lesser histamine release. Pro9 of LHRH was retained. DAlaNH2
10 was in the best antagonists.Abbreviations AABLys
N
-(4-acetylaminobenzoyl)lysine
- AALys
N
-anisinoyl-lysine
- AAPhe
3-(4-acetylaminophenyl)lysine
- Abu
2-aminobutyric acid
- ACLys
N
-(6-aminocaproyl)lysine
- ACyh
1-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid
- ACyp
1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid
- Aile
alloisoleucine
- AnGlu
4-(4-methoxy-phenylcarbamoyl)-2-aminobutyric acid
- 2ANic
2-aminonicotinic acid
- 6ANic
6-aminonicotinic acid
- APic
6-aminopicolinic acid
- APh
4-aminobenzoic acid
- APhe
4-aminophynylalanine
- APz
3-amino-2-pyrazinecarboxylic acid
- Aze
azetidine-2-carboxylic acid
- Bim
5-benzimidazolecarboxylic acid
- BzLys
N
-benzoyllysine
- Cit
citrulline
- Cl2Phe
3-(3,4-dichlorphenyl)alanine
- cPzACAla
cis-3-(4-pyrazinylcarbonylaminocyclohexyl)alnine
- cPmACAla
cis-3-[4-(4-pyrimidylcarbonyl)aminocyclohexyl]alanine
- Dbf
3-(2-dibenzofuranyl)alanine
- DMGLys
N
-(N,N-dimethylglycyl)lysine
- Dpo
N
-(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidyl)-ornithine
- F2Ala
3,3-difluoroalanine
- hNal
4-(2-naphthyl)-2-aminobutyric acid
- HOBLys
N
-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)lysine
- hpClPhe
4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-amino-butyric acid
- Hse
homoserine, 2-amino-4-hydroxybutanoic acid
- ICapLys
N
-(6-isopropylaminocaproyl)lysine
- ILys
N
-isopropyllysine
- Ind
indoline-2-carboxylic acid
- INicLys
N
-isonicotinoyllysine
- IOrn
N
-isopropylornithine
- Me3Arg
NG,NG,NG-trimethylarginine
- Me2Lys
N
,N
-dimethyllysine
- MNal
3-[(6-methyl)-2-naphtyl]alanine
- MNicLys
N
-(6-methylpicolinoyl)lysine
- MPicLys
N
-(6-methylpicolinoyl)lysine
- MOB
4-methoxybenzoyl
- MpClPhe
N-methyl-3-(4-chlorphenyl)lysine
- MPZGlu
glutamic acid,-4-methylpiperazine
- Nal
3-(2-naphthyl)alanine
- Nap
2-naphthoic acid
- NicLys
N
-nicotinoyllysine
- NO2B
4-nitrobenzoyl
- NO2Phe
3-(4-nitrophenyl)alanine
- oClPhe
3-(2-chlorphenyl)alanine
- Opt
O-phenyl-tyrosine
- Pal
3-(3-pyridyl)alanine
- 2Pal
3-(2-pyridyl)alanine
- 2PALys
N
-(3-pyridylacetyl)lysine
- pCapLys
N
-(6-picolinoylaminocaproyl)lysine
- pClPhe
3-(4-chlorophenyl)alanine
- pFPhe
3-(4-fluorophenyl)-alanine
- Pic
picolinic acid
- PicLys
N
-picolinoyllysine
- Pip
piperidine-2-car-boxylic acid
- PmcLys
N
-(4-pyrimidylcarbonyl)lysine
- Ptf
3-(4-trifluromethyl phenyl)alanine
- Pz
pyrazinecarboxylic acid
- PzAla
3-pyrazinylalanine
- PzAPhe
3-(4-pyrazinylcarbonylaminophenyl)alanine
- Qal
3-(3-quinolyl)alanine
- Qnd-Lys
N
-quinaldoyllysine
- Qui
3-quinolinecarboxylic acid
- Qux
2-quinoxalinecarboxylic acid
- Tic
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
- TinGly
2-thienylglycine
- tNACAla
trans-3-(4-nicotinoylaminocyclohexyl)-alanine
- tPACAla
trans-3-(4-picolinoylaminocyclohexyl)alanine 相似文献
4.
Three glycopeptides, obtained in quantity from ovalbumin by exhaustive digestion with Pronase and purified by ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration, had mannose-2-acetamido-2-deoxyglucose-aspartic acid ratios of 5:4:1, 6:2:1, and 5:2:1. The structures of the glycopeptides have been investigated by sequential digestion with purified exo-glycosidases, Smith degradation, and selective acetolysis, and by methylation analysis of the glycopeptides and their degradation products. The resulting data indicated the structures to be α-d-Manp-(1→6)-[α-d- Manp-(1→3)]-α-d-Manp-(1→6)-[β-d-GlcNAcp-(1→4)]-[β-d-GlcNAcp-(1→2)-α-d- Manp-(1→3)]-β-d-Manp-(1→4)-β-d-GlcNAcp-(1→4)-β-d-GlcNAcp→Asn, α-d- Manp-(1→6)-[α-d-Manp-(1→3)]-α-d-Manp-(1→6)-[α-d-Manp-(1→2)-α-d-Manp- (1→3)]-β-d-Manp-(1→4)-β-d-GlcNAcp-(1→4)-β-d-GlcNAcp→Asn, and α-d-Manp- (1→6)-[α-d-Manp-(1→3)]-α-d-Manp-(1→6)-[α-d-Manp-(1→3)]-β-d-Manp-(1→4)- β-d-GlcNAcp-(1→4)-β-d-GlcNAcp→Asn. The glycopeptides had a common-core structure consisting of five mannose and two hexosamine residues, but the two larger glycopeptides were not homologous. 相似文献
5.
