共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
《Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.)》2013,12(24):2920-2926
The seven highly conserved 14-3-3 proteins expressed in mammalian cells form a complex pattern of homo- and hetero-dimers, which is poorly characterized. Among the 14-3-3 proteins 14-3-3sigma is unique as it has tumor suppressive properties. Expression of 14-3-3sigma is induced by DNA damage in a p53-dependent manner and mediates a cell cycle arrest. Here we show that the 14-3-3sigma protein exclusively forms homodimers when it is ectopically expressed at high levels, whereas ectopic 14-3-3zeta formed heterodimers with the 5 other 14-3-3 isoforms. The x-ray structure of 14-3-3sigma?revealed 5 residues (Ser5, Glu20, Phe25, Q55, Glu80) as candidate determinants of dimerization specificity. Here we converted these amino-acids to residues present in 14-3-3zeta at the analogous positions. Thereby, Ser5, Glu20 and Glu80 were identified as key residues responsible for the selective homodimerization of 14-3-3sigma. Conversion of all 5 candidate residues was sufficient to switch the dimerization pattern of 14-3-3sigma to a pattern which is very similar to that of 14-3-3zeta. In contrast to wildtype 14-3-3sigma this 14-3-3sigma variant and 14-3-3zeta were unable to mediate inhibition of cell proliferation. Therefore, homodimerization by 14-3-3sigma is required for its unique functions among the 7 mammalian 14-3-3 proteins. As inactivation of 14-3-3sigma sensitizes to DNA-damaging drugs, substances designed to interfere with 14-3-3sigma dimerization may be used to inactivate 14-3-3sigma function for cancer therapeutic purposes. 相似文献
2.
Summary The structure-activity data of 6 years on 395 analogs of the luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) have been studied to determine effective substituents for the ten positions for maximal antiovulatory activity and minimal histamine release. The numbers of substituents studied in the ten positions are as follows: (41)1-(12)2-(12)3-(5)4-(47)5-(52)6-(16)7-(18)8-(4)9-(8)10. In position 1, DNal and DQal were effective with the former being more frequently the better substituent. DpClPhe was uniquely effective in position 2. Positions 3 and 4 are very sensitive to change. D3Pal in position 3 and Ser in position 4 of LHRH were in the best antagonists. PicLys and cPzACAla were the most successful residues in position 5 with cPzACAla being the better substituent. Position 6 was the most flexible and many substituents were effective; particularly DPicLys. Leu7 was most often present in the best antagonists. In position 8, Arg was effective for both antiovulatory activity and histamine release; ILys was effective for potency and lesser histamine release. Pro9 of LHRH was retained. DAlaNH2
10 was in the best antagonists.Abbreviations AABLys
N
-(4-acetylaminobenzoyl)lysine
- AALys
N
-anisinoyl-lysine
- AAPhe
3-(4-acetylaminophenyl)lysine
- Abu
2-aminobutyric acid
- ACLys
N
-(6-aminocaproyl)lysine
- ACyh
1-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid
- ACyp
1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid
- Aile
alloisoleucine
- AnGlu
4-(4-methoxy-phenylcarbamoyl)-2-aminobutyric acid
- 2ANic
2-aminonicotinic acid
- 6ANic
6-aminonicotinic acid
- APic
6-aminopicolinic acid
- APh
4-aminobenzoic acid
- APhe
4-aminophynylalanine
- APz
3-amino-2-pyrazinecarboxylic acid
- Aze
azetidine-2-carboxylic acid
- Bim
5-benzimidazolecarboxylic acid
- BzLys
N
-benzoyllysine
- Cit
citrulline
- Cl2Phe
3-(3,4-dichlorphenyl)alanine
- cPzACAla
cis-3-(4-pyrazinylcarbonylaminocyclohexyl)alnine
- cPmACAla
cis-3-[4-(4-pyrimidylcarbonyl)aminocyclohexyl]alanine
- Dbf
3-(2-dibenzofuranyl)alanine
- DMGLys
N
-(N,N-dimethylglycyl)lysine
- Dpo
N
-(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidyl)-ornithine
- F2Ala
3,3-difluoroalanine
- hNal
4-(2-naphthyl)-2-aminobutyric acid
- HOBLys
N
-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)lysine
- hpClPhe
4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-amino-butyric acid
- Hse
homoserine, 2-amino-4-hydroxybutanoic acid
- ICapLys
N
-(6-isopropylaminocaproyl)lysine
- ILys
N
-isopropyllysine
- Ind
indoline-2-carboxylic acid
- INicLys
N
-isonicotinoyllysine
- IOrn
N
-isopropylornithine
- Me3Arg
NG,NG,NG-trimethylarginine
- Me2Lys
N
,N
-dimethyllysine
- MNal
3-[(6-methyl)-2-naphtyl]alanine
- MNicLys
N
-(6-methylpicolinoyl)lysine
- MPicLys
N
-(6-methylpicolinoyl)lysine
- MOB
4-methoxybenzoyl
- MpClPhe
N-methyl-3-(4-chlorphenyl)lysine
- MPZGlu
glutamic acid,-4-methylpiperazine
- Nal
3-(2-naphthyl)alanine
- Nap
2-naphthoic acid
- NicLys
N
-nicotinoyllysine
- NO2B
4-nitrobenzoyl
- NO2Phe
3-(4-nitrophenyl)alanine
- oClPhe
3-(2-chlorphenyl)alanine
- Opt
O-phenyl-tyrosine
- Pal
3-(3-pyridyl)alanine
- 2Pal
3-(2-pyridyl)alanine
- 2PALys
N
-(3-pyridylacetyl)lysine
- pCapLys
N
-(6-picolinoylaminocaproyl)lysine
- pClPhe
3-(4-chlorophenyl)alanine
- pFPhe
3-(4-fluorophenyl)-alanine
- Pic
picolinic acid
- PicLys
N
-picolinoyllysine
- Pip
piperidine-2-car-boxylic acid
- PmcLys
N
-(4-pyrimidylcarbonyl)lysine
- Ptf
3-(4-trifluromethyl phenyl)alanine
- Pz
pyrazinecarboxylic acid
- PzAla
3-pyrazinylalanine
- PzAPhe
3-(4-pyrazinylcarbonylaminophenyl)alanine
- Qal
3-(3-quinolyl)alanine
- Qnd-Lys
N
-quinaldoyllysine
- Qui
3-quinolinecarboxylic acid
- Qux
2-quinoxalinecarboxylic acid
- Tic
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
- TinGly
2-thienylglycine
- tNACAla
trans-3-(4-nicotinoylaminocyclohexyl)-alanine
- tPACAla
trans-3-(4-picolinoylaminocyclohexyl)alanine 相似文献
3.
