基于土地利用/覆被变化的流域景观格局与水沙响应关系研究

以黄河流域的2个典型流域为研究对象,借助GIS和Fragstats平台与长系列水沙数据,分析流域景观格局和水沙变化特征,并探讨景观指数与径流输沙的关系。结果表明:(1)两个流域优势景观类型为草地,1985—2010年间变化最大的景观类型分别为未利用土地(25a变幅为453.94 km~2)和耕地(25a变幅为52.85 km~2);(2)秃尾河流域景观均向规则、高连通和高度聚集的方向发展。孤山川控制流域内景观多样性和聚集度逐渐增加,整体向好。秃尾河流域景观稳定性指数高于孤山川流域,两流域草地和未利用土地地稳定性均呈增加趋势,而城乡工矿用地则相反。(3)流域年径流量和泥沙量均呈现逐年同步减小的趋势。秃尾河年径流量明显高于孤山川,但孤山川流域泥沙量与秃尾河流域相近。两流域径流泥沙相关关系显著,秃尾河流域相关系数(0.48)明显低于孤山川流域(0.85)。(4)景观指数与径流量、泥沙量呈显著线性相关,其中景观多样性相关的指数SHDI、SIDI、SHEI和SIEI均与径流呈极显著正相关,而泥沙仅与CONTAG、COHESION呈显著负相关。     

USLE/RUSLE模型中植被因子变化特征及其影响因素

植被因子是USLE/RUSLE模型中最重要的影响因子,其数值变化特征及其影响因素广受关注。以广东省五华县源坑水小流域2011—2013年的径流小区次降雨水沙观测数据为基础,分析了径流小区C值在不同时间尺度的变化特征及其受降雨、植被类型的影响。研究表明:(1)不同时段间C值存在一定波动,其中旱季的C值均大于雨季,夏秋两季的C值较大,且较为接近。各径流小区的C值普遍存在11、8、7月较大,6、5、1月较小的现象,且草本植物C值受植被覆盖度影响较大。(2)降雨量与径流小区C值呈正相关关系,桉树、松树、糖蜜草径流小区C值与次降雨量、各降雨量区间平均值的相关系数分别为0.360**、0.349**、0.291**,0.912*、0.909*、0.822,相较于草本植物,木本植物的C值受降雨影响更大,仅以植被盖度衡量C值有待商榷。(3)相较裸土小区,桉树、松树、糖蜜草小区2011—2013年的土壤流失减幅分别为14.2%、21.5%、23.2%,其C值分别为0.814、0.748、0.772,3种植物中糖蜜草与松树均具有相对较好的水保效益,桉树的水保效益稍逊。     

Understanding landscape patterns of temporal variability in avian populations to improve environmental impact assessments

It is recognized that wildlife populations exhibit spatial and temporal variability in patterns of species richness across heterogeneous landscapes. This phenomenon can prove problematic for environmental practitioners when attempting to complete comprehensive environmental assessments (EAs) with limited field surveys. A better understanding of regional spatio-temporal patterns in population dynamics should enhance site-level decision-making. In this study, the variability of seasonal data across the Credit River Watershed, southern Ontario, is assessed for a hierarchy of conservation measures including species richness, and two conservation wildlife response guilds based on primary habitat and area sensitivity. Bird populations were monitored at 24 forest monitoring plots across the watershed by the authors twice a season from 2003 to 2010 following the protocol of Environment Canada's Forest Bird Monitoring Program. The monitoring plots are located within four land management zones identified as 1) urban, 2) transitional, 3) escarpment and 4) rural. Data from the monitoring program are used to compare species richness among plots across the watershed and among land management zones. In addition, the variability of records from each plot over the 8 year period was determined by means of the Coefficient of Variation (CV) statistic. The mean variability of these records at each site within each land management zone was determined in order to assess whether the temporal variability of bird records might affect the integrity of short term assessments. Finally, a one-way ANOVA was applied to learn whether the result of short-term assessments may be further compounded by differences in the response of selected bird guilds to landscape heterogeneity. The results show that there is a significant difference in mean richness of forest birds among the four management zones. The ANOVAs indicate that significant difference is due to the temporal variability of a) breeding forest interior birds rather than edge birds or generalist species and b) breeding area sensitive species rather than area non-sensitive species. Recommendations are made that environmental assessments targeting forest interior bird populations need to plan sampling strategies that recognize this variability, especially for sites within the transitional and urban zones. Planning in the transition or urbanizing landscape should incorporate landscape ecology principles to sustain current levels of richness in forest species.     

