Phylogenetic relationships among the microgastroid wasps (Hymenoptera: braconidae): combined analysis of 16S and 28S rDNA genes and morphological data

Relationships among the microgastroid complex of braconid wasps were investigated using sequence data from the 16S mitochondrial rDNA and 28S (D2 expansion region) nuclear rDNA genes, as well as morphological data. Parsimony analysis of these gene fragments, both separately and combined, indicated that Neoneurus (Neoneurinae) and Ichneutes (Ichneutinae) were no more closely related to the microgastroids than were a range of helconoid taxa. Combined parsimony analysis of the microgastroids indicated the relationships ((Cardiochilinae + Microgastrinae) + Miracinae) + Cheloninae, with Adeliinae falling inside the Cheloninae. Bootstrap proportions for each of these nodes were greater than 70%. Character reweighting (sensu Farris), using the rescaled consistency index, also recovered these relationships. Mapping of lifestyle traits onto this relatively well supported phylogeny indicated that solitary endoparasitism is ancestral for the microgastroids, with a single origin for egg-larval endoparasitism in the Cheloninae + Adeliinae. Mapping of the radiation of the microgastroids into lepidopteran hosts was less clear, due to the specialized biology of the most basal microgastroid clade, the Cheloninae + Adeliinae. Our data are consistent with attack of concealed lepidopteran hosts as the plesiomorphic lifestyle, at least for the Miracinae + Cardiochilinae + Microgastrinae, with radiation into more exposed hosts in the Cardiochilinae + Microgastrinae.     

基于28S rRNA基因D2序列的优茧蜂亚科分子系统发育（膜翅目：茧蜂科）

The D2 variable region of 28S ribosomal RNA was sequenced from ethanol specimens or obtained from the literature to provide the first phylogenetie reconstruction of the subfamily Euphorinae (Hymenoptera;Braconidae). Phylogenetic relationships were established by comparing the results using two different methods (distance-based neighbor-joining, NJ; and maximum parsimony, MP) and three different outgroups. The monophyly of the Euphorinae is well supported by all trees generated from molecular data. All phylogenetic reconstructions yielded trees with very similar topologies that only partially resolved the morphologically defined tribes and the relationships within the subfamily. We found no evidence for the monophyletic natures of the tribes Euphorinl, Dinocampini,Perilitini, Syntretini, Comsophorini and Centisitini, but we did find some evidence for the tribes Meteorini and Microctonini. The monophyletic nature of the tribe Meteodnl was well-supported in all trees. We also found the clade containing the LecythodeUa,Microctonus, Orionis and Streblocera to be a monophyletic group, which corresponded to the tribe Microtonini, with Orionis transferred from the tribe Eupholini into Microtonini.Among the genera of Euphorini our results showed strong support for a paraphyletic nature of this group, which can be roughly divided into two clades, one consisting of Aridelus Wesmaelia, the other of Leiophron Peristenus, suggesting both of which may be given tribal rank. The placement of the genus Chrysopophorus is largely uncertain. Two clades,Dinocampus Perilitus and Cosmophorus Rhopalophorus, were constantly resolved in our analyses, with 42-96 and 97-100 bootstrap value support, respectively, suggesting that both of them form monophyletic groups. For members of the Centistini, Pygostolus may be removed and included in Microctonini or other relative tribe.     

杉科、柏科的系统发生分析——来自28S rDNA序列分析的证据

对杉科（Taxodiaceae）与柏科（Cupressaceae s.s.）的28S rRNA基因的部分序列（约630 bp）进行PCR扩增、序列测定和系统发生关系分析,用简约法和邻接法构建的系统发生树基本一致。结果表明,杉科与柏科构成一个单系群,支持将杉科、柏科（Sciadopitys除外）合并为一个科——广义柏科（Cupressaceae sensu lato）的观点。在广义柏科中,Taiwania、Athrotaxis分别形成一支系;Metasequoia、Sequoia、Sequoiadendron关系较近,聚成一支系; Taxodium、Glyptostrobus、Cryptomeria聚成一支系;柏科聚成一支系。这一分析结果与叶绿体基因序列的分析结果相吻合,但是由于28S rRNA基因的进化速率较慢,尚不能分辨上述各个支系之间的系统演化关系。 Abstract:DNA sequences from 28S rDNA were used to assess relationships between and within traditional Taxodiaceae and Cupressaceae s.s.The MP tree and NJ tree generally are similar to one another.The results show that Taxodiaceae and Cupressaceae s.s.form a monophyletic conifer lineage excluding Sciadopitys.In the Taxodiaceae-Cupressaceae s.s.monophyletic group,the Taxodiaceae is paraphyletic.Taxodium,Glyptostrobus and Cryptomeria forming a clade(Taxodioideae),in which Glyptostrobus and Taxodium are closely related and sister to Cryptomeria;Sequoia,Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia are closely related to each other,forming another clade (Sequoioideae),in which Sequoia and Sequoiadendron are closely related and sister to Metasequoia;the seven genera of Cupressaceae s.s.are found to be closely related to form a monophyletic lineage (Cupressoideae).These results are basically similar to analyses from chloroplast gene data.But the relationships among Taiwania,Sequoioideae,Taxodioideae,and Cupressoideae remain unclear because of the slow evolution rate of 28S rDNA,which might best be answered by sequencing more rapidly evolving nuclear genes.     

