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1.
Development of wheat scab symptoms is delayed in transgenic wheat plants that constitutively express a rice thaumatin-like protein gene 总被引:21,自引:0,他引:21
W. P. Chen P. D. Chen D. J. Liu R. Kynast B. Friebe R. Velazhahan S. Muthukrishnan B. S. Gill 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1999,99(5):755-760
The possibility of controlling wheat scab (caused by Fusarium graminearum Schw.) was explored by engineering wheat plants for constitutive expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) protein genes. A
rice thaumatin-like protein (TLP) gene (tlp) and a rice chitinase gene (chi11) were introduced into the spring wheat cultivar ’Bobwhite’ by co-transformation of the plasmids pGL2ubi-tlp (ubiquitin/tlp//CaMV 35S/hpt) and pAHG11 (CaMV 35S/chi11//ubiquitin/bar). The transformation was by biolistic bombardment. Bialaphos was used as the selection reagent. The integration and expression
of the tlp, bar, chi11 and hpt genes were analyzed by Southern, Northern and Western blot analyses. The four transgenes co-segregated in the T1 progeny of the transgenic plant and were localized at the telomeric region of the chromosome 6A long arm by sequential N-banding
and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using pAHG11 or pGL2ubi-tlp as the probes. Only the transgenes tlp and bar, under the control of the ubiquitin promoter-intron, were expressed. No expression of the chi11 and hpt genes, controlled by the CaMV 35S promoter, was detected in T1 plants. After inoculation with conidia of F. graminearum, the symptoms of scab developed significantly slower in transgenic plants of the T1, T2 and T3 generations expressing the tlp gene than in non-transformed control plants. This is the first report of enhanced resistance to F. graminearum in transgenic wheat plants with constitutive expression of TLP.
Received: 15 December 1998 / Accepted: 30 January 1999 相似文献
2.
Eckart Görschen Marina Dunaeva Bettina Hause Ingeborg Reeh Claus Wasternack Benno Parthier 《Planta》1997,202(4):470-478
In this paper we report the in-planta activity of the ribosome-inactivating protein JIP60, a 60-kDa jasmonate-induced protein
from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants. All plants expressing the complete JIP60 cDNA under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter
exhibited conspicuous and similar phenotypic alterations, such as slower growth, shorter internodes, lanceolate leaves, reduced
root development, and premature senescence of leaves. Microscopic inspection of developing leaves showed a loss of residual
meristems and higher degree of vacuolation of mesophyll cells as compared to the wild type. When probed with an antiserum
which was immunoreactive against both the N- and the C-terminal half of JIP60, a polypeptide with a molecular mass of about
30 kDa, most probably a processed JIP60 product, could be detected. Phenotypic alterations could be correlated with the differences
in the detectable amount of the JIP60 mRNA and processed JIP60 protein. The protein biosynthesis of the transformants was
characterized by an increased polysome/monosome ratio but a decreased in-vivo translation activity. These findings suggest
that JIP60 perturbs the translation machinery in planta. An immunohistological analysis using the JIP60 antiserum indicated
that the immunoreactive polypeptide(s) are located mainly in the nucleus of transgenic tobacco leaf cells and to a minor extent
in the cytoplasm.
Received: 31 July 1996 / Accepted: 18 February 1997 相似文献
3.
A wheat cDNA coding for a thaumatin-like protein reveals a high level of RFLP in wheat 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
D. Mingeot J. M. Jacquemin 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1997,95(5-6):822-827
A cDNA clone that reveals a high level of polymorphism between wheat varieties was isolated from a wheat cDNA library. When
hybridized to DraI-, EcoRV- and HindIII digested DNA this clone, gbx3832, enables us to distinguish 42 different patterns among 48 varieties: 37 varieties are
clearly identified, the remaining 11 are divided into five groups. Base-sequence analysis of the clone reveals 72–74% sequence
identity to mRNAs encoding thaumatin-like proteins from different cereals.
Received: 27 January 1997 / Accepted: 18 April 1997 相似文献
4.