Uptake of water by lateral roots of small trees in an Amazonian Tropical Forest

A pulse chase technique was used to determine depth and breath of plant water uptake in an Amazonian evergreen forest. Two 2×2 m² plots were irrigated with deuterated water. The deuterium pulse, measured as D values of soil and plant sap water, was followed in the soil water profile and in stem water of small trees inside and up to 12 m away from the irrigated plots. The deuterium pulse percolation rate was measured to be approximately 0.25 m/month and similar to a previous study in central Amazon. There was little horizontal movement of label through the soil profile; allowing us to conclude that any evidence of label in plants away from the irrigation plots implies the presence of their roots inside the irrigation plots. The bulk of label uptake occurred in plants inside the irrigation plots. However, there were a few individuals as far as 10 m away picking up the label from the irrigation plots. This labeling pattern leads to the conclusion that small trees may have a core of water absorbing roots close to their main trunk, with some roots meandering far from their main trunk.     

渭河源流域源汇景观演变对径流泥沙的影响

探讨源汇景观演变特征与径流泥沙的关系对定量识别源汇景观功能对生态过程的影响具有重要的科学意义。以位于黄土高原和西秦岭山地交错区域的渭河源为例,分析了流域源汇景观格局演变与降雨耦合驱动对径流和泥沙的影响,结果表明:(1)研究区1982—2017年汇景观比例逐渐增加并超过源景观,源汇景观功能演变主要发生在黄土丘陵区,源汇景观负荷比指数呈逐年下降趋势;(2)影响流域径流和泥沙的主要因素不同,洪峰流量与含沙量主要受源景观面积比例和源汇景观负荷比的影响,呈显著的下降趋势,而径流量仅与降水量存在相关性;(3)基于信息理论方法的相对重要性分析表明,降雨对流域径流量的相对重要性高于源汇景观负荷比,而源汇景观负荷比对洪峰流量和含沙量的相对重要性较高,传输距离和海拔分布对径流泥沙和洪峰流量具有重要影响。在长时间尺度上,源汇景观格局演变影响了径流及泥沙特征,并且对泥沙影响的相对重要性高于径流。源汇景观合理的时空分布可以有效调控水土流失过程,对黄土高原生态可持续发展具有重要意义。     

城市热岛“源-汇”景观识别及降温效率

快速城市化背景下,不同景观降温效率的差异是深入理解景观格局对城市热岛效应影响机理的基础。现有城市热岛研究多以土地利用或土地覆被替代热岛效应的源与汇,往往忽略景观的热特征与相邻景观的热关系,造成信息偏差。需要从景观热特征的视角,探讨面向城市热岛效应的景观分类方法,并分析不同特征景观的降温效率差异。基于"源-汇"景观理论,以深圳市西部为研究区,构建面向城市热岛的景观分类方法,通过2010年TM遥感影像提取NDVI、NDMI及ISA等地表特征及地表温度特性,叠加划分16类城市景观,分析不同地表特征的景观等距离梯度下的温度变化关系,识别城市热岛的"源-汇"景观。在此基础上,分析"源-汇"景观的结构特征,构建以面积和温度为影响因素的景观降温效率指数,结合景观格局指数,分析不同面积与形状的"汇"景观降温效率。结果表明,在16类景观中,5类景观被识别为城市热岛汇景观,面积约533 km²,占研究区总面积的45.5%。降温效率结果表明,"汇"景观的降温效率为1.54,其中绿色空间及阴影景观的降温效率贡献率较高。通过面积与形状的景观格局分析发现,降温效果随两个指数的增加,均呈先升后...     

