Antitumor activity of levan polysaccharides from selected microorganisms

Levans were isolated from the cultures of Gluconoacetobacter xylinus (G-levan; Mw = 40,000), Microbacterium laevaniformans (M; Mw = 710,000), Rahnella aquatilis (R; Mw = 380,000), and Zymomonas mobilis (Z; Mw = 570,000). The levans were composed mainly of fructose residues when analyzed by TLC and HPLC, and their main backbones were beta-(2,6)-linkages with beta-(2,1)-branches by GC-MS and NMR. In the in vitro antitumor activity test of the levans against eight different tumor cell lines, relatively stronger activity was observed from the SNU-1 and HepG2. The M- (52.54-62.05%) and R-levan (52.15-58.58%) showed the significantly high activity against SNU-1, while M-levan showed the highest (49.93-61.82%) activity against HepG2. During the in vivo analysis of inhibitory activity of the levans against Sarcoma-180 growth, M-, R- and Z-levans showed strong antitumor activity (average 66%) but G-levan (42%) had significantly lower activity.     

Antitumor and cytotoxic effects of Phyllanthus polyphyllus on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma and human cancer cell lines

To evaluate the antitumor and cytotoxic activity of methanol extract of Phyllanthus polyphyllus (MPP) in mice and human cancer cell lines, the antitumor activity of MPP was evaluated against an Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) tumor model. The activity was assessed using survival time, hematological studies, lipid peroxidation (LPO), antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST), solid tumor mass, and short-term in vitro cytotoxicity. The cytotoxic activity of MPP was evaluated using human breast cancer (MCF7), colon cancer (HT29), and liver cancer (HepG2) cell lines Oral administration of MPP (200 and 300 mg/kg) increased the survival time and significantly reduced the solid tumor volume in a dose-dependent manner. Hematological parameters, protein, and packed cellular volume (PCV), which were altered by tumor inoculation, were restored. MPP significantly decreased the levels of LPO, GPx, GST, and significantly increased the levels of SOD and CAT. In a cytotoxicity study against human cancer cell lines, MPP was found to have IC50 values of 27, 42 and 38 microg/ml on MCF-7, HT-29, and HepG2 cells respectively. MPP possessed significant antitumor and cytotoxic activity on EAC and human cancer cell lines.     

Long noncoding RNA DGCR5 represses hepatocellular carcinoma progression by inactivating Wnt signaling pathway

Increasing studies have indicated that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) exert important roles in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Therefore, it is of great significance to identify the dysregulated lncRNAs in HCC. According to the previous reports, it has been suggested that DiGeorge syndrome critical region gene 5 (DGCR5) might participate in HCC and can serve as potential biomarker for HCC. In our current study, we concentrated on the biological function and roles of lncRNA-DGCR5 in HCC. It was indicated that DGCR5 was decreased in HCC tissues and HCC cells including HepG2, Hep3B, MHCC-97L, SNU-449, and SNU-182 cells compared with the normal human liver cell line LO2. Overexpression of DGCR5 was able to restrain HCC growth, migration, and invasion capacity in HepG2 and SNU-449 cells. In addition, whether lncRNA-DGCR5 can regulate Wnt/β-catenin pathway during HCC progression is unclear. In our study, it was found that upregulation of DGCR5 inactivated Wnt signaling pathway through inhibiting β-catenin, cyclin D1 and increasing GSK-3β levels. Subsequently, in vivo tumor xenografts were established using HepG2 cells to investigate the function of DGCR5 in HCC development. Inconsistent with the in vitro findings, increase of DGCR5 dramatically suppressed HCC tumor progression in vivo. Taken these together, it was uncovered in our research that DGCR5 could play tumor suppressive role by targeting Wnt signaling in HCC progression.     

From GC-rich DNA binding to the repression of survivin gene for quercetin nickel (II) complex: implications for cancer therapy

