Morphometric relationships of the caridean shrimp Nauticaris marionis Bate, 1888 at the Prince Edward Islands (Southern Ocean)

The relationships between three measurements of body size (carapace length, total body length and eye diameter) and three measurements of mass (wet, dry and ash-free dry weights) of the caridean shrimp Nauticaris marionis are presented. It is argued that a precisely defined carapace length is the most accurate indicator of body size. A conversion formula relating carapace length to total body length is also provided, as are conversion equations relating the different measures of mass. Accepted: 17 May 1999     

Biology of the bottom-dwelling shrimp Nauticaris marionis Bate, 1888 at the sub-Antarctic Prince Edward Islands

Sub-Antarctic bottom-dwelling caridean shrimps Nauticaris marionis were collected in April/May between 1984 and 1997 over the shelf region of the Prince Edward Islands (37 °50′E, 46 °45′S). N. marionis is a partially protandric hermaphrodite. Hatching probably occurs just before April each year, but may persist until May. During the 1st year N. marionis seem to survive in undetected localities, moult into juveniles, and then settle amongst the benthos from the plankton beginning probably after November. Diel vertical migration then occurs up to an unknown larger size. The vast majority of juveniles develop into males, most of which transmutate into females by April/May of their 3rd year. Reproduction can occur before all male secondary characteristics have been lost. A minority of individuals develop directly into females without passing through a male phase. Individuals older than 5 years are undetectable using samples of the sizes analysed, but they may well persist in the population. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters for N. marionis are tentatively identified as k=0.2353/year, L _∞=12.6 mm, t ₀=−0.2828 years and WW _∞=2.03 g. Sex-reversal in N. marionis at Marion Island may be affected by the changing environment as sexual differentiation is probably determined during the planktonic stage. Accepted: 3 January 2000     

Ecological distribution of the shrimp Pleoticus muelleri (Bate, 1888) (Decapoda: Penaeoidea) in southeastern Brazil

The abundance and ecological distribution of the shrimp Pleoticus muelleri as a function of certain environmental factors were investigated from January 1998 through December 1999 in the region of Ubatuba, São Paulo, Brazil. The collections were made monthly in the bays of Ubatumirim (UBM), Ubatuba (UBA) and Mar Virado (MV). Each bay was divided into six sampling transects, four transects parallel to the shoreline and two near the rocky shores on the opposite side. We employed a commercial shrimp boat equipped with two double-rig nets. A total of 6252 shrimp were collected, including 3321 from MV, 1467 from UBM, and 1464 from UBA. Most of the shrimp were caught in the deeper, higher-salinity areas. The high abundance of P. muelleri observed in the southern part of the region studied was related to a sediments with a higher percentage of silt and clay. The numbers of P. muelleri were positively correlated with periods of cooler temperatures. Thus, temperature and the type of sediment were determinant factors in the distribution of P. muelleri in this region.     

The setal morphology of the larval phases of the Argentinean red shrimp Pleoticus muelleri Bate, 1888 (Decapoda: Solenoceridae)

Summary

The setal morphology is described for the larval stages of the solenocerid shrimp Pleoticus muelleri based upon scanning electron microscope studies. Sixty-five different types of setae are recognized and some currently used terms for describing setae are reviewed.     

Larvae of the deep-sea Nematocarcinidae (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea) from the Southern Ocean

The early larval stages of the deep-sea Nematocarcinidae, Nematocarcinus longirostris Bate, 1888, from the south-western Atlantic Ocean, and N. lanceopes Bate, 1888, from the high Antarctic Weddell Sea, were obtained from plankton catches, described and illustrated. Furthermore, field collected larvae of N. lanceopes were compared with larvae hatched and reared under constant laboratory conditions. The morphology of larvae in both species clearly indicates a planktotrophic and extended mode of larval development. This is an outstanding feature in deep-sea and especially in high-latitudinal caridean shrimp species, and the consequence of such reproductive trait for life history adaptations to both deep-sea and polar environments is discussed.This revised version was published online in November 2004 with corrections to the figure part lettering.     