Soil Characteristics and the Accumulation of Inorganic Nitrogen in an Arid Urban Ecosystem

Urbanization represents the extreme case of human influence on an ecosystem. Biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen (N) in cities is very different from that of non-urban landscapes due to the large input of reactive forms of N and the heterogeneous distribution of various land uses that alters landscape connections. To quantify the likely effects of human activities on soil N and other soil properties in urban ecosystems, we conducted a probability-based study to sample 203 plots randomly distributed over the 6,400 km² Central Arizona-Phoenix Long-Term Ecological Research (CAP LTER) area, which encompasses metropolitan Phoenix with its 3.5 million inhabitants. Soil inorganic N concentrations were significantly higher in urban residential, non-residential, agricultural, transportation, and mixed sites than in the desert sites. Soil water content and organic matter were both significantly higher under urban and agricultural land uses, whereas bulk density was lower compared to undeveloped desert. We calculated that farming and urbanization on average had caused an accumulation of 7.23 g m⁻² in soil inorganic N across the CAP study area. Average soil inorganic N of the sampled desert sites (3.23 g m⁻²) was much higher than the natural background level reported in the literature. Laboratory incubation studies showed that many urban soils exhibited net immobilization of inorganic N, whereas desert and agricultural soils showed small, but positive, net N mineralization. The large accumulation of inorganic N in soils (mostly as nitrate) was highly unusual in terrestrial ecosystems, suggesting that in this arid urban ecosystem, N is likely no longer the primary limiting resource affecting plants, but instead poses a threat to surface and groundwater contamination, and influences other N cycling processes such as denitrification.     

Ecosystem Properties of Urban Land Covers at the Aboveground–Belowground Interface

Understanding of ecological differences among urban land covers can guide the sustainable management of urbanized landscapes for conservation of ecosystem services. The objective of our study was to compare ecosystem properties at the aboveground–belowground interface of three land-cover types commonly found in residential landscapes: lawns, bark mulch, and gravel mulch. Using unmowed vegetation as a reference land cover, we measured surface soil variables (to 5 cm depth), CO₂ fluxes, and ground temperatures in experimental field plots within 3 years after their creation. Each land cover had a distinctive set of ecosystem properties. Mulched plots had significantly warmer soil and surface temperatures, wetter soils and faster surface litter decomposition than vegetated plots. Variables associated with soil C and earthworm numbers were consistently lowest in gravel-covered soils, whereas bark mulch plots had highest earthworm abundances, lowest soil bulk density, and temporally variable soil organic matter dynamics. Compared to unmowed plots, lawns had higher soil carbon, CO₂ fluxes, and temperatures but lower earthworm abundances especially during 2005 drought conditions. We conclude that ecosystem properties of the land covers were influenced by the composition, density, and arrangement of materials comprising their aboveground habitat structures. We discuss our results within an ecosystem services framework and suggest that interpretations of our findings depend on in situ urban environmental contexts and landscape management objectives. Future studies of urban land covers, their ecosystem properties and associated ecosystem services are needed to help provide a scientific basis for sustainable urban landscape management. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Loren B. Byrne conceived of the study, performed research, and analyzed data. Loren B. Byrne, M. A. Bruns and K. C. Kim designed the study and wrote the article.     

基于生态需水保障的农业生态补偿标准

面向流域农业需水和生态需水间的矛盾问题和协调发展的要求,提出了基于生态需水保障的农业生态补偿标准计算方法。其中考虑农业用水定额计算基于生态需水保障的农业用水短缺,引入水分生产函数模型建立保障生态需水量产生的农业用水短缺与产量损失间的关系,根据不同季节作物产量响应系数的变化,定量确定具有时间和等级差异性的农业生态补偿标准。以保障黄河口生态需水引起的山东引黄灌区农业损失补偿标准分析为实例,计算了冬小麦和夏玉米种植户不同等级的生态补偿标准。结论认为,农业生态补偿标准需根据不同的来水过程及生态需水等级确定,面积稳定和保障功能显著的粮食作物应作为补偿标准计算的依据。     

Variability in Leaf Area and Stemwood Increment Along a 300-year Lodgepole Pine Chronosequence