Green fluorescent protein as a visual marker for wheat transformation 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
M. C. Jordan 《Plant cell reports》2000,19(11):1069-1075
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) transformation via particle bombardment is now established in many laboratories, but transformation efficiencies are still
largely low and the highest efficiencies can only be obtained with certain genotypes. For rapid optimization and improvement
of wheat transformation protocols, a non-destructive marker which permits early detection of transformed cells is needed.
We have assessed the ability of a modified version of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein (GFP) to act as a marker for detecting transformed cells and tissues of wheat. Multicellular clusters
emitting green fluorescence were observed 14 days after particle bombardment with a sGFPS65T gene construct, and gfp-expressing shoots (often with expressing roots) could be observed as early as 21 days after bombardment. These shoots can
be removed from the callus and grown further until they are ready to transfer to soil. Transgenic wheat plants could be selected
on the basis of gfp expression alone although the inclusion of antibiotic resistance as a selectable marker could improve the efficiency. Using
sgfpS65T as a marker gene in an experiment comparing bombardment parameters allowed the rapid identification of variables that could
be targeted for optimization.
Received: 29 March 2000 / Accepted: 29 March 2000 相似文献
5.
Detection of loci controlling seed dormancy on group 4 chromosomes of wheat and comparative mapping with rice and barley genomes 总被引:22,自引:0,他引:22
K. Kato W. Nakamura T. Tabiki H. Miura S. Sawada 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2001,102(6-7):980-985
Three quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling seed dormancy were detected on group 4 chromosomes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using 119 doubled haploid lines (DHLs) derived from a cross between AC Domain and Haruyutaka. A major QTL, designated
QPhs.ocs-4A.1, was identified within the marker interval between Xcdo795 and Xpsr115 in the proximal region of the long arm of chromosome 4A. Two minor QTLs, QPhs.ocs-4B.2 on 4B and QPhs.ocs-4D.2 on 4D, were flanked by common markers, Xbcd1431.1 and Xbcd1431.2 in the terminal region of the long arms, suggesting a homoeologous relationship. These three QTLs explained more than 80%
of the total phenotypic variance in seed dormancy of DHLs grown in the field and under glasshouse conditions. The AC Domain
alleles at the three QTLs contributed to increasing seed dormancy. Comparative maps across wheat, barley and rice demonstrated
the possibility of a homoeologous relationship between QPhs.ocs-4A.1 and the barley gene SD4, while no significant effects of the chromosome regions of wheat and barley orthologous to rice chromosome
3 region carrying a major seed dormancy QTL were detected.
Received: 5 June 2000 / Accepted: 31 August 2000 相似文献
6.
G. Schwarz M. Herz X. Q. Huang W. Michalek A. Jahoor G. Wenzel V. Mohler 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2000,100(3-4):545-551
Genetic mapping and the selection of closely linked molecular markers for important agronomic traits require efficient, large-scale
genotyping methods. A semi-automated multifluorophore technique was applied for genotyping AFLP marker loci in barley and
wheat. In comparison to conventional 33P-based AFLP analysis the technique showed a higher resolution of amplicons, thus increasing the number of distinguishable
fragments. Automated sizing of the same fragment in different lanes or different gels showed high conformity, allowing subsequent
unambigous allele-typing. Simultaneous electrophoresis of different AFLP samples in one lane (multimixing), as well as simultaneous
amplification of AFLP fragments with different primer combinations in one reaction (multiplexing), displayed consistent results
with respect to fragment number, polymorphic peaks and correct size-calling. The accuracy of semi-automated co-dominant analysis
for hemizygous AFLP markers in an F2 population was too low, proposing the use of dominant allele-typing defaults. Nevertheless, the efficiency of genetic mapping,
especially of complex plant genomes, will be accelerated by combining the presented genotyping procedures.
Received: 10 April 1999 / Accepted: 11 May 1999 相似文献
7.