Nucleotide sequences of the mating-type loci MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 of Cordyceps takaomontana were determined, which is the first such report for the clavicipitaceous fungi. MAT1-1 contains two mating-type genes, MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-1-2, but MAT1-1-3 could not be found. On the other hand, MAT1-2 has MAT1-2-1. A pseudogene of MAT1-1-1 is located next to MAT1-2. 相似文献
6.
N. Aste C. Viglietti-Panzica A. Fasolo C. Andreone H. Vaudry G. Pelletier G. C. Panzica 《Cell and tissue research》1991,265(2):219-230
Summary In the present study, we have demonstrated, by means of the biotin-avidin method, the widespread distribution of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-immunoreactive structures throughout the whole brain of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). The prosencephalic region contained the highest concentration of both NPY-containing fibres and perikarya. Immunoreactive fibres were observed throughout, particularly within the paraolfactory lobe, the lateral septum, the nucleus taeniae, the preoptic area, the periventricular hypothalamic regions, the tuberal complex, and the ventrolateral thalamus. NPY-immunoreactive cells were represented by: a) small scattered perikarya in the telencephalic portion (i.e. archistriatal, neostriatal and hyperstriatal regions, hippocampus, piriform cortex); b) medium-sized cell bodies located around the nucleus rotundus, ventrolateral, and lateral anterior thalamic nuclei; c) small clustered cells within the periventricular and medial preoptic nuclei. The brainstem showed a less diffuse innervation, although a dense network of immunopositive fibres was observed within the optic tectum, the periaqueductal region, and the Edinger-Westphal, linearis caudalis and raphes nuclei. Two populations of large NPY-containing perikarya were detected: one located in the isthmic region, the other at the boundaries of the pons with the medulla. The wide distribution of NPY-immunoreactive structures within regions that have been demonstrated to play a role in the control of vegetative, endocrine and sensory activities suggests that, in birds, this neuropeptide is involved in the regulation of several aspects of cerebral functions.Abbreviations
AA
archistriatum anterius
-
AC
nucleus accumbens
-
AM
nucleus anterior medialis
-
APP
avian pancreatic polypeptide
-
CNS
centrai nervous system
-
CO
chiasma opticum
-
CP
commissura posterior
-
CPi
cortex piriformis
-
DIC
differential interferential contrast
-
DLAl
nucleus dorsolateralis anterior thalami, pars lateralis
-
DLAm
nucleus dorsolateralis anterior thalami, pars medialis
-
E
ectostriatum
-
EW
nucleus of Edinger-Westphal
-
FLM
fasciculus longitudinalis medialis
-
GCt
substantia grisea centralis
-
GLv
nucleus geniculatus lateralis, pars ventralis
-
HA
hyperstriatum accessorium
-
Hp
hippocampus
-
HPLC
high performance liquid chromatography
-
HV
hyperstriatum ventrale
-
IF
nucleus infundibularis
-
IO
nucleus isthmo-opticus
-
IP
nucleus interpeduncularis
-
IR
immunoreactive
-
LA
nucleus lateralis anterior thalami
-
LC
nucleus linearis caudalis
-
LFS
lamina frontalis superior
-
LH
lamina hyperstriatica
-
LHRH
luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone
-
LoC
locus coeruleus
-
LPO
lobus paraolfactorius
-
ME
eminentia mediana
-
N
neostriatum
-
NC
neostriatum caudale
-
NPY
neuropeptide Y
-
NIII
nervus oculomotorius
-
NV
nervus trigeminus
-
NVI
nervus facialis
-
NVIIIc
nervus octavus, pars cochlearis
-
nIV
nucleus nervi oculomotorii
-
nIX
nucleus nervi glossopharyngei
-
nBOR
nucleus opticus basalis (ectomamilaris)
-
nCPa
nucleus commissurae pallii
-
nST
nucleus striae terminalis
-
OM
tractus occipitomesencephalicus
-
OS
nucleus olivaris superior
-
PA
palaeostriatum augmentatum
-
PBS
phosphate-buffered saline
-
POA
nucleus praeopticus anterior
-
POM
nucleus praeopticus medialis
-
POP
nucleus praeopticus periventricularis
-
PP
pancreatic polypeptide
-
PYY
polypeptide YY
-
PVN
nucleus paraventricularis magnocellularis
-
PVO
organum paraventriculare
-
R
nucleus raphes
-
ROT
nucleus rotundus
-
RP
nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis
-
Rpc
nucleus reticularis parvocellularis
-
RPgc
nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis, pars gigantocellularis
-
RPO
nucleus reticularis pontis oralis
-
SCd
nucleus subcoeruleus dorsalis
-
SCv
nucleus subcoeruleus ventralis
-
SCNm
nucleus suprachiasmaticus, pars medialis
-
SCNl
nucleus suprachiasmaticus, pars lateralis
-
SL
nucleus septalis lateralis
-
SM
nucleus septalis medialis
-
Ta
nucleus tangentialis
-
TeO
tectum opticum
-
Tn
nucleus taeniae
-
TPc
nucleus tegmenti pedunculo-pontinus, pars compacta
-
TSM
tractus septo-mesencephalicus
-
TV
nueleus tegmenti ventralis
-
VeL
nucleus vestibularis lateralis
-
VLT
nucleus ventrolateralis thalami
-
VMN
nucleus ventromedialis hypothalami
A preliminary report of this study was presented at the 15th Conference of European Comparative Endocrinologists, Leuven, Belgium, September 1990 相似文献
7.