Temperature-driven biogeography of the deep-sea family Lithodidae (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura) in the Southern Ocean

Species’ distributions are dynamic and are linked to the changing physical environment. Temperature is considered to be a major factor influencing biogeography, especially in ectotherms such as the family Lithodidae. Lithodids are rare amongst decapods in their ability to inhabit the higher latitudes of the Southern Ocean; however, they are usually found in locations where water temperature is above 0.5°C. This study, for the first time, provides a baseline indication of the limits of the lithodid distribution around Antarctica, which will be instrumental in any future work on range extensions in this group. The distribution of lithodids is likely to change as temperatures along the West Antarctic Peninsula continue to rise, and range extensions by durophagous predators, such as the lithodids, are regarded as a potential threat to the unique structure of Antarctic continental-shelf ecosystems.     

Burrowing shrimp of the infraorders Gebiidea and Axiidea (Crustacea: Decapoda)

This review is devoted to the different aspects of biology of burrowing shrimp of the infraorders Gebiidea and Axiidea (Crustacea: Decapoda). Information on their taxonomy, morphology and physiology, distribution, burrow architecture, and trophic mode is reviewed. The peculiarities of breeding and development, life history, and the role in the ecosystem of these infaunal species are analyzed. Special attention is given to the species that inhabit Peter the Great Bay of the Sea of Japan.     

First records of Atyoida serrata (CS Bate, 1888) from South Africa (Crustacea: Caridea: Atyidae)

Collections of Atyoida serrata (CS Bate, 1888) are reported from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa for the first time. This species is currently known only from the lower reaches of the Mgeni, Vungu and Mtamvuna river systems where it occupies rocky cascades and rock crevices in torrential habitats.     

Grooming behavior and morphology of the caridean shrimp Pandalus danae Stimpson (Decapoda: Natantia: Pandalidae)

Grooming or cleaning is a frequent behaviorial activity of the shrimp Pandalus danae . Setal brushes on thoracic limbs scrape and rub other appendages and general surfaces of the exoskeleton. Chelate limbs nip and pick at edges of crevices in the cephalothoracic region. Scanning electron microscopy reveals that the setae composing the grooming brushes are equipped with characteristic tooth- and scale-like setules which serve as the actual rasping devices. Antennules, antennae and pereopods are frequently preened by the third maxillipeds and first pereopods, while large areas of the exoskeleton are cleaned by the third pair of walking legs and the chelate limbs.
Shrimp with the general cleaning limbs ablated develop significantly greater infestations of the epizoic suctorian Ephelota than animals allowed to groom. Olfactory hairs on the antennules of shrimp deprived of the third maxillipeds become fouled with diatoms and debris while those on controls do not. Grooming behavior clearly prevents a build-up of settling organisms between molts and repeated cleaning of sensory sites is essential in maintaining contact with the environment.     

Egg production, hatching rates, and abbreviated larval development of Campylonotus vagans Bate, 1888 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea), in subantarctic waters

Early life history patterns were studied in the caridean shrimp, Campylonotus vagans Bate, 1888, from the subantarctic Beagle Channel (Tierra del Fuego). As a consequence of very large egg size (minimum 1.4 mm), fecundity was low, ranging from 83 to 608 eggs per female (carapace length [CL] 11-22.5 mm). Egg size increased continuously throughout embryonic development, reaching prior to hatching about 175% of the initial diameter. Due to low daily numbers of larval release, hatching of an egg batch lasted for about 2-3 weeks. The complete larval and early juvenile development was studied in laboratory cultures fed with Artemia sp. nauplii. At 7.0±0.5 °C, development from hatching to metamorphosis lasted for about 6 weeks. It comprised invariably two large zoeal stages and one decapodid, with mean stage durations of 12, 17, and 15 days, respectively. Larvae maintained without food survived on average for 18 days (maximum: 29 days), but did not reach the moult to the zoea II stage. Size increments at ecdysis were low in all larval stages (2.1-3.9%), indicating partial utilisation of internal energy reserves. A clearly higher increment (14%) was observed in the moult from the first to the second juvenile stage. Low fecundity, large size of eggs and larvae, an abbreviated mode of larval development, high larval survival rates during absence of food, demersal behaviour of the early life history stages, and an extended hatching period with low daily release rates are interpreted as adaptations to conditions typically prevailing in subantarctic regions, namely low temperatures (causing long durations of development) in combination with a pronounced seasonality in plankton production (i.e., short periods of food availability).     