The DNA binding and cleavage properties of quercetin nickel (II) complex have been studied, but little attention has been devoted to the relationship between antitumor activity of this complex and DNA-binding properties. In the present study, we report that quercetin nickel (II) complex showed significant cytotoxicity against three tumor cell lines (HepG2, SMMC7721 and A549). Hoechst33258 and AO/EB staining showed HepG2 cells underwent the typical morphologic changes of apoptosis characterized by nuclear shrinkage, chromatin condensation, or fragmentation after exposure to quercetin nickel (II) complex. We also demonstrate that the levels of survivin and bcl-2 protein expression in HepG2 cells decreased concurrently, and the levels of p53 protein increased significantly after treatment with quercetin nickel (II) complex by immunocytochemistry analysis. The relative activity of caspase-3 and caspase-9 increased significantly after treatment with the complex. Furthermore, fluorescence measurements and molecular modeling were performed to learn that the complex could be preferentially bound to DNA in GC region. These results imply that quercetin nickel (II) complex may intercalate into the GC-rich core promoter region of survivin, down-regulating survivin gene expression and promoting tumor cells apoptosis. So our results suggest that antitumor activity of quercetin nickel (II) complex might be related to its intercalation into DNA and DNA-binding selectivity, and that the complex may be a promising agent for cancer therapy.     

Antitumor activity of sulfated extracellular polysaccharides of Ganoderma lucidum from the submerged fermentation broth

Water-soluble extracellular polysaccharides are known to possess weak or no in vitro antitumor activity. In this experiment, a mixture of extracellular Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GLP) from the submerged fermentation broth was sulfated and studied on their antitumor activity. The sulfated GLP performed significant inhibition on the proliferation of assayed carcinoma cells in a dose-dependent manner, and present a degree of substitution-dependent suppressing to HepG2 cells. Meanwhile, the sulfated GLP presented remarkable but not dose-dependent inhibition on Heps hepatona in mice. With same degree of substitution, the sulfation protocol with aminosulfonic acid-pyridine yielded GLP sulfates with higher activity on HepG2 cells. In comparison, the native GLP showed no or little antitumor activity on the assayed cell lines but remarkable inhibition on suppressing the proliferation of rat Heps. The highest in vivo inhibition rate of 55.5% provided by sulfated GLP was observed on suppressing the proliferation of rat Heps.     

粘细菌AHB103-1代谢产物抗肿瘤活性的初步研究

本文对粘细菌AHB103-1的次级代谢产物A组分的抗肿瘤活性和作用机制进行了初步的探讨。采用MTT方法研究了它对HepG2、MDA-MB-231、293T和B16四种肿瘤细胞的作用浓度和作用时间,并与临床上应用的几种抗肿瘤药物对HepG2细胞的作用效果进行了比较;利用荧光显微镜和扫描电镜观察研究了它对HepG2细胞的作用机制。结果表明:A组分的抗癌活性比泰素低,却高于表柔比星、依立替康和奥沙利铂。当样品浓度≥15μg/mL时,对各种肿瘤细胞株的抑制率均达到90%以上。随着样品浓度的降低,对各细胞株的抑制率均表现下降趋势。当样品浓度为30μg/mL时,对四种细胞株作用时间选择24 h即有理想效果。当样品浓度为1.88μg/mL时,对B16、293T和HepG2细胞,作用时间选择48 h较好;而对MDA-MB-231,作用时间选择72 h较好。荧光显微镜和扫描电镜观察的结果分别从形态学上证明了A组分具有引起HepG2细胞凋亡的活性。     

抗肿瘤活性海洋放线菌的筛选及菌株HGF26的初步鉴定

对采自连云港海域的海泥样品进行放线菌选择性分离,用其发酵液进行抗肿瘤活性筛选,并对活性较好的菌株HGF26进行了初步鉴定。从海泥样品中共分离得到放线菌78株,以人肝癌细胞HepG2为靶标,活性筛选得到细胞毒活性达60％以上的阳性菌株3株,以其他5株肿瘤细胞为靶标的复筛表明,菌株HGF26的发酵液对多种肿瘤细胞具有显著的细胞毒活性,其中对胃癌细胞BGC823的细胞毒活性为79％,活性产物具有较好的酸碱和热稳定性。通过对菌株的培养特征、形态特征、生理生化特征和细胞壁成分分析,将菌株HGF26初步鉴定为微白黄链霉菌的海洋变种。     

Antitumor activity of methylan polysaccharide derivatives

Methylan polysaccharide derivatives were prepared by dialkylaminoalkylation and reductive amination followed by quaternization. Their antitumor activity was investigated and a relationship between structure and activity is suggested. For quaternized DEAE-methylan at only 75 μg ml^?1, tumor cell proliferation was suppressed by 58–84% in three cell lines tested in the order Colo < Hela < HepG2.     