Summary The ultrastructure of gill epidermal cells of Diopatra neapolitana and their relationship with blood spaces are described. The existence of a basal infolding complex, related to the blood spaces, is also reported. A possible involvement of these cells in osmoregulation and ion interchange, apart from their well-known role in respiration, is suggested.Abbreviations
bc
Blood cell
-
bi
Basal infolding
-
bl
Basal lamina
-
bs
Blood space
-
ci
Cilia
-
cu
Cuticle
-
db
Dense body
-
EC
Epidermal cell
-
Gc
Golgi complex
-
id
Interdigitation
-
j
Junction
-
m
Mitochondria
-
mv
Microvilli
-
n
Nucleus
-
pv
Pinocytotic vesicle
-
rer
Rough endoplasmic reticulum 相似文献
4.
N. Aste C. Viglietti-Panzica A. Fasolo C. Andreone H. Vaudry G. Pelletier G. C. Panzica 《Cell and tissue research》1991,265(2):219-230
Summary In the present study, we have demonstrated, by means of the biotin-avidin method, the widespread distribution of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-immunoreactive structures throughout the whole brain of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). The prosencephalic region contained the highest concentration of both NPY-containing fibres and perikarya. Immunoreactive fibres were observed throughout, particularly within the paraolfactory lobe, the lateral septum, the nucleus taeniae, the preoptic area, the periventricular hypothalamic regions, the tuberal complex, and the ventrolateral thalamus. NPY-immunoreactive cells were represented by: a) small scattered perikarya in the telencephalic portion (i.e. archistriatal, neostriatal and hyperstriatal regions, hippocampus, piriform cortex); b) medium-sized cell bodies located around the nucleus rotundus, ventrolateral, and lateral anterior thalamic nuclei; c) small clustered cells within the periventricular and medial preoptic nuclei. The brainstem showed a less diffuse innervation, although a dense network of immunopositive fibres was observed within the optic tectum, the periaqueductal region, and the Edinger-Westphal, linearis caudalis and raphes nuclei. Two populations of large NPY-containing perikarya were detected: one located in the isthmic region, the other at the boundaries of the pons with the medulla. The wide distribution of NPY-immunoreactive structures within regions that have been demonstrated to play a role in the control of vegetative, endocrine and sensory activities suggests that, in birds, this neuropeptide is involved in the regulation of several aspects of cerebral functions.Abbreviations
AA
archistriatum anterius
-
AC
nucleus accumbens
-
AM
nucleus anterior medialis
-
APP
avian pancreatic polypeptide
-
CNS
centrai nervous system
-
CO
chiasma opticum
-
CP
commissura posterior
-
CPi
cortex piriformis
-
DIC
differential interferential contrast
-
DLAl
nucleus dorsolateralis anterior thalami, pars lateralis
-
DLAm
nucleus dorsolateralis anterior thalami, pars medialis
-
E
ectostriatum
-
EW
nucleus of Edinger-Westphal
-
FLM
fasciculus longitudinalis medialis
-
GCt
substantia grisea centralis
-
GLv
nucleus geniculatus lateralis, pars ventralis
-
HA
hyperstriatum accessorium
-
Hp
hippocampus
-
HPLC
high performance liquid chromatography
-
HV
hyperstriatum ventrale
-
IF
nucleus infundibularis
-
IO
nucleus isthmo-opticus
-
IP
nucleus interpeduncularis
-
IR
immunoreactive
-
LA
nucleus lateralis anterior thalami
-
LC
nucleus linearis caudalis
-
LFS
lamina frontalis superior
-
LH
lamina hyperstriatica
-
LHRH
luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone
-
LoC
locus coeruleus
-
LPO
lobus paraolfactorius
-
ME
eminentia mediana
-
N
neostriatum
-
NC
neostriatum caudale
-
NPY
neuropeptide Y
-
NIII
nervus oculomotorius
-
NV
nervus trigeminus
-
NVI
nervus facialis
-
NVIIIc
nervus octavus, pars cochlearis
-
nIV
nucleus nervi oculomotorii
-
nIX
nucleus nervi glossopharyngei
-
nBOR
nucleus opticus basalis (ectomamilaris)
-
nCPa
nucleus commissurae pallii
-
nST
nucleus striae terminalis
-
OM
tractus occipitomesencephalicus
-
OS
nucleus olivaris superior
-
PA
palaeostriatum augmentatum
-
PBS
phosphate-buffered saline
-
POA
nucleus praeopticus anterior
-
POM
nucleus praeopticus medialis
-
POP
nucleus praeopticus periventricularis
-
PP
pancreatic polypeptide
-
PYY
polypeptide YY
-
PVN
nucleus paraventricularis magnocellularis
-
PVO
organum paraventriculare
-
R
nucleus raphes
-
ROT
nucleus rotundus
-
RP
nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis
-
Rpc
nucleus reticularis parvocellularis
-
RPgc
nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis, pars gigantocellularis
-
RPO
nucleus reticularis pontis oralis
-
SCd
nucleus subcoeruleus dorsalis
-
SCv
nucleus subcoeruleus ventralis
-
SCNm
nucleus suprachiasmaticus, pars medialis
-
SCNl
nucleus suprachiasmaticus, pars lateralis
-
SL
nucleus septalis lateralis
-
SM
nucleus septalis medialis
-
Ta
nucleus tangentialis
-
TeO
tectum opticum
-
Tn
nucleus taeniae
-
TPc
nucleus tegmenti pedunculo-pontinus, pars compacta
-
TSM
tractus septo-mesencephalicus
-
TV
nueleus tegmenti ventralis
-
VeL
nucleus vestibularis lateralis
-
VLT
nucleus ventrolateralis thalami
-
VMN
nucleus ventromedialis hypothalami
A preliminary report of this study was presented at the 15th Conference of European Comparative Endocrinologists, Leuven, Belgium, September 1990 相似文献
5.