Large disturbances such as the 1988 Yellowstone fires produce considerable spatial heterogeneity in ecosystem processes across landscapes, in part by affecting vegetation structure. However, the persistence of this heterogeneity with time since disturbance, and thus the role of large disturbances in shaping the heterogeneity of ecosystem processes over large spatial and temporal scales, remains unclear. Such an inquiry requires that variability as well as mean conditions of forest structure and growth be examined if changes are to be projected for heterogeneous postdisturbance landscapes. We studied a chronosequence of unburned, mature lodgepole pine stands (stand ages ranging from 50 to 300 or more years) to examine the variability in stand density, leaf-area index (LAI), and stem growth [basal area increment (BAI), a surrogate for aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP)] with stand age, the relationships between these factors, and how these factors were related to stand and site characteristics. Variation in LAI and BAI was explained primarily by differences in stand density and age (r²=0.51 for both LAI and BAI), and both LAI and BAI were most variable in the youngest age class [coefficient of variation (CV), 38% and 41% for LAI and BAI]. The relationship between LAI or BAI and stand density was significantly weaker (r² < 0.20) at stand ages characterized by canopy closure (50–175 years), suggesting that stand structure and production are closely linked. Thus, the spatial variability of stand production, which is initially very high following large fires in this landscape, is detectable for over a century before successional changes in forest structure greatly affect the initial postdisturbance landscape pattern of stand production. Given the recent focus on spatial heterogeneity of ecosystem processes across large landscapes, projecting changes in postdisturbance patterns of stand production has very strong significance for ecosystem science.     

北京城市绿地调蓄雨水径流功能及其价值评估

随着城市化进程的加快,城区不透水面积急剧增加,改变了城市自然水循环。充分认识与发挥城市绿地调蓄雨水径流的积极作用,对于城市生态环境的改善和绿地资源的建设管理具有重要意义。本文以2009年北京城市园林绿地调查数据为基础,采用径流系数法和影子价格法评估了绿地调蓄雨水径流的功能及其价值。结果表明：2009年北京城市绿地生态系统调蓄雨水径流1.54亿m3,单位面积绿地调蓄雨水径流2494 m3/hm2;绿地年调蓄雨水径流价值13.44亿元,约合2.18万元/hm2;不同区县绿地调蓄雨水功能主要受其面积影响,朝阳区绿地调蓄雨水径流及其价值量最高,其次为海淀区、顺义区、丰台区区和通州区绿地,而密云县、怀柔区和门头沟区绿地调蓄雨水径流能力及其价值较低。本研究对于认识北京城市绿地的功能与价值、促进城市绿地的科学管理和建设维护具有一定的指导意义。     

Loss of habitats,naturalness and species diversity in Eurasian forest landscapes

Man has exploited land and forests in Western and Central Europe longer and more intensively than in Northern Europe and further east in Eurasia. We estimated forest naturalness and modelled expected biodiversity loss in seven different landscapes (2500 km² each) in the Netherlands, Sweden, Finland, Poland, St. Petersburg (Western European Russia), Perm (Eastern European Russia), and Irkutsk (Central Siberia) across the distribution of Pinus sylvestris L. in Eurasia. Field inventories showed that the mean living tree volumes were relatively similar in the studied sites, but the volumes of dead wood differed greatly. In Irkutsk and Perm the volume of dead trees per ha was about 5–10 times larger than in Central and Western European regions. The studied forests were generally young in all regions except for Irkutsk, where about half of the study plots had trees older than 120 years. Signs of recent forest fires were found almost exclusively on Russian sites. According to Landsat satellite image-based land-cover classifications the amount of remaining forest habitat in the studied landscapes varied from 25% in the Netherlands to 93% in Irkutsk. Estimated by forest patch size and density of cut stumps, forests were also more fragmented and heavily managed in the western study landscapes compared to eastern ones. Based on species–area relationship functions, we calculated that the proportion of forest-dwelling species already extinct or expected to become extinct due to habitat loss ranges from 1–2% in Irkutsk to 13–24% in the Netherlands study landscape. For saproxylic species, which depend on dead wood, the extinction estimates were calculated based on remaining dead wood volume in the landscape. The modelled expected loss of saproxylic species ranged from 7–14% in Irkutsk to 35–58% in the Netherlands.     