Synthetic routes are discussed to the branched d-mannopentaoside methyl 6-O-(2,6-di-O-α-d-mannopyranosyl-α-d-mannopyranosyl)-3-O-α-d-mannopyranosyl-α-d-mannopyranoside and d-mannohexaoside methyl 6-O-(2,6-di-O-α-d-mannopyranosyl-α-d-mannopyranosyl)-3-O-(2-O-α-d-mannopyranosyl-α-d-mannopyranosyl)- α-d-mannopyranoside, employing the properly benzylated d-mannobioside methyl 2,4-di-O-benzyl-6-O-(3,4-di-O-benzyl-α-d-mannopyranosyl)-α-d-mannopyranoside and d-mannotrioside methyl 2,4-di-O-benzyl-6-O-(3,4-di-O-benzyl-α-d-mannopyranosyl)-3-O-(3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-α-d-mannopyranosyl)-α-d- mannopyranoside as key intermediates. 相似文献
8.
Synthetic routes are described to the d-mannopentaoside methyl 3-O-(3,6-di-O-α-d-mannopyranosyl-α-d-mannopyranosyl)-6-O-α-d-mannopyranosyl-α-d-mannopyranoside, and the d-mannohexaoside methyl 3-O-(3,6-di-O-α-d-mannopyranosyl-α-d-mannopyranosyl)-6-O-(2-O-α-d-mannopyranosyl-α-d-mannopyranosyl)-α- d-mannopyranoside, formed in a regio- and stereo-controlled way by employing the properly protected d-mannobioside methyl 2,4-di-O-benzyl-3-O-(2,4-di-O-benzyl-α-d-mannopyranosyl)-α-d-mannopyranoside and d-mannotrioside methyl 2,4-di-O-benzyl-3-O-(2,4-di-O-benzyl-α-d-mannopyranosyl)-6-O-(3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-α-d- mannopyranosyl)-α-d-mannopyranoside as key intermediates. 相似文献
9.
U. Schlötzer-Schrehardt 《Zoomorphology》1987,107(3):169-179
Summary The differentiation of the dorsal organs as well as the structure of the nuchal organs and their relation to the central nervous system in adult Pygospio elegans were studied by electron microscopy and compared to the nuchal organs of the larvae. The nuchal organs are represented by paired ciliary bands on the dorsal side of the first setiger, delimiting a median caruncle that is completely filled with epidermal and nervous tissue. They are composed of ciliated supporting cells and bipolar primary sensory cells constituting the nuchal ganglia, which are integrated into the brain. Microvillus-like processes of the ciliated cells give rise to a secondary covering layer over the sensory epithelium. The size of the nuchal organs is a sexually dimorphic feature.Dorsal organ formation is concomitant with the onset of sexual maturation in the male sex only. They appear as metameric ciliary bands on the dorsal side of the anterior body region and consist of ciliated cells accompanied by lateral accumulations of tubular gland cells. In the gametogenic segments they are structurally associated with the male genital pores and may be involved in reproduction. The results refute previous theories that dorsal organs are sensory and have a common origin to nuchal organs.Abbreviations
ac
anterior commissure of the brain
-
ace
anterior circumesophageal connective
-
bb
basal body
-
bl
basal lamina
-
c
cuticle
-
ca
caruncle
-
cc
ciliated cell
-
ci
sensory cilium
-
co
microvillar cover
-
d
septate desmosome
-
db
dorsal blood vessel
-
dn
dorsal nerve cord
-
ea
efferent axons
-
ec
epidermal cell
-
eg
elementary granules
-
g
Golgi complex
-
i
filamentous inclusion
-
lm
longitudinal muscles
-
ly
lysosome
-
mc
motile cilia
-
mv
microvillus
-
n
neuron
-
ng
nuchal ganglion
-
nn
nuchal nerve
-
nu
nucleus
-
oc
olfactory chamber
-
pa
palp
-
pc
posterior commissure of the brain
-
pce
posterior circumesophageal connective
-
rer
rough endoplasmic reticulum
-
sI
setiger I
-
sb
sensory bulb
-
sc
sensory cell
-
sd
sensory dendrite
-
ser
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
-
tf
tonofilament bundle
-
v
clear vesicles
-
za
zonula adherens 相似文献
10.
《Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.)》2013,12(24):2920-2926
The seven highly conserved 14-3-3 proteins expressed in mammalian cells form a complex pattern of homo- and hetero-dimers, which is poorly characterized. Among the 14-3-3 proteins 14-3-3sigma is unique as it has tumor suppressive properties. Expression of 14-3-3sigma is induced by DNA damage in a p53-dependent manner and mediates a cell cycle arrest. Here we show that the 14-3-3sigma protein exclusively forms homodimers when it is ectopically expressed at high levels, whereas ectopic 14-3-3zeta formed heterodimers with the 5 other 14-3-3 isoforms. The x-ray structure of 14-3-3sigma?revealed 5 residues (Ser5, Glu20, Phe25, Q55, Glu80) as candidate determinants of dimerization specificity. Here we converted these amino-acids to residues present in 14-3-3zeta at the analogous positions. Thereby, Ser5, Glu20 and Glu80 were identified as key residues responsible for the selective homodimerization of 14-3-3sigma. Conversion of all 5 candidate residues was sufficient to switch the dimerization pattern of 14-3-3sigma to a pattern which is very similar to that of 14-3-3zeta. In contrast to wildtype 14-3-3sigma this 14-3-3sigma variant and 14-3-3zeta were unable to mediate inhibition of cell proliferation. Therefore, homodimerization by 14-3-3sigma is required for its unique functions among the 7 mammalian 14-3-3 proteins. As inactivation of 14-3-3sigma sensitizes to DNA-damaging drugs, substances designed to interfere with 14-3-3sigma dimerization may be used to inactivate 14-3-3sigma function for cancer therapeutic purposes. 相似文献
11.
l-threo-2,3-Hexodiulosono-1,4-lactone 2-(3-chlorophenylhydrazone) and 4- (2-acetoxyethylidene)-4-hydroxy-2,3-dioxobutano-1,4-lactone 2-(3-chlorophenylhydrazone) were prepared. The two geometric isomers of the corresponding bis(hydrazone) underwent an intramolecular rearrangement to 1-(3-chlorophenyl)- 3-(l-threo-glycerol-1-yl)-4,5-pyrazoledione 4-(3-chlorophenylhydrazone), which gave a tri-O-acetyl derivative upon acetylation and the anticipated formyl derivative upon periodate oxidation. Oxidation of the bis(hydrazone) with cupric chloride afforded the bicyclic compound 3,6-anhydro-3-C-(3-chlorophenylazo)-l- xylo-2-hexulosono-1,4-lactone 2-(3-chlorophenylhydrazone), whose acetylation afforded the mono-O-acetyl derivative. 相似文献
12.
First internode growth of green Vigna sinensis L. can be widely modified by light or dark treatments. In all the treatments used there is a good correlation between the internode growth and the rate of C18-1 accumulation. None of the other fatty acids show such a correlation.Abbreviations C16-0
palmitoic acid
- C17
heptadecanoic acid
- C18-0
stearic acid
- C18-1
octadecenoic acid
- C18-2
linoleic acid
- C18-3
linolenic acid
- D
darkness
- DW
dry weight
- FR
far-red light
- FW
fresh weight
- PFR
phytochrome in the FR absorbing form
- R
red light
- W
white light 相似文献
13.
Bruno Viertel 《Zoomorphology》1991,110(5):239-266
Summary The pharynx ofBufo calamita, Rana temporaria andBombina variegata larvae (larval Types IV and III) changes considerably during the latter part of embryonic development. The entodermal regions between the visceral pockets flatten inward to form the anlagen of the filter plates. The ectoderm thrusts forward from the area of the persistent epidermal gills overlying the anlagen of the filter plates. The esophagus pushes dorsolaterally into the pharynx to give rise to the ciliary cushions. Comparison with the development ofXenopus laevis (larval Type I) reveals shared characters: (1) the filter plates are overlapped by the sensory layer of the epiderm and (2) the ciliary grooves are, like the ciliary cushions of larval Types III and IV, anteriorly directed dorsolateral extensions of the esophagus. In all the species studied an ectodermal-esophageal filter apparatus develops. The evolutionary origin of this filter apparatus is discussed. The epidermalization of gills is suggested as a common character with the sister group of Dipnoi, and is therefore a plesiomorphic character in all amphibians. The tendency of filter plate epidermalization is considered to be the end of a process which is also indicated in the epidermalization of the first visceral pouch in lung fish. The ciliary groove is unique in anuran larvae within the Lissamphibia, and is therefore seen as an autapomorphic character within amphibians. On the basis of the different structure of the ciliary cushion inX. laevis and in the other species of this study, two alternative levels of evolutionary ciliary groove origin are discussed. Derivation from the esophagus took place: (1) in a common anuran larval ancestor, or (2) at two independent levels; the first in the Pipidae (-Rhinophrynidae) ancestor and the second in the ancestor of all the other anuran families. Several larval characters and cladistic aspects make the first alternative more probable than the second. Larval Type II anatomy and Larval Type II truncation from the Larval Type IV of Ranoidea do not contradict these considerations. There is disproportionately early commencement of ingestion activity inR. temporaria (G Stage 23),B. calamita (G Stage 23), andB. bufo (G Stage 24) compared toXenopus. Feeding in the former three species precedes the differentiation of the filter plates, their mucus production, and the exhaustion of the yolk supply in the gut tissue. By contrast, the goblet cells and the ciliary cells of the ciliary cushions are already differentiated when feeding starts. This suggests that ingestion in these early stages requires mucus production by the ciliary cushions and transport by their ciliary cells. Presumably in fully formed larvae, the ciliary cushions are the mucus donors, whereas the filter plates are the mucus depositors. By contrast,X. laevis does not begin active food intake by suspension feeding until after the yolk supply has been used up from the entoderm of the buccal cavity to deep in the esophagus.Abbreviations
AAC
anlage of apical cell
-
AC
apical cell
-
ACE
anlage of cerebrum
-
ACG
anlage of ciliary groove
-
AD
aorta dorsalis
-
ADV
anlage of dorsal velum
-
AG
anlage of glottis
-
AFP
anlage of filter plates
-
AFR
anlage of filter rows
-
AFPC
anlage of epidermal fold of peribranchial chamber (anlage of operculum)
-
ant.