David A. Doe 《Zoomorphology》1982,101(1):39-59
Summary The copulatory organs in Macrostomum sp. and Microstomum sp. contain simple tubular stylets which are intracellular specializations. The stylet in Macrostomum sp. is produced in a syncytium covering part of the prostatic vesicle. The proximal region of the stylet surrounds the vesicle which contains six prostatic gland ducts and six accessory (sensory) cells containing ciliary rootlets. The stylet in Microstomum sp. is produced in an extension of a syncytium which lines the combined seminal-prostatic vesicle. The stylet is connected to the combined vesicle by a narrow bridge of matrix syncytium through which sperm, prostatic gland products and sensory cilia pass from the vesicle to the stylet lumen. In both species the matrix syncytium can be interpreted as a specialized terminal end of the male canal epithelium. Stylets of Turbellaria and other lower Metazoa are discussed in regards to structure (one or several pieces) and location (in separate cells, in a syncytium, or extracellular).Abbreviations used in figures
ac
accessory cell
-
b
basal body
-
c
cilium
-
cv
combined vesicle
-
d
prostatic gland duct
-
dc
degenerative cell
-
di
dictyosome
-
e
epidermis
-
ed
ejaculatory duct
-
g
prostatic gland cell
-
h
hemidesmosome
-
i
intercellular matrix
-
im
internal muscle
-
in
intestine;
-
l
lumen of male canal
-
lm
longitudinal muscle
-
m
matrix syncytium
-
mc
male canal epithelial cell
-
mi
microfilaments
-
mt
microtubules
-
mu
muscle cell
-
mv
microvilli
-
n
nucleus
-
np
nerve process
-
ns
neurosecretory (?) granule
-
p
prostatic vesicle
-
pv
prostatic part of combined vesicle
-
r
rootlet
-
s
stylet
-
sm
stylet material
-
sp
sperm
-
sv
seminal part of combined vesicle 相似文献
6.
Three distinct clusters of crustacean cardioactive-peptide-immunoreactive neurones occur in the terminal abdominal ganglion of the crayfish species Orconectes limosus, Astacus leptodactylus, Astacus astacus and Procambarus clarkii, as revealed by immunocytochemistry of whole-mount preparations and sections. They exhibit similar topology and projection patterns in all four studied species. An anterior ventral lateral and a posterior lateral cluster contain one small, strongly stained perikaryon and two large, less intensely stained perikarya, each showing contralateral projections. A posterior medial lateral cluster of up to six cells also contains these two types of perikarya. Whereas the small type perikarya belong to putative interneurones, the large type perikarya give rise to extensive neurohaemal plexuses in perineural sheaths of the third roots of the fifth abdominal ganglia, the connectives, the dorsal telson nerves, the ganglion itself, its roots and arteriolar supply. Thin fibres from these plexuses reach newly discovered putative neurohaemal areas around the hindgut and anus via the intestinal and the anal nerves, and directly innervate the phasic telson musculature. A comparison with earlier investigations of motoneurones and segmentation indicates that these three cell groups containing putative neurosecretory neurones may be members of at least three neuromeres in this ganglion. Crustacean cardioactive peptide released from these neurones may participate in the neurohumoral and modulatory control of different neuronal and muscle targets, thereby exceeding its previously established hindgut and heart excitatory effects.Abbreviations
AG
abdominal ganglion
-
adpl
arteria dorsalis pleica
-
Ala
arreria lateralis abdominalis
-
Asub
arteria subneuralis
-
CCAP
crustacean cardioactive peptide
-
CNS
central nervous system
-
IR
immunoreactive
-
LG
lateral giant axon
-
LTr
lateral tract
-
MDT
medial dorsal tract
-
MG
medial giant axon
-
M Tr
medial tract
-
mcan
musculus compressor ani
-
mfltp
museulus flexor telsonos posterior
-
nan
nervus ani (AG6 N5)
-
nant
nervus anterior (AG6 N1, N2)
-
nia
nervus intestinal anterior
-
nin
nervus intestinalis (AG6 N7)
-
nip
nervus intestinalis posterior
-
nteld
nervus telsonos dorsalis (AG6 N6)
-
nielv
nervus telsonos ventralis (AG6 N4)
-
nur
nervus uropedalis (AG6 N3)
-
nven
nervus ventralis (AG5 N3)
-
PIR
peri-intestinal ring
-
PTF
posterior telson flexor
-
VLT
ventral lateral tract
-
VMT
ventral medial tract
-
VNC
ventral nerve cord
-
VIF
ventral telson flexor
-
AVLC, PLC, PMLC
anterior ventral lateral, posterior lateral, posterior medial lateral CCAP-immunoreactive cell cluster
-
A6AVC, A7AVC
anterior ventral commissures
-
A7DCI
dorsal commissure I
-
A7PVC
posterior ventral commissure
-
A7SCII
sensory commissure II
-
A7VCII, A7VCIII
ventral commissures II and III of the sixth (A6) and seventh (A7) abdominal neuromer 相似文献
7.