Microsatellite loci from the pink shrimp Farfantenaeus notialis (Crustacea,Decapoda)

Farfantepenaeus notialis is an important resource for fisheries in Cuba. For this reason and for a sustainable exploitation it is important to study their population structure and genetic variability. We report and characterize microsatellites as genetic markers from this species. Fifteen microsatellite polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers were designed and tested in some individuals from different populations. Seven pair of primers showed reliable amplification products and five were polymorphic. The allele number ranged from 4 to 33, and the observed and expected heterozygosities were relatively high with values between 0.63 and 0.74 and 0.56 and 0.81, respectively. Departures from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium were observed for all loci.     

Description of Alpheus cedrici sp. n., a strikingly coloured snapping shrimp (Crustacea, Decapoda, Alpheidae) from Ascension Island, central Atlantic Ocean

Alpheus cedricisp. n. is described based on two specimens collected under rocks while scuba diving off the coast of Ascension Island, central Atlantic Ocean. The new species belongs to the Alpheus macrocheles (Hailstone, 1835) species complex and appears to be most closely related to the eastern-central Atlantic Alpheus macrocheles, the western Atlantic Alpheus amblyonyx Chace, 1972, and the eastern Pacific Alpheus bellimanus Lockington, 1877 and Alpheus rectus Kim & Abele, 1988. However, it differs from all these species by a combination of morphological characters and by a diagnostic and striking colour pattern.     

Cleavage and gastrulation of the dendrobranchiate shrimp Penaeus monodon (Crustacea,Malacostraca, Decapoda)

The cleavage pattern of the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon was analyzed from the first division until gastrulation. Observations were based on microscopy combined with the use of fluorescent dyes, histological techniques, and computer based three-dimensional reconstructions. Early cleavage is holoblastic and follows a stereotypic pattern, which largely corresponds to what is known from other dendrobranchiate decapods. However, for the first time in this group, we report the presence of an intracellular structure throughout early development. This intracellular body (icb) marks the lineage of one of the two enlarged and division-delayed mesendoderm cells that initiate gastrulation. The identity of the icb as a natural marker and putative determinant of the germ line and its implications on the establishment of the body axes are discussed. The icb as a landmark reveals that the same stereotypic cell division pattern can lead to different fates of individual cells. Hence, the results of this study permit an additional approach to study the relation between cell lineage pattern and the identity of cell lineages.     

Note on the first phyllosoma stages of Palinurellus wieneckii (de Man, 1881) and Puerulus aff. angulatus (Bate, 1888) (Crustacea, Decapoda, Synaxidae and Palinuridae) from New Caledonia

We describe the first stage phyllosoma (‘phyllamphion’)larvae of two species taken from the plankton off New Caledoniaand which we refer to as Palinurellus wieneckii (de Man, 1881)and Puerulus aff. angulatus (Bate, 1888).     

O2 consumption and acute salinity exposure in the freshwater shrimp Macrobrachium olfersii (Wiegmann) (Crustacea:Decapoda): whole animal and tissue respiration

The time course of O₂ consumption after acute salinity exposure (1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h to 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 S) was examined in isolated supraesophageal ganglia, gills, and intact Macrobrachium olfersii (Wiegmann), a hyperosmoregulating freshwater palaemonid shrimp, to establish patterns of metabolic adjustment during salinity adaptation. In whole shrimps, O₂ uptake rates decline with salinity increase to 21 S, subsequently increasing with further salinity increase. The rates increase to maxima after 6–12-h exposure in low salinities, decreasing steadily with time in high salinities. In gill preparations, O₂ consumption rates increase to a maximum in 14 S, then decline; they are maximal after 3–6-h exposure to low salinities and diminish with time in high salinities. In the supraesophageal ganglion, rates of O₂ uptake, always measured in seawater of 18 S, are also maximal when shrimps are exposed to 14 S, subsequently declining or levelling off. Rates decrease with time in shrimps exposed to very low salinities, and are stable in 21 S, reaching maxima after 3–6-h exposure of shrimps to all other media. Both tissues thus exhibit characteristic response patterns of O₂ consumption rate which appear to depend on their functional significance within the context of the whole organism. Such data are interpreted to indicate an interrelationship between O₂ consumption and osmoregulatory capability.     