Modeling the Impact of Soil and Water Conservation on Surface and Ground Water Based on the SCS and Visual Modflow

Soil and water conservation measures can impact hydrological cycle, but quantitative analysis of this impact is still difficult in a watershed scale. To assess the effect quantitatively, a three-dimensional finite-difference groundwater flow model (MODFLOW) with a surface runoff model–the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) were calibrated and applied based on the artificial rainfall experiments. Then, three soil and water conservation scenarios were simulated on the sand-box model to assess the effect of bare slope changing to grass land and straw mulching on water volume, hydraulic head, runoff process of groundwater and surface water. Under the 120 mm rainfall, 60 mm/h rainfall intensity, 5 m² area, 3° slope conditions, the comparative results indicated that the trend was decrease in surface runoff and increase in subsurface runoff coincided with the land-use converted from bare slope to grass land and straw mulching. The simulated mean surface runoff modulus was 3.64×10⁻² m³/m²/h in the bare slope scenario, while the observed values were 1.54×10⁻² m³/m²/h and 0.12×10⁻² m³/m²/h in the lawn and straw mulching scenarios respectively. Compared to the bare slope, the benefits of surface water reduction were 57.8% and 92.4% correspondingly. At the end of simulation period (T = 396 min), the simulated mean groundwater runoff modulus was 2.82×10⁻² m³/m²/h in the bare slope scenario, while the observed volumes were 3.46×10⁻² m³/m²/h and 4.91×10⁻² m³/m²/h in the lawn and straw mulching scenarios respectively. So the benefits of groundwater increase were 22.7% and 60.4% correspondingly. It was concluded that the soil and water conservation played an important role in weakening the surface runoff and strengthening the underground runoff. Meanwhile the quantitative analysis using a modeling approach could provide a thought for the study in a watershed scale to help decision-makers manage water resources.     

Use of Two Industrial Wastes as Soil Amendments: Effect on Dissolved Reactive Phosphorus in Runoff

To control the dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) concentration in a soil solution, a number of soil amendments were tested. In the current study, Blast Furnace Slag (BFS) and Water Treatment Residues (WTR) were tested on bare soil under two rainfall intensities and two soil roughness levels. The soil was fertilized with P (KH₂PO₄) at a rate of 400 kg ha^?1 while BFS and WTR were applied at a rate of 5 g per 100 g of soil. Two soil roughness levels were exposed to artificial rainfall intensities of 30 and 65 mm h^?1. Three rainfall events were performed on each treatment. The runoff water generated over an area of 0.5 m² with a slope of 8% was collected at different time intervals and analyzed for DRP, Al, Fe, and K concentrations. The results showed that, regardless of rainfall intensity and soil roughness, the concentration of DRP in the runoff water increased with increasing runoff time from the unamended plots. However, in the BFS- and WTR-amended soils, the DRP concentration decreased with runoff time. Dissolved reactive P and DRP loads were the lowest from the WTR-amended plots, followed by the control and the BFS treatment plots. Water treatment residues reduced the mean DRP concentration by 27.3% and the DRP load by 32% compared to unamended plots. The two rainfall intensities significantly affected the DRP concentration and load. Under the low rainfall intensity, the DRP concentration and load were higher compared to the high rainfall intensity. The overall DRP concentration was not affected by changes in soil roughness. However, the DRP loads were higher from the plots with low soil roughness levels, especially during the first and second runs. Both the BFS and WTR were also effective in reducing the DRP concentrations in the drain water collected during the runoff events. The concentrations of Al, Fe, and K in the runoff water were not affected by the soil amendments. However, the electrical conductivity and pH readings were higher from the BFS-amended plots.     

Effect of Soil Slope on the Appearance of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Water Running off Grassland Soil after Application of Contaminated Slurry

The study assessed the effect of soil slope on Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis transport into rainwater runoff from agricultural soil after application of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-contaminated slurry. Under field conditions, 24 plots of undisturbed loamy soil 1 by 2 m² were placed on platforms. Twelve plots were used for water runoff: 6 plots at a 3% slope and 6 plots at a 15% slope. Half of the plots of each slope were treated with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-contaminated slurry, and half were not treated. Using the same experimental design, 12 plots were established for soil sampling on a monthly basis using the same spiked slurry application and soil slopes. Runoff following natural rainfall was collected and analyzed for M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, coliforms, and turbidity. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis was detected in runoff from all plots treated with contaminated slurry and one control plot. A higher slope (15%) increased the likelihood of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis detection but did not affect the likelihood of finding coliforms. Daily rainfall increased the likelihood that runoff would have coliforms and the coliform concentration, but it decreased the M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis concentration in the runoff. When there was no runoff, rain was associated with increased M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis concentrations. Coliform counts in runoff were related to runoff turbidity. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis presence/absence, however, was related to turbidity. Study duration decreased bacterial detection and concentration. These findings demonstrate the high likelihood that M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in slurry spread on pastures will contaminate water runoff, particularly during seasons with high rainfall. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis contamination of water has potential consequences for both animal and human health.     