U. Schlötzer-Schrehardt 《Zoomorphology》1987,107(3):169-179
Summary The differentiation of the dorsal organs as well as the structure of the nuchal organs and their relation to the central nervous system in adult Pygospio elegans were studied by electron microscopy and compared to the nuchal organs of the larvae. The nuchal organs are represented by paired ciliary bands on the dorsal side of the first setiger, delimiting a median caruncle that is completely filled with epidermal and nervous tissue. They are composed of ciliated supporting cells and bipolar primary sensory cells constituting the nuchal ganglia, which are integrated into the brain. Microvillus-like processes of the ciliated cells give rise to a secondary covering layer over the sensory epithelium. The size of the nuchal organs is a sexually dimorphic feature.Dorsal organ formation is concomitant with the onset of sexual maturation in the male sex only. They appear as metameric ciliary bands on the dorsal side of the anterior body region and consist of ciliated cells accompanied by lateral accumulations of tubular gland cells. In the gametogenic segments they are structurally associated with the male genital pores and may be involved in reproduction. The results refute previous theories that dorsal organs are sensory and have a common origin to nuchal organs.Abbreviations
ac
anterior commissure of the brain
-
ace
anterior circumesophageal connective
-
bb
basal body
-
bl
basal lamina
-
c
cuticle
-
ca
caruncle
-
cc
ciliated cell
-
ci
sensory cilium
-
co
microvillar cover
-
d
septate desmosome
-
db
dorsal blood vessel
-
dn
dorsal nerve cord
-
ea
efferent axons
-
ec
epidermal cell
-
eg
elementary granules
-
g
Golgi complex
-
i
filamentous inclusion
-
lm
longitudinal muscles
-
ly
lysosome
-
mc
motile cilia
-
mv
microvillus
-
n
neuron
-
ng
nuchal ganglion
-
nn
nuchal nerve
-
nu
nucleus
-
oc
olfactory chamber
-
pa
palp
-
pc
posterior commissure of the brain
-
pce
posterior circumesophageal connective
-
rer
rough endoplasmic reticulum
-
sI
setiger I
-
sb
sensory bulb
-
sc
sensory cell
-
sd
sensory dendrite
-
ser
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
-
tf
tonofilament bundle
-
v
clear vesicles
-
za
zonula adherens 相似文献
8.
Rose C. Wade Janet V. Powers Cyril Ponnamperuma 《Origins of life and evolution of the biosphere》1989,19(2):199-220
This bibliography is the seventeenth annual supplement to the comprehensive bibliography on the same subject which was published in Space Life Sci. 2(1970), 225-295; 3(1972), 293-304; 4(1973), 309-329 and in Origins of Life 5(1974), 505-527; 6(1975), 285-300; 7(1976), 75-85; 8(1977), 59-66; 9(1978), 67-74; 10(1980), 69-87; 10(1980), 379-404; 11(1981), 273-288; 12(1982), 93-118; 13(1983), 61-80; 15(1984), 55-69; 17(1987), 171-184; 17(1987), 185-206. 相似文献
9.
Kerr BD Flatt AJ Flatt PR Gault VA 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》2011,(3):870-876
The N-terminal domain of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) plays an important role in regulating biological activity. This study examined biological properties of several N-terminal truncated forms of GIP and two novel forms with substitutions at Phe position-6 with Arg or Val. GIP(6-42), GIP(R6-42), GIP(V6-42), GIP(7-42) and GIP(9-42) stimulated cAMP production in BRIN-BD11 cells similar to native GIP, whereas responses to GIP(3-42), GIP(4-42), GIP(5-42) and GIP(8-42) were reduced (P < 0.01 to P < 0.001). GIP-induced cyclic AMP production was significantly inhibited by GIP(3-42), GIP(4-42), GIP(5-42), GIP(6-42), GIP(R6-42), GIP(7-42) and GIP(8-42) (P < 0.001). Compared with native GIP, in vitro insulinotropic activity of GIP(3-42), GIP(4-42), GIP(5-42), GIP(7-42) and GIP(8-42) was reduced (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001), with GIP(4-42), GIP(5-42), GIP(7-42) and GIP(8-42) also potently inhibiting GIP-stimulated insulin secretion (P < 0.001). In ob/ob mice, GIP(4-42) and GIP(8-42) increased (P < 0.05 to P < 0.01) plasma glucose concentrations compared to the glucose-lowering action of native GIP. When GIP(8-42) was co-administered with native GIP it countered the ability of the native peptide to lower plasma glucose and increase circulating insulin concentrations. These data confirm the importance of the N-terminal region of GIP in regulating bioactivity and reveal that sequential truncation of the peptide yields novel GIP receptor antagonists which may have functional significance. 相似文献
10.