Phylogeny and classification of the shrimp genera Acetes,Peisos, and Sicyonella (Sergestidae: Crustacea: Decapoda)

Despite their role in marine systems, Sergestidae remain one of the most poorly understood families amongst planktonic shrimps with regard to phylogeny. Recent morphological and phylogenetic revisions of a number of sergestid genera have disentangled classificatory problems and emphasized the importance of reproductive structures for the taxonomy and phylogeny of the Sergestidae. Only three genera, Acetes, Peisos, and Sicyonella, remain unrevised phylogenetically. We undertook a phylogenetic analysis of these groups based on 124 morphological characters (120 binary, four multistate). Eighteen new characters were based on scanning electron microscopy studies of the clasping organ and petasma. The phylogenetic analysis revealed statistically supported monophyly of the clades Sicyonella and Acetes + Peisos. We combine Peisos and Acetes into a monophyletic genus Acetes, give emended diagnoses and keys to all species of Sicyonella and Acetes, and discuss morphological trends within these genera. We present maps of geographical distribution for all valid species of Acetes. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London     

The caridean shrimp Lysmata vittata (Stimpson, 1860) (Decapoda: Hippolytidae): A new species for the fauna of Russia

The caridean shrimp Lysmata vittata (Stimpson, 1860) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Hippolytidae), which is found in the Pos??et Bay of the Sea of Japan is reported as new to the fauna of Russia. Sexually mature specimens of different ages were found at a depth of 2?C3 m among large boulders on a sandy bottom. The presence of a stable population of L. vittata in the investigated region substantially extends the distribution area of this species in the Sea of Japan.     

Some aspects of respiratory metabolism of a penaeid prawn,Penaeus japonicus (Bate) (Crustacea,Decapoda, Penaeidae)

Respiratory metabolism of a marine penaeid prawn, Penaeus japonicus (Bate) was studied in relation to body size, starvation, dissolved oxygen tension, salinity and temperature. Oxygen consumption was significantly (P < 0.03) elevated with decline in body size. The rate of oxygen consumption was decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with an increase in the day of starvation, but the values of the loth and 15th day did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) from each other, indicating adaptation to starved conditions. Respiratory rate was on the ascending scale with an elevation in the surrounding oxygen content. Oxygen consumption increased significantly (P < 0.05) in both hyper- and hypotonic media. Rate of oxygen consumption was significantly (P < 0.05) augmented with an increase in the ambient temperature upto 34°C but a drastic fall was found at both low (18°C) and high (36°C) extreme temperatures. Functional significance of these findings to the prawn, in combating the environmental eddies is discussed.This investigation was supported by I.C.A.R., New Delhi, through a project No. 21 (80)/73-ASR (I)This investigation was supported by I.C.A.R., New Delhi, through a project No. 21 (80)/73-ASR (I)     

Early embryonic development of the freshwater shrimp Caridina multidentata (Crustacea,Decapoda, Atyidae)

Decapod crustaceans show a great diversity of developmental modes at all levels. In particular, early cleavage varies from total via mixed to superficial modes and from determinate cleavage with a stereotyped pattern to indeterminate cleavage. However, the ground pattern of early decapod development is not clear. To address this problem, we studied the early embryonic development of the caridean shrimp Caridina multidentata with a combination of confocal laser scanning microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, 4D microscopy and 3-D reconstruction software. Despite a yolk-rich egg, the cleavage is holoblastic and shows a distinct pattern of blastomere arrangement, characterized by two interlocking cell bands. This resembles the conditions in dendrobranchiate shrimps, which most likely are the sister group to Pleocyemata to which C. multidentata belongs. Hence, our results offer the possibility to assume total cleavage with blastomeres arranged in two interlocking cell bands as ancestral cleavage mode for Decapoda.     

A new species of the genus Paralomis (Crustacea: Decapoda: Lithodidae) from the Spiess seamount near Bouvet Island (Southern Ocean), with notes on habitat and ecology

A new species of the genus Paralomis, Paralomis elongata, has been collected from the Spiess seamount near Bouvet Island in the Southern Ocean. The species shows close affinity with P. anamerae Macpherson, 1988, from the Patagonian Shelf, P. africana Macpherson, 1987, from the south-western African shelf, and P. aculeata Henderson, 1888, from Crozet Islands. Morphological differences among the species and ecological characteristics are discussed.