Cytoplasmic fraction of Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis induces apoptosis in SNU-1 stomach adenocarcinoma cells

Lactic acid bacteria are known to have antitumor activity, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Recently we showed that a cytoplasmic fraction - but not peptidoglycan - of Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis (L.lac CF) had strong antiproliferative activity on SNU-1 human stomach adenocarcinoma cells. The present study investigated whether the antiproliferative activity of L.lac CF on SNU-1 is linked to the induction of apoptosis. Treatment of L.lac CF inhibited the proliferation of SNU-1 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, treatment of the cells with 50 microg/ml and 100 microg/ml L.lac CF resulted in DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation, respectively. The results indicate that the inhibitory effect of L.lac CF on SNU-1 cell growth is mainly attributable to the induction of apoptosis.     

Inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis in SNU-1 human gastric cancer cells by the plant sulfolipid, sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol

The sulfoglycolipid sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol is present in the membranes of photosynthetic organisms. This sulfolipid reportedly has pharmaceutical potential as an antiviral and antitumor agent, although no studies have examined these properties of the sulfolipids that are consumed in plant foods. This study examined the biological effects of sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol on the human gastric cancer cell line SNU-1. SNU-1 cells were grown in the absence and of presence of 1 &mgr;M, 100 &mgr;M or 1 mM sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol for up to 72 hours. Cell proliferation and viability were determined. The cells were analyzed for nuclear morphological changes by fluorescence microscopy and for DNAase-mediated DNA cleavage by flow cytometry and TUNEL detection. As indicated by cell number, the proliferation of SNU-1 cells by 72 hours of culture in the presence of 100 &mgr;M and 1 mM SQDG was inhibited 24 and 100%, respectively, as compared with the number of SNU-1 cells cultured in the absence of SQDG. Inhibition of cell proliferation by 100 &mgr;M sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol was in part associated with apoptotic cell death, as shown by changes in nuclear morphology and DNA fragmentation, whereas incubation of cells with 1 mM sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol caused necrotic cell death. Treatment of SNU-1 cells with sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol did not result in cell cycle arrest. The antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol on SNU-1 gastric cancer cells revealed in this study suggest that this common dietary sulfolipid has intriguing potential as a chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic agent.     

N-Benzoyl-12-nitrodehydroabietylamine-7-one, a novel dehydroabietylamine derivative, induces apoptosis and inhibits proliferation in HepG2 cells

The high biological activity of dehydroabietylamine derivatives has been reported previously. In this study, we aimed to screen 73 dehydroabietylamine derivatives as potential candidate inhibitors in liver cancer cells. Initially, the compounds structural activity relationship analysis was explored and N-benzoyl-12-nitrodehydroabietylamine-7-one (compound 81) was shown to have significant growth inhibitory activity in the human liver carcinoma cell line, HepG2. Further research into the anti-proliferative effect on HepG2 cells mediated by compound 81 was undertaken. The results suggest that compound 81 effectively induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells characterized by nuclear staining of DAPI, TUNEL assay and the activation of caspase-3. A decreased level of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and increased apoptotic Bax were also observed. Furthermore, Ki-67 protein staining and the BrdU incorporation assay showed that compound 81 significantly inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 cells. Cell cycle components analysis found that expression of cyclin D1 and cyclin B1 was reduced in HepG2 cells with compound 81 treatment, whereas the content of p21(Waf1/Cip1) was increased. Taken together, our data indicate that compound 81 induces apoptosis and inhibits proliferation in HepG2 cells, and may be a promising candidate in the development of a novel class of antitumor agents.     

The ROS derived mitochondrial respirstion not from NADPH oxidase plays key role in Celastrol against angiotensin II-mediated HepG2 cell proliferation

Angiotensin II (AngII) is an important factor that promotes the proliferation of cancer cells, whereas celastrol exhibits a significant antitumor activity in various cancer models. Whether celastrol can effectively suppress AngII mediated cell proliferation remains unknown. In this study, we studied the effect of celastrol on AngII-induced HepG2 cell proliferation and evaluated its underlying mechanism. The results revealed that AngII was able to significantly promote HepG2 cell proliferation via up-regulating AngII type 1 (AT₁) receptor expression, improving mitochondrial respiratory function, enhancing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity, increasing the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro-inflammatory cytokines. The excess ROS from mitochondrial dysfunction is able to cause the apoptosis of tumor cells via activating caspase3 signal pathway. In addition, the reaction between NO and ROS results in the formation of peroxynitrite (ONOO^?), and then promoting cell damage. celastrol dramatically enhanced ROS generation, thereby causing cell apoptosis through inhibiting mitochodrial respiratory function and boosting the expression levels of AngII type 2 (AT₂) receptor without influencing NADPH oxidase activity. PD123319 as a special inhibitor of AT₂R was able to effectively decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity, but only partially attenuate the effect of celastrol on AnII mediated HepG2 cell proliferation. Thus, celastrol has the potential for use in liver cancer therapy. ROS derived from mitochondrial is an important factor for celastrol to suppress HepG2 cell proliferation.     