Bruno Viertel 《Zoomorphology》1991,110(5):239-266
Summary The pharynx ofBufo calamita, Rana temporaria andBombina variegata larvae (larval Types IV and III) changes considerably during the latter part of embryonic development. The entodermal regions between the visceral pockets flatten inward to form the anlagen of the filter plates. The ectoderm thrusts forward from the area of the persistent epidermal gills overlying the anlagen of the filter plates. The esophagus pushes dorsolaterally into the pharynx to give rise to the ciliary cushions. Comparison with the development ofXenopus laevis (larval Type I) reveals shared characters: (1) the filter plates are overlapped by the sensory layer of the epiderm and (2) the ciliary grooves are, like the ciliary cushions of larval Types III and IV, anteriorly directed dorsolateral extensions of the esophagus. In all the species studied an ectodermal-esophageal filter apparatus develops. The evolutionary origin of this filter apparatus is discussed. The epidermalization of gills is suggested as a common character with the sister group of Dipnoi, and is therefore a plesiomorphic character in all amphibians. The tendency of filter plate epidermalization is considered to be the end of a process which is also indicated in the epidermalization of the first visceral pouch in lung fish. The ciliary groove is unique in anuran larvae within the Lissamphibia, and is therefore seen as an autapomorphic character within amphibians. On the basis of the different structure of the ciliary cushion inX. laevis and in the other species of this study, two alternative levels of evolutionary ciliary groove origin are discussed. Derivation from the esophagus took place: (1) in a common anuran larval ancestor, or (2) at two independent levels; the first in the Pipidae (-Rhinophrynidae) ancestor and the second in the ancestor of all the other anuran families. Several larval characters and cladistic aspects make the first alternative more probable than the second. Larval Type II anatomy and Larval Type II truncation from the Larval Type IV of Ranoidea do not contradict these considerations. There is disproportionately early commencement of ingestion activity inR. temporaria (G Stage 23),B. calamita (G Stage 23), andB. bufo (G Stage 24) compared toXenopus. Feeding in the former three species precedes the differentiation of the filter plates, their mucus production, and the exhaustion of the yolk supply in the gut tissue. By contrast, the goblet cells and the ciliary cells of the ciliary cushions are already differentiated when feeding starts. This suggests that ingestion in these early stages requires mucus production by the ciliary cushions and transport by their ciliary cells. Presumably in fully formed larvae, the ciliary cushions are the mucus donors, whereas the filter plates are the mucus depositors. By contrast,X. laevis does not begin active food intake by suspension feeding until after the yolk supply has been used up from the entoderm of the buccal cavity to deep in the esophagus.Abbreviations
AAC
anlage of apical cell
-
AC
apical cell
-
ACE
anlage of cerebrum
-
ACG
anlage of ciliary groove
-
AD
aorta dorsalis
-
ADV
anlage of dorsal velum
-
AG
anlage of glottis
-
AFP
anlage of filter plates
-
AFR
anlage of filter rows
-
AFPC
anlage of epidermal fold of peribranchial chamber (anlage of operculum)
-
ant.
anterior
-
AMF
anlage of middle fold
-
AO
adhesive organ
-
APEG
anlage of persistent epidermal gills
-
APOP
anlage of postnarial papilla
-
APSF
anlage of primary side fold
-
ASC1
anlage of Type 1 secretory cell
-
ATE
anlage of tuba Eustachii
-
ATEG
anlage of transient epidermal gills
-
AVV
anlage of ventral velum
-
B
branchial arch
-
BI-IV
branchial arches I–IV
-
BFA
buccal floor arena
-
BFT
branchial food trap
-
BL
basal lamina
-
BRA
buccal roof arena
-
C
cilium, cilia
-
CA
cartilage of visceral arch
-
CC
ciliary cushion
-
CE
cerebrum, brain
-
CG
ciliary groove
-
CH
choana
-
CHY
ceratohyale
-
CIC
ciliary cell
-
CL
capillary vessel
-
CN
centriole, basal body
-
COC
cuboidal cells
-
CT
connective tissue
-
CTC
connective tissue cell
-
d
dorsal
-
DV
dorsal velum
-
DVI–III
dorsal vela I–III
-
E
esophagus
-
e
early
-
ED
edge of filter plate
-
EN
endothelium
-
ENC
entodermal cell
-
EP
epiderm
-
EPC
epidermal cell
-
ER
endoplasmatic reticulum
-
ET
erythrocyte
-
ETZ
ectodermal-entodermal transition zone
-
EV
ear vesicle
-
EX
merocrine extrusion
-
EY
eye
-
EZ
zone of extrusion
-
FP
filter plate
-
FPII
filter plate of the 2nd branchial arch
-
FPIV
filter plate of the 4th branchial arch
-
FPC
epidermal fold of peribranchial chamber (operculum)
-
FC
filter cavity
-
FN
filter niche
-
FR
filter row
-
GL
glottis
-
GS
gill slit
-
1. GS
first gill slit
-
GZ
glandular zone
-
H
heart
-
HP
hypobranchial plate
-
HY
hyoid arch
-
IC
intercellular space, enlarged by fixation and dehydration
-
L
late
-
LJ
lower jaw
-
LT
larval type
-
LV
lipid vacuole
-
M
mitochondrion
-
MA
mandibular arch
-
MF
middle fold
-
med.
median
-
MS
microvillous stubs
-
MZ
zone of microtubes
-
NAC
nucleus of apical cell
-
NCIC
nucleus of ciliary cell
-
NCL
nucleus of capillary vessel
-
NCOC
nucleus of cuboidal cells
-
NCT
nucleus of connective tissue
-
NENC
nucleus of entodermal cell
-
NEPC
nucleus of epidermal cell
-
NO
external nares
-
NPEC
nucleus of periderm cell
-
NRC
nucleus of random cell
-
NSC1
nucleus of Type 1 secretory cell
-
NSC3
nucleus of Type 3 secretory cell
-
NSLC
nucleus of sensory layer cell
-
NSPC
nucleus of supporting cell
-
NSQC
nucleus of squamous epithelial cell
-
OC
oral cavity
-
OS
mouth
-
P
papilla
-
PC
peribranchial chamber
-
PCW
peribranchial chamber wall
-
PE
periderm
-
PEC
periderm cell
-
PEG
persistent epidermal gill
-
PG
pigment granule
-
post.