Wang HX Ng TB 《Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & molecular biology》2000,127(4):519-524
The ribosome-inactivating protein trichosanthin isolated from the tubers of Trichosanthes kirilowii, the Chinese drug Tianhuafen, has a molecular mass of approximately 26 kDa. We show here that T. kirilowii tubers also contain ribosome-inactivating proteins with a small extent of structural variation from and a larger molecular mass than trichosanthin. 相似文献
8.
Transformation and expression of a stilbene synthase gene of Vitis vinifera L. in barley and wheat for increased fungal resistance 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
G. Leckband H. Lörz 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1998,96(8):1004-1012
Transformation of barley and wheat via particle bombardment with a gene derived from Vitis vinifera L. (Vst1 gene) resulted in the expression of the foreign phytoalexin, resveratrol, in the transformed plants. Transgenic barley plants
were regenerated from microspores and transgenic wheat plants from immature embryos were both selected on Basta. Stable integration
of the gene in the genomes of transgenic barley and wheat plants, as well as their progeny, was analysed by Southern-blot
analysis. The induction of the stilbene synthase promoter and the transient expression of stilbene synthase-specific mRNA
after induction by wounding and infection were proofed in T1 and T2 progeny plants. An enhanced expression of the Vst1 gene under control of the stilbene synthase promoter was observed with enhancer sequences from the cauliflower mosaic virus
35s (CaMV 35s) promoter. The enzyme activity of the stilbene synthase was analysed in T1 progeny plants. The first pathological results indicated an increased resistance of transgenic barley plants to Botrytis cinerea used as a model experimental system.
Received: 5 November 1997 / Accepted: 11 November 1997 相似文献
9.
Effects of combined expression of antifungal barley seed proteins in transgenic wheat on powdery mildew infection 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Bieri Stéphane Potrykus Ingo Fütterer Johannes 《Molecular breeding : new strategies in plant improvement》2003,11(1):37-48
Transgenicwheat plants (variety Frisal) constitutively expressing a number of potentialantifungal proteins alone or in combinations were generated and tested forincreased resistance to Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici(powdery mildew) in a detached leaf infection assay. The most significativerateof protection was obtained with an apoplastic ribosome-inactivation proteinfrombarley seed. Apoplastic Barnase was less efficient and individual plant linesharbouring a barley seed chitinase and -1,3-glucanase showed linespecificphenotypes from increased resistance to increased susceptibility. Combinationbycrossing of three barley seed proteins did not lead to significant improvementof protection. 相似文献
10.
Green fluorescent protein as a screenable marker to increase the efficiency of generating transgenic woody fruit plants 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
R. Ghorbel J. Juárez L. Navarro L. Peña 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1999,99(1-2):350-358
The green fluorescent protein (GFP) from Aequorea victoria has been introduced into three different citrus genotypes [Citrus aurantium L., C. aurantifolia (Christm.) Swing. and C. sinensis L. Osbeck×Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] which are considered recalcitrant to transformation, mainly due to low transformation frequencies and to the regeneration
of escape shoots at high frequencies from the Agrobacterium-inoculated explants. High-level GFP expression was detected in transgenic cells, tissues and plants. Using GFP as a vital
marker has allowed us to localize the sites of transgene expression in specific cells, always occurring in callus tissue formed
from the cambium of the cut ends of explants. Whereas green fluorescent shoots regenerated in all cases from this callus,
most escapes regenerated directly from explants with almost no callus formation. Thus, development of callus from cambium
is a prerequisite for citrus transformation. Furthermore, in vivo monitoring of GFP expression permitted a rapid and easy
discrimination of transgenic and escape shoots. The selection of transgenic shoots could be easily favored by eliminating
the escapes and/or by performing shoot-tip grafting of the transgenic buds soon after their origin. GFP-expressing shoots
have also been observed in citrus explants co-cultivated with Agrobacterium but cultured in a medium without the selective agent kanamycin. This opens the possibility to rescue the transgenic sectors
and to regenerate transgenic plants without using selectable marker genes conferring antibiotic or herbicide resistance, which
is currently a topic of much discussion for the commercialization of transgenic plants.