基于28S rDNA D2基因片段与形态特征的优茧蜂亚科系统发育研究

本研究选取优茧蜂亚科Euphorinae(膜翅目Hymenoptera:茧蜂科Braconidae)的8族19属23种作为内群,茧蜂其它6个亚科的8属8种作外群,首次结合同源核糖体28S rDNA D2基因序列片段和41个形态学特征对该亚科进行了系统发育学研究。利用"圆口类"的内茧蜂亚科Rogadinae、茧蜂亚科Braconinae、矛茧蜂亚科Doryctinae的3个亚科为根,以PAUP*4.0和MrBayes3.0B4软件分别应用最大简约法(MP)和贝叶斯法对优茧蜂亚科的分子数据和分子数据与非分子数据的结合体进行了分析;并以PAUP*4.0对优茧蜂亚科的28S rDNA D2基因序列的片段的碱基组成与碱基替代情况进行了分析。结果表明:优茧蜂亚科的28S rDNA D2基因序列片段的GC%含量在40.00%~49.25%之间变动,而对于碱基替代情况来讲,优茧蜂亚科各个成员间序列变异位点上颠换(transversion)大于转换(transition);不同的分析和算法所产生的系统发育树都表明目前根据形态定义出的优茧蜂亚科Euphorinae不是一个单系群,而是一个与蚁茧蜂亚科Neoneurinae和高腹茧蜂亚科Cenocoelinae混杂在一起的并系群;在优茧蜂亚科内部,悬茧蜂族Meterorini和食甲茧蜂族Microctonini(排除猎户茧蜂属Orionis)为单系群,而宽鞘茧蜂族Centistini、大颚茧蜂族Cosmophorini、优茧蜂族Euphorini、瓢虫茧蜂族Dinocampini为并系群;悬茧蜂族Meterorini在优茧蜂亚科Euphorinae内位于基部位置的观点得到部分的支持,同时食甲茧蜂族Microctonini被判定为相对进化的类群。此外对于优茧蜂亚科内各属之间的相互亲缘关系,不同算法所得到的系统发育属的结果不完全一致,这表明优茧蜂亚科内(属及族)的系统发育关系还有待于进一步研究。     

Molecular phylogeny of the higher taxa of Odonata (Insecta) inferred from COI, 16S rRNA, 28S rRNA,and EF1‐α sequences

In this study, we sequenced both two mitochondrial genes (COI and 16S rRNA) and nuclear genes (28S rRNA and elongation factor‐1α) from 71 species of Odonata that represent 7 superfamilies in 3 suborders. Phylogenetic testing for each two concatenated gene sequences based on function (ribosomal vs protein‐coding genes) and origin (mitochondrial vs nuclear genes) proved limited resolution. Thus, four concatenated sequences were utilized to test the previous phylogenetic hypotheses of higher taxa of Odonata via Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) algorithms, along with the data partition by the BI method. As a result, three slightly different topologies were obtained, but the BI tree without partition was slightly better supported by the topological test. This topology supported the suborders Anisoptera and Zygoptera each being a monophyly, and the close relationship of Anisozygoptera to Anisoptera. All the families represented by multiple taxa in both Anisoptera and Zygoptera were consistently revealed to each be a monophyly with the highest nodal support. Unlike consistent and robust familial relationships in Zygoptera those of Anisoptera were partially unresolved, presenting the following relationships: ((((Libellulidae + Corduliidae) + Macromiidae) + Gomphidae + Aeshnidae) + Anisozygoptera) + (((Coenagrionidae + Platycnemdidae) + Calopterygidae) + Lestidae). The subfamily Sympetrinae, represented by three genera in the anisopteran family Libellulidae, was not monophyletic, dividing Crocothemis and Deielia in one group together with other subfamilies and Sympetrum in another independent group.     

基于线粒体12S和16S rRNA基因部分序列的角蟾亚科部分属种的系统发育关系

测定了角蟾亚科2属8种(亚种)和外群3种的线粒体12S和16S rRNA基因部分DNA序列,比对后序列长共949bp,其中变异位点数320,简约位点数206。邻接法和最大简约法分析的系统关系树一致表明内群为一单系群,其中腺角蟾首先与其他物种分开;沙坪角蟾与宽头短腿蟾聚为一支;余下的5种(亚种)角蟾组成一支,其中小角蟾短肢亚种的广西种群和香港种群聚为一亚支,另一亚支包括峨眉角蟾、小角蟾指名亚种、尾凸角蟾和重庆武隆的角蟾种,后两种角蟾进化关系最近。本结果支持短肢角蟾为有效种,同时提示腺角蟾、沙坪角蟾与宽头短腿蟾可能隶属3个不同的亚属或属。     

Simultaneous analysis of 16S, 28S, COI and morphology in the Hymenoptera: Apocrita -evolutionary transitions among parasitic wasps

Simultaneous analysis of morphological and molecular characters from the 16S rDNA, 28S rDNA and cytochrome oxidase 1 genes was employed to resolve phylogenetic relationships among the apocritan (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apocrita) wasps. Parsimony analyses, employing a broad range of models, consistently recovered the Proctotrupomorpha as a natural group, the Megalyridae and Trigonalidae as sister groups, a clade comprising the Monomachidae, Diapriidae, and Maamingidae, the Vanhorniidae and Proctotrupidae as sister groups, the Procto-trupoidea as polyphyletic, and the Evaniomorpha as a grade (but including the Ichneumonoidea, Aculeata, and Stephanidae). The Proctotrupomorpha, containing virtually all of the wholly endoparasitic lineages, was consistently recovered as an apical clade, with the remaining groups forming a parapbyletic grade below them. Although the relative placement of the groups forming this basal grade varied among analyses, the most commonly recovered arrangement is consistent with the ancestral biology being ectoparasitism of coleopteran, wood-boring larvae. Furthermore, the recovery of the ectoparasitic-containing proctotrupomorphs (Chalcidoidea and, in some analyses, Ceraphronoidea) as apical lineages argues that these biologies are reversals.