posterior
-
PS
primary side fold
-
PH
pharynx
-
RC
random cell
-
RO
rootlet
-
SC1
Type 1 secretory cell
-
SC2
Type 2 secretory cell, goblet cell
-
SC3
Type 3 secretory cell
-
SC4
Type 4 secretory cell
-
SG
secretory groove
-
SL
sensory layer
-
SLC
sensory layer cell
-
SP
secretory pit
-
SPC
supporting cell
-
SQC
squamous epithelial cell
-
SR
secretory ridge
-
SRC
secretory ridge cell
-
SS
secondary side fold
-
ST.
stage
-
STD
stomodeum
-
SU
spiculum of hypobranchial plate
-
T
tentacle
-
TA
anlage of tongue
-
TEG
transient epidermal gill
-
TZ
transitional zone of branchial food trap and ventral velum
-
UJ
upper jaw
-
v
ventral
-
VA
visceral arch
-
VC
vacuole
-
VPI–IV
visceral pockets I–IV
-
VP
visceral pocket
-
VV
ventral velum
-
YV
yolk vacuoles
Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) 相似文献
11.
The epidermis and associated structures of adult and embryonic Paravortex cardii and Paravortex karlingi, internal parasites of Cerastoderma edule, have been examined using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The cellular epidermis of adult Paravortex bears cilia and microvilli which differ in number and distribution between P. karlingi and P. cardii. Cellular organelles include mitochondria, lipid bodies, Golgi bodies, and ultrarhabdites. Epidermal nuclei are located in the proximal portion of the cells. The development of the tegument of embryo Paravortex has been described and a possible origin for the embryo capsule is suggested. These findings are discussed in relation to the phylogenetic status of the Turbellaria in relation to other Platyhelminthes and in the functional adaptation of the epidermis for a parasitic mode of life.Abbreviations bb-
basal bodies
- bl-
basal lamella
- c-
cilia
- cp-
capsule
- dc-
dark cells
- e-
embryos
- ep-
epidermis
- g-
Golgi bodies
- int-
interdigitation (of cells)
- l-
lipid
- lf-
lamellar fold
- mc-
migrating cell
- mf-
membranous folds
- mt-
mitochondria
- mv-
microvilli
- n-
nucleus
- nb-
neoblasts
- p-
projections of epidermis
- par-
parenchyma of mother
- pr-
primary rootlet
- rc-
rhabditogen cells
- sr-
secondary rootlet
- ur-
ultrarhabdites
- vt-
vitelline material 相似文献
12.
Substrate selectivity of lipases in the esterification of cis/trans-isomers and positional isomers of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The substrate selectivity of several microbial lipases has been examined in the esterification of the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers cis-9,trans-11-, cis-9,cis-11-, trans-9,trans-11- and trans-10,cis-12-octadecadienoic acid with n-butanol in n-hexane. Lipases from Candida cylindracea and Mucor miehei had a preference for the cis-9,trans-11-octadecadienoic acid, while Chirazyme L-5, a Candida antarctica lipase A, accepted the trans-9,trans-11-fatty acid with a high selectivity. Moreover, lipase from Candida cylindracea and Chirazyme L-5 catalysed the esterification of the cis-9,trans-11-octadecadienoic acid with n-butanol faster than the corresponding reaction of the trans-10,cis-12-fatty acid. 相似文献
13.
Harald W. Krenn 《Zoomorphology》1990,110(2):105-114
Summary The mouthparts of Lepidoptera were investigated in a number of species by morphological and cinematographical methods. Both the galeae (which compose the proboscis) and the basal maxillary components (stipites) were studied in the resting position, in motion, and during feeding. In the resting position the proboscis is coiled so tightly that the surfaces of the consecutive coils are in close contact and the outermost coil touches the ventral side of the head. Cuticular processes of the galeal wall interlock between the coils in this position. In the investigated species they occur on the galeal wall and on the ventral side of the head in varying number and distribution. By the extension of the basal galeal joint, the coiled proboscis is released from its resting position and is elevated continuously. It uncoils in 3–5 steps which effect the entire length simultaneously. Each uncoiling step occurs synchronously with a compression of the stipital tubes on either side of the body. These compression movements pump hemolymph into the galeae. In all investigated Lepidoptera the uncoiled proboscis shows a distinct downward bend at a certain point which is also detectable in anaesthetized or freshly killed animals in some species. This feeding position and the movements of the uncoiled proboscis are similar in all species despite the intrinsic galeal muscles being variously arranged in the galeal lumen in different Lepidoptera. When comparing cross-sections through corresponding regions of coiled and uncoiled proboscises, the curvatures of the dorsal galeal walls remain unchanged. Coiling of the proboscis starts at the tip and progresses to the base. After coiling the proboscis tightly beneath the head, the diameter of the spiral widens due to its elastic properties until the proboscis props itself against the ventral side of the head. This elastic effect combined with the interlocking cuticular processes seems to be responsible for the resting position of the proboscis.Abbreviations
an
antenna
-
bre
bend region
-
ca
cardo
-
ci
cibarium
-
cl
clypeus
-
co
complex eye
-
cp
cuticular process
-
dre
distal region
-
esm
external tentoriostipital muscle
-
fc
food canal
-
fst
flat part of the stipes
-
ga
galea
-
hs
horizontal septum
-
igm
intrinsic galeal muscles
-
ism
internal tentoriostipital muscle
-
la
labium
-
lap
labial palpus
-
lr
labrum
-
mxp
maxillary palpus
-
ne
nerve
-
pi
pilifer
-
pom
primary oblique galeal muscles
-
pr
proboscis
-
pre
proximal region
-
sa
salivarium
-
se
sensillum
-
som
secondary oblique galeal muscles
-
st
stipes
-
stl
stipital lamella
-
te
tentorium
-
tr
trachea
-
tst
tubular part of the stipes
-
vm
ventral membrane
-
vs
vertical septum 相似文献
14.