anterior
-
AMF
anlage of middle fold
-
AO
adhesive organ
-
APEG
anlage of persistent epidermal gills
-
APOP
anlage of postnarial papilla
-
APSF
anlage of primary side fold
-
ASC1
anlage of Type 1 secretory cell
-
ATE
anlage of tuba Eustachii
-
ATEG
anlage of transient epidermal gills
-
AVV
anlage of ventral velum
-
B
branchial arch
-
BI-IV
branchial arches I–IV
-
BFA
buccal floor arena
-
BFT
branchial food trap
-
BL
basal lamina
-
BRA
buccal roof arena
-
C
cilium, cilia
-
CA
cartilage of visceral arch
-
CC
ciliary cushion
-
CE
cerebrum, brain
-
CG
ciliary groove
-
CH
choana
-
CHY
ceratohyale
-
CIC
ciliary cell
-
CL
capillary vessel
-
CN
centriole, basal body
-
COC
cuboidal cells
-
CT
connective tissue
-
CTC
connective tissue cell
-
d
dorsal
-
DV
dorsal velum
-
DVI–III
dorsal vela I–III
-
E
esophagus
-
e
early
-
ED
edge of filter plate
-
EN
endothelium
-
ENC
entodermal cell
-
EP
epiderm
-
EPC
epidermal cell
-
ER
endoplasmatic reticulum
-
ET
erythrocyte
-
ETZ
ectodermal-entodermal transition zone
-
EV
ear vesicle
-
EX
merocrine extrusion
-
EY
eye
-
EZ
zone of extrusion
-
FP
filter plate
-
FPII
filter plate of the 2nd branchial arch
-
FPIV
filter plate of the 4th branchial arch
-
FPC
epidermal fold of peribranchial chamber (operculum)
-
FC
filter cavity
-
FN
filter niche
-
FR
filter row
-
GL
glottis
-
GS
gill slit
-
1. GS
first gill slit
-
GZ
glandular zone
-
H
heart
-
HP
hypobranchial plate
-
HY
hyoid arch
-
IC
intercellular space, enlarged by fixation and dehydration
-
L
late
-
LJ
lower jaw
-
LT
larval type
-
LV
lipid vacuole
-
M
mitochondrion
-
MA
mandibular arch
-
MF
middle fold
-
med.
median
-
MS
microvillous stubs
-
MZ
zone of microtubes
-
NAC
nucleus of apical cell
-
NCIC
nucleus of ciliary cell
-
NCL
nucleus of capillary vessel
-
NCOC
nucleus of cuboidal cells
-
NCT
nucleus of connective tissue
-
NENC
nucleus of entodermal cell
-
NEPC
nucleus of epidermal cell
-
NO
external nares
-
NPEC
nucleus of periderm cell
-
NRC
nucleus of random cell
-
NSC1
nucleus of Type 1 secretory cell
-
NSC3
nucleus of Type 3 secretory cell
-
NSLC
nucleus of sensory layer cell
-
NSPC
nucleus of supporting cell
-
NSQC
nucleus of squamous epithelial cell
-
OC
oral cavity
-
OS
mouth
-
P
papilla
-
PC
peribranchial chamber
-
PCW
peribranchial chamber wall
-
PE
periderm
-
PEC
periderm cell
-
PEG
persistent epidermal gill
-
PG
pigment granule
-
post.
posterior
-
PS
primary side fold
-
PH
pharynx
-
RC
random cell
-
RO
rootlet
-
SC1
Type 1 secretory cell
-
SC2
Type 2 secretory cell, goblet cell
-
SC3
Type 3 secretory cell
-
SC4
Type 4 secretory cell
-
SG
secretory groove
-
SL
sensory layer
-
SLC
sensory layer cell
-
SP
secretory pit
-
SPC
supporting cell
-
SQC
squamous epithelial cell
-
SR
secretory ridge
-
SRC
secretory ridge cell
-
SS
secondary side fold
-
ST.
stage
-
STD
stomodeum
-
SU
spiculum of hypobranchial plate
-
T
tentacle
-
TA
anlage of tongue
-
TEG
transient epidermal gill
-
TZ
transitional zone of branchial food trap and ventral velum
-
UJ
upper jaw
-
v
ventral
-
VA
visceral arch
-
VC
vacuole
-
VPI–IV
visceral pockets I–IV
-
VP
visceral pocket
-
VV
ventral velum
-
YV
yolk vacuoles
Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) 相似文献
14.