Galactose-decorated pH-responsive nanogels for hepatoma-targeted delivery of oridonin

Nanogels based on the polymers of galactosylated chitosan-graft-poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (Gal-CS-g-PNIPAm) were used as carriers of oridonin (ORI) for tumor targeting. Three ORI-loaded nanogels with various degrees of galactose substitution were prepared, and their characteristics were evaluated. The release behavior of ORI from these nanogels was pH-dependent, and the release could be accelerated under mildly acidic conditions. The cytotoxicity of ORI-loaded nanogels was pH-sensitive. ORI-loaded nanogels exhibited a higher antitumor activity than drug-loaded nanogels without galactosylation, and the anticancer activity increased in relation to increases in the number of galactose moieties of the nanogels in HepG2 cells. In contrast, the cytotoxicity of ORI-loaded nanogels against MCF-7 cells decreased compared with that of drug-loaded nanogels without galactosylation. Results demonstrated that these nanogels could enhance the uptake of ORI into HepG2 cells via asialoglycoprotein receptor-mediated endocytosis. These galactose-decorated pH-responsive nanogels were well-suited for targeted drug delivery to liver cancer cells.     

盐霉素抑制人肝细胞癌转移与侵袭的体外与体内实验研究

目的：肝癌的转移与复发是肝癌治疗的一大难题,盐霉素是近年来新发现的具有抗肿瘤作用的抗生素,本文研究了盐霉素在体外及体内对人肝细胞癌转移与侵袭能力的作用及机制。方法：在体外对肝癌细胞株HepG2,SMMC-7721,BEL-7402给予盐霉素处理,体内建立裸鼠肝脏原位肿瘤模型,并给予腹腔注射盐霉素治疗。观察肿瘤细胞的转移侵袭能力以及肝内肿瘤转移灶的情况,进一步测定E．cadherin,Vimentin的表达,来研究盐霉素对肝癌转移及侵袭能力的影响及机制。结果：经盐霉素处理后,肝癌细胞株HepG2,SMMC．7721,BEL．7402的转移及侵袭能力明显下降,肝内转移灶的数目也减少。分子机制检测发现盐霉素处理后E．cadherin表达增高,Vimentin表达下降。结论：盐霉素在体内与体外都抑制了肝癌的转移与侵袭,其机制可能抑制了肿瘤细胞的上皮间质化（EMT）过程。这为控制肝癌的转移和复发提供了新的治疗思路。     

Honokiol inhibits HepG2 migration via down‐regulation of IQGAP1 expression discovered by a quantitative pharmaceutical proteomic analysis

Honokiol (HNK), a natural small molecular product, inhibited proliferation of HepG2 cells and exhibited anti‐tumor activity in nude mice. In this article, we applied a novel sensitive stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture‐based quantitative proteomic method and a model of nude mice to investigate the correlation between HNK and the hotspot migration molecule Ras GTPase‐activating‐like protein (IQGAP1). The quantitative proteomic analysis showed that IQGAP1 was 0.53‐fold down‐regulated under 10 μg/mL HNK exposure for 24 h on HepG2 cells. Migration ability of HepG2 cells under HNK treatment was correlated with its expression level of IQGAP1. In addition, the biochemical validation on HepG2 cells and the tumor xenograft model further demonstrated that HNK decreased the expression level of IQGAP1 and its upstream proteins Cdc42/Rac1. These data supported that HNK can modulate cell adhesion and cell migration by acting on Cdc42/Rac1 signaling via IQGAP1 interactions with its upstream Cdc42/Rac1 proteins, which is a new molecular mechanism of HNK to exert its anti‐tumor activity.     