Synthetic routes are described to the d-mannopentaoside methyl 3-O-(3,6-di-O-α-d-mannopyranosyl-α-d-mannopyranosyl)-6-O-α-d-mannopyranosyl-α-d-mannopyranoside, and the d-mannohexaoside methyl 3-O-(3,6-di-O-α-d-mannopyranosyl-α-d-mannopyranosyl)-6-O-(2-O-α-d-mannopyranosyl-α-d-mannopyranosyl)-α- d-mannopyranoside, formed in a regio- and stereo-controlled way by employing the properly protected d-mannobioside methyl 2,4-di-O-benzyl-3-O-(2,4-di-O-benzyl-α-d-mannopyranosyl)-α-d-mannopyranoside and d-mannotrioside methyl 2,4-di-O-benzyl-3-O-(2,4-di-O-benzyl-α-d-mannopyranosyl)-6-O-(3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-α-d- mannopyranosyl)-α-d-mannopyranoside as key intermediates. 相似文献
15.
First internode growth of green Vigna sinensis L. can be widely modified by light or dark treatments. In all the treatments used there is a good correlation between the internode growth and the rate of C18-1 accumulation. None of the other fatty acids show such a correlation.Abbreviations C16-0
palmitoic acid
- C17
heptadecanoic acid
- C18-0
stearic acid
- C18-1
octadecenoic acid
- C18-2
linoleic acid
- C18-3
linolenic acid
- D
darkness
- DW
dry weight
- FR
far-red light
- FW
fresh weight
- PFR
phytochrome in the FR absorbing form
- R
red light
- W
white light 相似文献
16.
Maciej Ugorski Peter Påhlsson Danuta Dus Bo Nilsson Czeslaw Radzikowski 《Glycoconjugate journal》1989,6(3):303-318
Neutral glycolipids and gangliosides from seven human urothelial cell lines, differing in grades of transformation (TGr), were characterized by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, exoglycosidase treatment and an immunostaining procedure. The major neutral glycolipids identified in all cell lines studied included CMH, CDH, CTH, globoside and paragloboside, the gangliosides were GM3, GM2, sialosylparagloboside and GD1a. The following observations were made: 1. GM2 was the major ganglioside in the TGrll cell lines (non-tumorigenic, non-invasive), but a minor component in the TGrIII cell lines (tumorigenic, invasive). 2. All components showed C16:0 and C24:0 as major fatty acids, but in the TGrIII cell lines the fatty acid composition of CMH and some of the gangliosides were more complex showing unsaturated and hydroxy-fatty, acids as well.Abbreviations CMH
Monohexosylceramide
- CDH
Lactosylceramide (Galß1-4GlcCer)
- CTH
Globotriaosylceramide (Gal1-4Galß1-4GlcCer)
- Globoside
(GalNAcß1-3Gal1-4Galß1-4GlcCer)
- Paragloboside
(Galß1-4GlcNacß1-3Galß1-4GlcCer)
- 3LM1
Slalosylparagloboside (Neu5Ac2-3Galß1-4GlcNacß1-3Galß1-4GlcCer)
- Aslalo-GM2
(GalNAcß1-4Galß1-4GlcCer)
- AsialoGM1
(Galß1-3GalNAcß1-4Galß1-4GlcCer)
- Hex
Hexosyl
- HexNAc
2-acetamido-2-deoxyhexosyl
- HPTLC
high performance thin layer chromatography
- FAB-MS
fastatom bombardment mass spectrometry
- TGr
transformation grade
Ganglios are named according to Svennerholm [1] 相似文献
17.
Stereochemical aspects of the metabolism of the isomeric methylcyclohexanols and methylcyclohexanones 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《The Biochemical journal》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
1. The seven isomeric optically inactive forms of methylcyclohexanol (i.e. 1-, and cis- and trans-2-, -3- and -4-) are excreted by rabbits mainly as glucuronides of the thermodynamically more stable forms of the alcohols. The eighth isomer, cyclohexylmethanol, however, undergoes aromatization in vivo, giving rise to benzoic acid and hippuric acid. The (±)-2-, (±-3- and 4-methylcyclohexanones are reduced in the rabbit and excreted mainly as the glucuronides of the thermodynamically more stable forms of the corresponding methylcyclohexanols. 2. Racemic cis- and trans-2-methylcyclohexanol and 2-methylcyclohexanone are all excreted as conjugated trans-2-methylcyclohexanol. However, when the (±)-cis-alcohol or the (±)-ketone is fed, (+)-trans-2-methylcyclohexanol is excreted, whereas when the (±)-trans-alcohol is fed it is excreted as the (±)-trans-alcohol. 3. Racemic cis- and trans-3-methylcyclohexanol and 3-methylcyclohexanone are all excreted as conjugated racemic cis-3-methylcyclohexanol. cis- and trans-4-Methylcyclohexanol and 4-methylcyclohexanone are all excreted as conjugated trans-4-methylcyclohexanol. 4. The metabolic differences between the various methylcyclohexanols are explicable in terms of their conformations and of Vennesland's (1958) hypothesis of the role of NADH in dehydrogenation reactions. 相似文献
18.