Walter Heiligenberg Clifford H. Keller Walter Metzner Masashi Kawasaki 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1991,169(2):151-164
Summary The complex of the diencephalic nucleus electrosensorius (nE) provides an interface between the electrosensory processing performed by the torus semicircularis and the control of specific behavioral responses. The rostral portion of the nE comprises two subdivisions that differ in the response properties and projection patterns of their neurons. First, the nEb (Fig. 1 B), which contains neurons that are driven almost exclusively by beat patterns generated by the interference of electric organ discharges (EODs) of similar frequencies. Second, the area medial to the nEb, comprising the lateral pretectum (PT) and the nE-acusticolateralis region (nEar, Fig. 1 B-D), which contains neurons excited predominantly by EOD interruptions, signals associated with aggression and courtship. Neurons in the second area commonly receive convergent inputs originating from ampullary and tuberous electroreceptors, which respond to the low-frequency and high-frequency components of EOD interruptions, respectively. Projections of these neurons to hypothalamic areas linked to the pituitary may mediate modulations of a fish's endocrine state that are caused by exposure to EOD interruptions of its mate.Abbreviations
a
axon
-
ATh
anterior thalamic nucleus
-
CCb
corpus cerebelli
-
CE
central nucleus of the inferior lobe
-
CP
central posterior thalamic nucleus
-
Df
frequency difference between neighbor's EOD and fish's own
-
DFl
nucleus diffusus lateralis of the inferior lobe
-
DFm
nucleus diffusus medialis of the inferior lobe
-
DTn
dorsal tegmental nucleus
-
EOD
electric organ discharge
-
G
glomerular nucleus
-
Hc
caudal hypothalamus
-
Hd
dorsal hypothalamus
-
Hl
lateral hypothalamus
-
Hv
ventral hypothalamus
-
JAR
jamming avoidance response
-
LL
lateral lemniscus
-
MGT
magnocellular tegmental nucleus
-
MLF
medial longitudinal fasciculus
-
nB
nucleus at the base of the optic tract
-
nE
nucleus electrosensorius
-
nEar
nucleus electrosensorius-acusticolateral region
-
nEb
nucleus electrosensorius-beat related area
-
nE
nucleus electrosensorius, area causing rise of EOD frequency
-
nE
nucleus electrosensorius, area causing fall of EOD frequency
-
nLT
nucleus tuberis lateralis
-
nLV
nucleus lateralis valvulae
-
PC
posterior commissure
-
Pd
nucleus praeeminentialis, pars dorsalis
-
PeG
periglomerular complex
-
PG
preglomerular nucleus
-
PLm
medial division of the perilemniscal nucleus
-
Pn
pacemaker nucleus
-
PPn
prepacemaker nucleus
-
PT
pretectal nucleus
-
PTh
prethalamic nucleus
-
R
red nucleus
-
Sc
suprachiasmatic nucleus
-
SE
nucleus subelectrosensorius
-
TAd
nucleus tuberis anterior-dorsal subdivision
-
TAv
nucleus tuberis anterior-ventral subdivision
-
TeO
optic tectum
-
TL
torus longitudinalis
-
TSd
dorsal (electrosensory) torus semicircularis
-
TSv
ventral (mechanosensory and auditory) torus semicircularis
-
tTB
tecto-bulbar tract
-
VCb
cerebellar valvula
-
VP
valvular peduncle
-
VPn
nucleus of the valvular peduncle 相似文献
15.
Three distinct clusters of crustacean cardioactive-peptide-immunoreactive neurones occur in the terminal abdominal ganglion of the crayfish species Orconectes limosus, Astacus leptodactylus, Astacus astacus and Procambarus clarkii, as revealed by immunocytochemistry of whole-mount preparations and sections. They exhibit similar topology and projection patterns in all four studied species. An anterior ventral lateral and a posterior lateral cluster contain one small, strongly stained perikaryon and two large, less intensely stained perikarya, each showing contralateral projections. A posterior medial lateral cluster of up to six cells also contains these two types of perikarya. Whereas the small type perikarya belong to putative interneurones, the large type perikarya give rise to extensive neurohaemal plexuses in perineural sheaths of the third roots of the fifth abdominal ganglia, the connectives, the dorsal telson nerves, the ganglion itself, its roots and arteriolar supply. Thin fibres from these plexuses reach newly discovered putative neurohaemal areas around the hindgut and anus via the intestinal and the anal nerves, and directly innervate the phasic telson musculature. A comparison with earlier investigations of motoneurones and segmentation indicates that these three cell groups containing putative neurosecretory neurones may be members of at least three neuromeres in this ganglion. Crustacean cardioactive peptide released from these neurones may participate in the neurohumoral and modulatory control of different neuronal and muscle targets, thereby exceeding its previously established hindgut and heart excitatory effects.Abbreviations
AG
abdominal ganglion
-
adpl
arteria dorsalis pleica
-
Ala
arreria lateralis abdominalis
-
Asub
arteria subneuralis
-
CCAP
crustacean cardioactive peptide
-
CNS
central nervous system
-
IR
immunoreactive
-
LG
lateral giant axon
-
LTr
lateral tract
-
MDT
medial dorsal tract
-
MG
medial giant axon
-
M Tr
medial tract
-
mcan
musculus compressor ani
-
mfltp
museulus flexor telsonos posterior
-
nan
nervus ani (AG6 N5)
-
nant
nervus anterior (AG6 N1, N2)
-
nia
nervus intestinal anterior
-
nin
nervus intestinalis (AG6 N7)
-
nip
nervus intestinalis posterior
-
nteld
nervus telsonos dorsalis (AG6 N6)
-
nielv
nervus telsonos ventralis (AG6 N4)
-
nur
nervus uropedalis (AG6 N3)
-
nven
nervus ventralis (AG5 N3)
-
PIR
peri-intestinal ring
-
PTF
posterior telson flexor
-
VLT
ventral lateral tract
-
VMT
ventral medial tract
-
VNC
ventral nerve cord
-
VIF
ventral telson flexor
-
AVLC, PLC, PMLC
anterior ventral lateral, posterior lateral, posterior medial lateral CCAP-immunoreactive cell cluster
-
A6AVC, A7AVC
anterior ventral commissures
-
A7DCI
dorsal commissure I
-
A7PVC
posterior ventral commissure
-
A7SCII
sensory commissure II
-
A7VCII, A7VCIII
ventral commissures II and III of the sixth (A6) and seventh (A7) abdominal neuromer 相似文献
16.