线粒体E3泛素连接酶MARCH5表达上调促进肝癌生长

目的:膜相关锌指蛋白MARCH5(membrane-associated RING-CH 5)是定位于线粒体外膜的E3泛素连接酶,在调控线粒体分裂融合相关蛋白的表达中发挥重要作用。以往研究在多种肿瘤中证实了线粒体分裂融合的异常,但目前MARCH5在肝癌中的表达与生物学作用均不清楚。本研究旨在探讨MARCH5在肝癌组织与细胞系中的表达及其在肿瘤生长中的调控作用。方法:1).利用免疫组化实验检测62对肝癌癌与癌旁组织中MARCH5表达,以明确MARCH5在肝癌中的表达是否发生了异常改变。2).利用qRT-PCR与Western blot实验检测4株肝癌细胞(SNU-354、SNU-368、HLE与HLF)与1株正常肝细胞HL7702中MARCH5表达,进一步分析MARCH5在肝癌细胞系中的表达改变。3).下调肝癌细胞中MARCH5表达后,利用EDU实验与克隆形成实验分析对肝癌细胞增殖与克隆形成能力的影响。结果:1).MARCH5在肝癌组织中表达显著高于癌旁组织。2). MARCH5在4株肝癌细胞中的表达均显著高于正常肝细胞。3).下调MARCH5表达可显著抑制肝癌细胞的增殖与克隆形成。结论:MARCH5在肝癌中表达显著上调并通过诱导增殖与克隆形成而促进肝癌的生长。     

Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 4β-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-amino)-podophyllotoxin derivatives

A series of new 4β-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-amino)-podophyllotoxin derivatives were designed and synthesized. Their cytotoxicity in vitro against six tumor cell lines (DU-145, SGC-7901, A549, SH-SY5Y, HepG2 and HeLa) were evaluated by standard MTT assay. The pharmacological results showed that most of the newly synthesized podophyllotoxin derivatives displayed potent cytotoxicity against at least one of the tested tumor cells; and among the new derivatives, 11b was more potent than podophyllotoxin against HepG2 and Hela cell lines. Furthermore, 11b exhibited much better selectivity toward the normal cell lines L929 and Vero than etoposide, 5-Fu and podophyllotoxin. The possible antitumor mechanism of 11b is to inhibit the activity of DNA topoisomerase II, result in the S-phase arrest, and then cause apoptotic cell death.     

速生桉叶水溶提取物对HepG2细胞增殖及凋亡的影响

目的:探讨速生桉叶水溶提取物对HepG2细胞的抑制增殖作用及凋亡的影响。方法:采用MTT法检测速生桉叶水溶提取物对HepG2细胞增殖抑制作用;采用流式细胞仪Annexin V-FITC/PI检测速生桉叶水溶提取物处理后HepG2细胞凋亡的情况。结果:MTT分析显示,当细胞培养24 h时,稀释5、10倍HepG2细胞抑制率分别为(47.32±1.11)%、(15.76±3.50)%;当细胞培养48 h时,稀释5、10倍HepG2细胞抑制率分别为(44.13±10.93)%、(25.93±8.37)%;当细胞培养72 h时,稀释5、10倍HepG2细胞抑制率分别为(59.47±6.90)%、(41.02±4.27)%。流式细胞术结果显示,速生桉叶水溶提取物稀释30倍时可诱导31.03%的HepG2细胞进入早期凋亡阶段,随着稀释倍数的减少被诱导进入凋亡阶段的细胞数目逐渐升高。另外,随着水溶提取物作用时间的延长,进入凋亡阶段的细胞数目也逐渐升高。结论:速生桉叶水溶提取物对HepG2细胞增殖与凋亡具有量-效、时-效关系。     

肝癌细胞系差异性表达的糖结合蛋白研究

糖结合蛋白(glycan-binding protein,GBP)在细胞生命周期中扮演着重要角色,如细胞识别、运输、免疫、代谢、增殖分化及细胞间的相互作用等.目前,对GBP的改变对细胞生物过程产生影响的研究甚少.本研究用糖芯片技术对肝癌细胞系Hep G2和正常肝细胞系L02表达的GBP进行研究;糖细胞化学验证确定差异表达GBP在肝癌细胞系中的变化和分布.结果显示,8种糖探针(如SL、LNT和Gal NAc等)和5种糖探针(如Man、Man-9-Glycan,Xyl等)分别对应的GBP在Hep G2细胞中表达上调或下调.糖细胞化学结果显示:Gal NAc识别的GBPs主要表达在Hep G2的胞膜、中央胞质、核周胞质区域,而在L02的相同区域表达减弱;Neu Ac识别的GBPs主要表达在L02的胞膜区及核周胞质区,而在Hep G2细胞的相同区域表达减弱.这些数据为寻找新的肝癌发病机制和抗肿瘤策略提供了有用信息.