Acceptor products of alternansucrase with gentiobiose. Production of novel oligosaccharides for food and feed and elimination of bitterness 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Gregory L. Côté 《Carbohydrate research》2009,344(2):187-10906
In the presence of suitable acceptor molecules, dextransucrase makes a homologous series of oligosaccharides in which the isomers differ by a single glucosyl unit, whereas alternansucrase synthesizes one trisaccharide, two tetrasaccharides, etc. Previously, we showed that alternansucrase only forms certain isomers of DP > 4 from maltose in measurable amounts, and that these oligosaccharides belong to the oligoalternan series rather than the oligodextran series. We now demonstrate that the acceptor products from gentiobiose, also formed in good yields (nearly 90% in unoptimized reactions), follow a pattern similar to those formed from maltose. The initial product is a single trisaccharide, α-d-Glcp-(1→6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→6)-d-Glc. Two tetrasaccharides were formed in approximately equal quantities: α-d-Glcp-(1→3)-α-d-Glcp-(1→6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→6)-d-Glc and α-d-Glcp-(1→6)-α-d-Glcp-(1→6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→6)-d-Glc. Just one pentasaccharide was isolated from the reaction mixture, α-d-Glcp-(1→6)-α-d-Glcp-(1→3)-α-d-Glcp-(1→6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→6)-d-Glc. Our hypothesis that the enzyme is incapable of forming two consecutive α-(1→3) linkages, and does not form products with more than two consecutive α-(1→6) linkages, apparently applies to other acceptors as well as to maltose. The glucosylation of gentiobiose reduces or eliminates its bitter taste. 相似文献
19.
W. P. Low K. W. Peng S. K. Phuan C. Y. Lee Y. K. Ip 《Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology》1993,163(6):487-494
A comparison of branchial enzyme profiles indicates that the gills of Periophthalmodon schlosseri would have a greater capacity for energy metabolism through glycolysis than those of Boleophthalmus boddaerti. Indeed, after exposure to hypoxia, or anoxia, there were significant increases in the lactate content in the gills of P. schlosseri. In addition, exposure to hypoxia or anoxia significantly lowered the glycogen level in the gills of this mudskipper. It can be deduced from these results that the glycolytic flux was increased to compensate for the decrease in ATP production through anaerobic glycolysis. Different from P. schlosseri, although there was an increase in lactate production in the gills of B. boddaerti exposed to hypoxia, there was no significant change in the branchial glycogen content, indicating that a reversed Pasteur effect might have occurred under such conditions. In contrast, anoxia induced an accumulation of lactate and a decrease in glycogen in the gills of B. boddaerti. Although lactate production in the gills of these mudskippers during hypoxia was inhibited by iodoacetate, the decreases in branchial glycogen contents could not account for the amounts of lactate formed. The branchial fructose-2,6-bisphosphate contents of these mudskippers exposed to hypoxia or anoxia decreased significantly, leaving phosphofructokinase and glycolytic rate responsive to cellular energy requirements under such conditions. The differences in response in the gills of B. boddaerti and P. schlosseri to hypoxia were possibly related to the distribution of phosphofructokinase between the free and bound states.Abbreviations ADP
adenosine diphosphate
- ALD
aldolase
- ALT
alanine transaminase
- AST
aspartate transaminase
- ATP
adenosine triphosphate
- CS
citrate synthase
- EDTA
ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid
- EGTA
ethylene glycol tetra-acetic acid
- F6P
fructose-6-phosphate
- F-1,6-P2
fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
- F-2,6-P2
fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
- FBPase
fructose-1,6-bisphosphatese
- GAPDH
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GDH
glutamate dehydrogenase
- -GDH
-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase
- GPase
glycogen phosphorylase
- HK
hexokinase
- HOAD
3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase
- IDH
isocitrate dehydrogenase
- IOA
iodoacetic acid
- LDH
lactate dehydrogenase
- LO
lactate oxidizing activity
- MDH
malate dehydrogenase
- 3-PG
3-phosphoglyceric acid
- PEP
phosphoenolpyruvate
- PEPCK
phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
- PGI
phosphoglucose isomerase
- PGK
phosphoglycerate kinase
- PFK
6-phosphofructo-1-kinase
- PIPES
piperazine-N, N-bis-(2-ethanesulphonic acid)
- PK
pyruvate kinase
- PMSF
phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride
- PR
pyrurate reducing activity
- SE
standard error
- SW
seawater
- TPI
triosephosphate isomerase 相似文献
20.
Condensation of methyl 4-O-acetyl-3-O-(2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-α-
-rhamnopyranosyl)-α-
-rhamnopyranoside with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-α-
-glucopyranosyl chloride gave a mixture of methyl O-[2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-α- (4) and -β-
-glucopyranosyl]-(1→2)-O-[(2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-α-
-rhamnopyranosyl)-(1→3)]-4-O-acetyl-α-
-rhamnopyranoside (9) in 43:7 proportion in 63% yield. After chromatographic separation, removal of the benzyl and acetyl groups gave methyl O-α-
-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-[O-α-
-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)]-α-
-rhamnopyranoside and the β anomer. Removal of benzyl groups of 4 was followed by tritylation, acetylation, and detritylation of the α-
-glucopyranosyl group, and finally condensation with benzyl (2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-
-glucopyranosyl chloride)uronate gave a mixture of two tetrasaccharides (15 and 16), containing the α- and β-
-glucopyranosyluronic acid groups in the ratio 81:19, and an overall yield of 71%. After chromatographic separation, alkaline hydrolysis and hydrogenation of 15 gave methyl O-α-
-glucopyranosyluronic acid-(1→6)-O-α-
-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-[O-α-
-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)]-α-
-rhamnopyranoside. The β-
anomer was obtained by similar treatment of 16. 6-O-α-
-glucopyranosyluronic acid-α,β-
-glucopyranose was synthesized as a model compound. 相似文献