Summary The ultrastructure of gill epidermal cells of Diopatra neapolitana and their relationship with blood spaces are described. The existence of a basal infolding complex, related to the blood spaces, is also reported. A possible involvement of these cells in osmoregulation and ion interchange, apart from their well-known role in respiration, is suggested.Abbreviations
bc
Blood cell
-
bi
Basal infolding
-
bl
Basal lamina
-
bs
Blood space
-
ci
Cilia
-
cu
Cuticle
-
db
Dense body
-
EC
Epidermal cell
-
Gc
Golgi complex
-
id
Interdigitation
-
j
Junction
-
m
Mitochondria
-
mv
Microvilli
-
n
Nucleus
-
pv
Pinocytotic vesicle
-
rer
Rough endoplasmic reticulum 相似文献
17.
Substrate selectivity of lipases in the esterification of cis/trans-isomers and positional isomers of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The substrate selectivity of several microbial lipases has been examined in the esterification of the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers cis-9,trans-11-, cis-9,cis-11-, trans-9,trans-11- and trans-10,cis-12-octadecadienoic acid with n-butanol in n-hexane. Lipases from Candida cylindracea and Mucor miehei had a preference for the cis-9,trans-11-octadecadienoic acid, while Chirazyme L-5, a Candida antarctica lipase A, accepted the trans-9,trans-11-fatty acid with a high selectivity. Moreover, lipase from Candida cylindracea and Chirazyme L-5 catalysed the esterification of the cis-9,trans-11-octadecadienoic acid with n-butanol faster than the corresponding reaction of the trans-10,cis-12-fatty acid. 相似文献
18.
Three spirostanol and two furostanol glycosides were isolated from a methanol extract of the roots of Asparagus curillus and characterized as 3-O-[α-l-arabinopyranosyl (1→4)- β-d-glucopyranosyl]-(25S)-5β-spirostan-3β-ol, 3-O-[{α-l-rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)} {α-l-arabinopyranosyl (1→4)}-β-d-glucopyranosyl]-(25S)-5β-spirostan- 3β-ol, 3-O-[{β-d-glucopyranosyl (1→2)} {α-l-arabinopyranosyl (1→4)}-β- d-glucopyranosyl]-(25S)-5β-spirostan-3β-ol, 3-O-[{β-d-glucopyranosyl (1→2)} {α-l-arabinopyranosyl (1→4)}-β-d-glucopyranosyl]-26-O-[β-d-glucopyranosyl]- 22α-methoxy-(25S)-5β-furostan-3β, 26-diol and 3-O-[{β-d-glucopyranosyl (1→2)} {α-l-arabinopyranosyl (1→4)}-β-d-glucopyranosyl]-26-O-[β-d-glucopyranosyl]- (25S)-5β-furostan-3β, 22α, 26-triol respectively. 相似文献
19.
Condensation of methyl 4-O-acetyl-3-O-(2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-α-
-rhamnopyranosyl)-α-
-rhamnopyranoside with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-α-
-glucopyranosyl chloride gave a mixture of methyl O-[2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-α- (4) and -β-
-glucopyranosyl]-(1→2)-O-[(2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-α-
-rhamnopyranosyl)-(1→3)]-4-O-acetyl-α-
-rhamnopyranoside (9) in 43:7 proportion in 63% yield. After chromatographic separation, removal of the benzyl and acetyl groups gave methyl O-α-
-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-[O-α-
-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)]-α-
-rhamnopyranoside and the β anomer. Removal of benzyl groups of 4 was followed by tritylation, acetylation, and detritylation of the α-
-glucopyranosyl group, and finally condensation with benzyl (2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-
-glucopyranosyl chloride)uronate gave a mixture of two tetrasaccharides (15 and 16), containing the α- and β-
-glucopyranosyluronic acid groups in the ratio 81:19, and an overall yield of 71%. After chromatographic separation, alkaline hydrolysis and hydrogenation of 15 gave methyl O-α-
-glucopyranosyluronic acid-(1→6)-O-α-
-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-[O-α-
-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)]-α-
-rhamnopyranoside. The β-
anomer was obtained by similar treatment of 16. 6-O-α-
-glucopyranosyluronic acid-α,β-
-glucopyranose was synthesized as a model compound. 相似文献
20.