Received: 28 October 1998 / Accepted: 28 November 1998 相似文献
11.
Chromosomal assignment of gene sequences coding for protein disulphide isomerase (PDI) in wheat 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
M. Ciaffi L. Dominici O. A. Tanzarella E. Porceddu 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1999,98(3-4):405-410
Three different probes, obtained by PCR amplification and labelling of different segments of a PDI cDNA clone from common
wheat, were used to identify and assign to wheat chromosomes the gene sequences coding for protein disulphide isomerase (PDI).
One of these probes, containing the whole coding region except for a short segment coding for the C-terminal sequence, displayed
defined and specific RFLP patterns. PDI gene sequences were consequently assigned to wheat chromosome arms 4BS, 4DS, 4AL and
1BS by Southern hybridisation of EcoRI- HindIII- and BamHI-digested total DNA of nulli-tetrasomic and di-telosomic lines of Chinese Spring. This probe was also employed for assessing
the restriction fragment length polymorphism in several hexaploid and tetraploid cultivated wheats. These showed considerable
conservation at PDI loci; in fact polymorphism was only observed for the chromosome 1B fragment.
Received: 7 July 1998 / Accepted: 14 August 1998 相似文献
12.
X. Shan T. K. Blake L. E. Talbert 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1999,98(6-7):1072-1078
Conversion of amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) to sequence-specific PCR primers would be useful for many genetic-linkage
applications. We examined 21 wheat nullitetrasomic stocks and five wheat-barley addition lines using 12 and 14 AFLP primer
combinations, respectively. On average, 36.8% of the scored AFLP fragments in the wheat nullitetrasomic stocks and 22.3% in
the wheat-barley addition lines could be mapped to specific chromosomes, providing approximately 461 chromosome-specific AFLP
markers in the wheat nullitetrasomic stocks and 174 in the wheat-barley addition lines. Ten AFLP fragments specific to barley
chromosomes and 16 AFLP fragments specific to wheat 3BS and 4BS chromosome arms were isolated from the polyacrylamide gels,
re-amplified, cloned and sequenced. Primer sets were designed from these sequences. Amplification of wheat and barley genomic
DNA using the barley derived primers revealed that three primer sets amplified DNA from the expected chromosome, five amplified
fragments from all barley chromosomes but not from wheat, one amplified a similar-sized fragment from multiple barley chromosomes
and from wheat, and one gave no amplification. Amplification of wheat genomic DNA using the wheat-derived primer sets revealed
that three primer sets amplified a fragment from the expected chromosome, 11 primer sets amplified a similar-sized fragment
from multiple chromosomes, and two gave no amplification. These experiments indicate that polymorphisms identified by AFLP
are often not transferable to more sequence-specific PCR applications.
Received: 30 June 1998 / Accepted: 26 October 1998 相似文献
13.
Colaço M Bapat MM Misquith S Jadot M Wattiaux-De Coninck S Wattiaux R 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》2002,296(5):1180-1185
Gelonin, a type 1 ribosome-inactivating protein, has been used as toxin conjugate for several therapeutic purposes. We have investigated the endocytosis of gelonin by rat liver in vivo. Subcellular distribution of [125I]gelonin was established after differential and isopycnic centrifugation. Fractions were analyzed for acid-soluble and acid-precipitable radioactivity. Results show that gelonin is rapidly cleared from the blood and within 15min reaches a peak (25% of total injected) in the liver. With time, radioactivity associated with the liver markedly decreases. Two important observations are made: (a) Radioactivity associated with all fractions, at any time point, is greater than 80% acid precipitable. (b) Even at 5min, a significant amount of intact gelonin is present in the cytosolic fraction. Our work suggests that, though gelonin is rapidly cleared from the blood, there are still intact molecules that have entered the cytosol where they could exert their toxic effect. 相似文献
14.
Localization of introduced genes on the chromosomes of transgenic barley, wheat and triticale by fluorescence in situ hybridization 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
C. Pedersen J. Zimny D. Becker A. Jähne-Gärtner H. Lörz 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1997,94(6-7):749-757
Using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) we localized introduced genes on metaphase chromosomes of barley, wheat,
and triticale transformed by microprojectile bombardment of microspores and scutellar tissue with the pDB1 plasmid containing
the uidA and bar genes. Thirteen integration sites were detected in the nine lines analysed. Southern analysis showed that three or more copies
of the plasmid were present in the lines. In a triticale line containing four copies three different integration sites were
identified, indicating that the method described is sensitive enough for the detection of single-copy integrations. There
was a slight tendency towards the localization of transgenes in distal chromosome regions. Using the GAA-satellite sequence
for chromosome banding, the chromosomes containing the inserted genes were identified in most cases. Two barley lines derived
from the same transformant showed a totally different integration pattern. Southern analysis confirmed that the inserted genes
were segregating independently, resulting in different integration patterns among the progeny lines. The application of the
FISH technique for the analysis of transgenic plants is discussed.
Received: 28 October 1996/Accepted: 15 November 1996 相似文献
15.
D. Mingeot J. M. Jacquemin 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1999,98(6-7):1132-1137
Wheat anonymous probes were selected for their efficiency for providing a readable hybridization pattern and revealing RFLP
among wheat varieties. We report the mapping of 132 such probes (20 wheat-leaf cDNA, 28 wheat-root cDNA and 84 genomic DNA)
on the reference population of the International Triticeae Mapping Initiative (ITMI) derived from the cross W-7984 with Opata85.
Each probe has been characterized for its polymorphism information content. The 132 probes allowed us to map 160 loci.
Received: 7 July 1998 / Accepted: 19 October 1998 相似文献
16.
Somaclonal variation in the progeny of transgenic barley 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
P. Bregitzer S. E. Halbert P. G. Lemaux 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1998,96(3-4):421-425
Somaclonal variation (SCV) in transgenic plants may slow the incorporation of introduced genes into commercially competitive
cultivars. Somaclonal variation in transgenic barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was assessed in one experiment by comparing the agronomic characteristics of 44 segregating transgenic lines in the T2 generation to their non-transformed parent (‘Golden Promise’). A second experiment examined the agronomic characteristics
of seven transgenic-derived, null (non-transgenic) segregant lines in the T2 and T4 generations. Compared to their uncultured parent, Golden Promise, most of these lines were shorter, lower yielding, and had
smaller seed, and the variability among individual plants was higher. The frequency and severity of the observed SCV was unexpectedly
high, and the transformation procedure appeared to induce greater SCV than tissue culture in the absence of transformation.
Attempts to understand the sources of SCV, and to modify transformation procedures to reduce the generation of SCV, should
be made.
Received: 26 June 1997 / Accepted: 31 October 1997 相似文献
17.
B. Beecher E. D. Smidansky D. See T. K. Blake M. J. Giroux 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2001,102(6-7):833-840
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars vary in traits such as grain hardness and malt quality. However, little is known about the genetic basis of
these grain quality traits in barley, while more is known about the basis of grain hardness in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Puroindolines are endosperm-specific proteins found in wheat and barley, as well as other members of the Triticeae. In
wheat, variation of puroindoline sequence is associated with most of the variability in wheat grain texture. However, no information exists on sequence variation
of the barley homologs of puroindolines, the hordoindolines. We have therefore chosen to isolate and characterize the hordoindoline (hin) sequences of eight North American barley cultivars. The barley sequences contain numerous non-conservative amino-acid substitutions
relative to their wheat counterparts. However, no significant rearrangements were found in either hinA or hinB of barley. Three hinA and two hinB sequence types were found among the eight barley cultivars examined, indicating substantial allelic variation at this locus.