B. G. Chitwood 《Zoomorphology》1931,23(1-2):237-284
Summary A histological and anatomical study has been made of the digestive tract, excretory system, and somatic musculature of examples of the following families: Oncholaimidae, Rhabdiasidae, Strongylidae, Heterakidae, Oxyuridae, and Dorylaimidae. The excretory systems of these groups presents one of the most varied pictures of nemic anatomy. While as yet it is too early to draw conclusions, this system will probably furnish one of the best clews to the relationships of the various groups. The evolution of the musculature from the platymyarian to the coelomyarian form has probably occurred several times in the course of nemic development. It is interesting chiefly from the fact that those nematodes with the more simple platymyarian type of musculature could not have arisen from a more specialized type, thus acting as a check on relationship arrived at by other means. Despite the large number of articles dealing with the anatomy of nematodes, we have but skimmed the surface, and we must obtain information regarding the internal structure of every family of nematodes before conclusions will bear much weight.Abbreviations
ac
accessory organ
-
amp
ampulla
-
amph
amphid
-
amph gl
amphidial gland
-
an
anus
-
bas m
basal membrane
-
blb?
pseudobulb
-
blb
bulb
-
bm
basal membrane
-
b cl
cell body
-
cl?
cell whose function is unknown
-
cl b
cell body
-
ch dsl
dorsal chord
-
cl int
intestinal chord
-
cl lat
lateral chord
-
cl ren
renette cell
-
cl nrv
nerve cell
-
ch vnt
ventral chord
-
carp
body of gland
-
crd
cardia
-
dct
duct
-
dct ej
ejaculatory duct
-
det ex
excretory duct
-
det en
connective duct
-
dct gl cdl
duct of caudal gland
-
ct subv
duct of subventral gland
-
dct gl dsl
duct of dorsal galnd oviduet
-
dct gl subn
duct of subventral gland
-
dct ov
oviduct
-
dsl gl rct
dorsal rectal gland
-
dsl on
dorsal tooth
- ej
ovejector
-
el
elevation
-
emb
embryo in uterus
-
ex cr
external leaf crown
-
ex lat
longitudinal excretory gland
-
fbr amph
amphidial nerve fibril
-
gl dsl oe
dorsal gland
-
gl dsl ncl
nucleus of dorsal gland
-
gl dsl
dorsal gland
-
gl ex
excretory gland
-
gl marg
marginal gland
-
gl oe
esophageal gland
-
gl ej
ejaculatory gland
-
gl subv oe
subventral esophageal gland
-
gl subd
subdorsal gland
-
gl subv
subventral gland
-
gl subv rct
subventral rectal gland
-
gnd
gonad
-
gng cl
ganglion cell
-
gr
granule
-
gl rct
rectal gland
-
int
intestine
-
int cr
internal leaf crown
-
lat
longitudinal duct
-
lb
lip
-
lob gl
lobe of gland
-
lob gl ds
lobe of dorsal gland
-
lob gl subv
lobe of subventral gland
-
l subv on
right subventral tooth
-
marg fbr
marginal fibers
-
msc
fibular part of muscle
-
msc oe
esophageal muscle
-
msc pl
sarcoplasm
-
msc sph
sphincter muscle
-
ncl
nucleus
-
ncl brg cl
nucleus bridge cell
-
ncl brg oe
nucleus esophagus muscle
-
ncl gl dsl
nucleus of dorsal gland
-
ncl gl subv.
nucleus of subventral gland
-
ncl marg
marginal nucleus
-
ncl p
peripheral nucleus
-
ncl msc cl
nucleus of muscle fibers
-
ncl oe
esophageal nucleus
-
ncl b cl
nucleus in cell body
-
ncl cl ren
nucleus of renette cell
-
ncl gl dsl
nucleus of dorsal gland
-
ncl o msc
nucleus of ordinary muscle fibers
-
nvr r
nerve ring
-
oe
esophagus
-
or
orifice
-
org?
organ of unknown function
-
or amph
opening of amphid
-
or dsl gl
orifice of dorsal gland
-
or subv gl
opening of subventral gland
-
oe msc n
esophageal muscle nucleus
-
ov
oviduct
-
p. ex
excretory pore
-
ph
pharynx
-
ppl
papilla
-
pre ppl
preanal papilla
-
pre rct
pre rectum
-
ren
renette
-
ret d
retractor dorsalis
-
ret
reticulum
-
rct
rectum
-
r subv on
right Subventral tooth
-
s, rv
reservoir
-
rv?
possible reservoir
-
set
seta
-
sp
spicule
-
st
Stabehensaum
-
subd msc
subdorsal muscle
-
trm
termination of duct
-
trm ov
blind end of ovary
-
t p
tunica propria
-
ut
uterus
-
valv
valve
-
valv int
intestinal valve
-
valve ret
valve reticulum
-
vlv
vulva 相似文献