The hinB sequence variability was used to map hinB to the short arm of chromosome 5H in a Steptoe/Morex mapping population, which is coincident with the previously mapped location
of hinA and Gsp (grain-softness protein). This chromosomal location also coincides with a small barley malt-extract QTL, suggesting that
hordoindoline sequence variation may play a small role in barley grain quality. Efforts to correlate barley seed textural differences and
malting quality with hordoindoline sequence type are ongoing.
Received: 25 May 2000 / Accepted: 21 September 2000 相似文献
18.
G. J. Bryan P. Stephenson A. Collins J. Kirby J. B. Smith M. D. Gale 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1999,99(1-2):192-198
PCR products from regions corresponding to sequences hybridising to wheat RFLP probes were sequenced in order to establish
the level of DNA sequence variation among adapted wheat genotypes. Hexaploid bread wheat shows a very low rate of nucleotide
polymorphism, approximately 1 polymorphic nucleotide per 1000 basepairs. Differences in PCR product length can be exploited
to design genome-specific amplicons, which may have use in gene tagging or in diagnostic applications. Interpretation of results
may be complicated by the simultaneous amplification of orthologous and paralogous sequences. These findings have significant
implications for the use of STS markers in wheat and other polyploid species.
Received: 3 October 1998 / Accepted: 28 November 1998 相似文献
19.
A system for barley transformation via polyethyleneglycol-mediated DNA uptake into protoplasts isolated directly from scutella
and the regeneration of transgenic plants is reported. Scutellum protoplasts (cv. Clipper, an Australian malting cultivar)
were co-transformed with plasmids Act 1-DGUS, containing the marker uidA gene, and pCaIneo, which contains the selectable marker neomycin phosphotransferase gene. Protoplast-derived calluses were
selected on medium containing the antibiotic G418 (25 and 15 mg.l–1) and macroscopic antibiotic resistant colonies were recovered. Fertile plants were regenerated from a callus line and molecular
analysis confirmed transgene integration.
Received: 11 October 1999 / Revision received: 11 February 2000 / Accepted: 11 February 2000 相似文献
20.
M.-J. Cho H. W. Choi B. B. Buchanan P. G. Lemaux 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1999,98(8):1253-1262
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) hordeins are alcohol-soluble redundant storage proteins that accumulate in protein bodies of the starchy endosperm during
seed development. Strong endosperm-specific β-glucuronidase gene-(uidA; gus) expression driven by B1- and D-hordein promoters was observed in stably transformed barley plants co-transformed with the selectable herbicide resistance
gene, bar. PCR analysis using DNA from calli of 22 different lines transformed with B1- or D-hordein promoter-uidA fusions showed the expected 1.8-kb uidA fragment after PCR amplification. DNA-blot analysis of genomic DNA from T0 leaf tissue of 13 lines showed that 12 (11 independent) lines produced uidA fragments and that one line was uidA-negative. T1 progeny from 6 out of 12 independent regenerable transgenic lines tested for uidA expression showed a 3 : 1 segregation pattern. Of the remaining six transgenic lines, one showed a segregation ratio of 15 : 1
for GUS, one expressed bar alone, one lacked transmission of either gene to T1 progeny, and three were sterile. Stable GUS expression driven by the hordein promoters was observed in T5 progeny in one line, T4 progeny in one line, T3 progeny in three lines and T2 or T1 progeny in the remaining two fertile lines tested; homozygous transgenic plants were obtained from three lines. In the homozygous
lines the expression of the GUS protein, driven by either the B1- or D-hordein promoters, was highly expressed in endosperm at early to mid-maturation stages. Expression of bar driven by the maize ubiquitin promoter was also stably transmitted to T1 progeny in seven out of eight lines tested. However, in most lines PAT expression driven by the maize ubiquitin promoter
was gradually lost in T2 or later generations; one homozygous line was obtained. In contrast, six out of seven lines stably expressed GUS driven by
the hordein promoters in T2 or later generations. We conclude that the B1- and D-hordein promoters can be used to engineer, and subsequently study, stable endosperm-specific gene expression in barley
and potentially to modify barley seeds through genetic engineering.
Received: 28 May 1998 / Accepted: 19 December 1998 相似文献