Bird community responses to habitat fragmentation: how consistent are they across landscapes?

Aim The woodland ecosystems of south‐eastern Australia have been extensively disturbed by agriculture and urbanization. Herein, the occurrence of birds in woodland remnants in three distinct landscapes was analysed to examine the effects of different types of landscape matrices on species richness vs. area and species richness vs. isolation relationships and individual species responses to woodland fragmentation. Location The study system comprised three distinct woodland landscapes of the northern Australian Capital Territory and bordering areas of New South Wales. These landscapes (termed agricultural, peri‐urban and urban) are located within 50 km of each other, have remnant fragments of similar age, size, isolation, woodland cover, elevation and climates. The major distinguishing feature of the three landscapes was the properties of the habitats surrounding the numerous woodland remnants. Methods Bird surveys, using an area‐search methodology, were conducted in 1999 and 2000 in 127 remnants in the three landscapes to determine bird species presence/absence. Each remnant was characterized by measures of remnant area, isolation and habitat complexity. To characterize differences between each landscape, we conducted an analysis of the amount of tree cover and human disturbance in each landscape using SPOT imagery and aerial photographs. Linear regressions of woodland‐dependent species richness vs. remnant area and remnant isolation for the three different landscapes were calculated to see if there were any apparent differences. Binomial logistic regressions were used to determine the relationships between the occurrence of each species and the size and isolation of woodland habitat, in each landscape. Results All the landscapes displayed a significant (P < 0.01) species vs. area relationship, but the slope of the urban relationship was significantly greater than those of the other landscapes. In contrast, only the agricultural landscape displayed a significant (P < 0.01) species richness vs. isolation relationship. When individual species were investigated, we found species that were: (1) apparently insensitive to reduction in remnant area and increase in isolation across all landscapes, (2) absent in small remnants in all landscapes, (3) absent in small remnants in all landscapes and also absent in isolated remnants in the agricultural landscape, (4) absent in isolated remnants in the agricultural landscape, and (5) absent in small remnants in the urban landscape. Threshold values (50% probability of occurrence) for area and isolation for individual species were highly variable across the three landscapes. Main conclusions These results indicate that woodland bird communities have a varying response to habitat fragmentation in different landscapes. Whilst we cannot be sure how representative our chosen landscapes are of other similarly composed landscapes, these results suggest that the type of landscape matrix may have a considerable influence on how bird species are affected by woodland fragmentation in the region. For instance, the properties of a matrix may influence both the resources available in the landscape as a whole for different bird species, and the connectivity (dispersal of birds), between woodland remnants. We encourage further research that examines these hypotheses and argue that the management of the matrix should be included in conservation strategies for fragmented landscapes.     

城市小型景观水体溶存N2O浓度及排放通量特征

淡水生态系统是大气中N₂O的重要排放源,受到国内外广泛关注。城市小型景观水体作为区域淡水系统的重要组成,具有环境容量小,受人类活动干扰强烈,其N₂O排放特征及影响机制并不清楚。选择重庆大学城8个典型景观水体和2个城市外围的自然水体（对照）作为研究对象,利用顶空法和漂浮箱法对水体溶存N₂O浓度及排放通量进行季节性监测,并通过分析生境特征及水环境特征,探究城市小型景观水体N₂O排放特征及关键影响因素。结果表明：1）小型景观水体TN、NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N、NO₂^--N含量总体偏低但变异性极强（变化范围分别为0.31-1.47 mg/L、0.05-0.79 mg/L、0.03-0.14 mg/L、0.00-0.04 mg/L）,硝态氮是主要的氮形态;景观水体氮丰度远高于外围的自然水体;2）10个小型水体N₂O浓度范围为16.51-158.96 nmol/L,平均为（47.60±21.47） nmol/L,均处于过饱和状态;漂浮箱法实测8个景观水体N₂O排放通量均值为（0.13±0.05）mmol m^-2 d^-1,是对照水体的1.3-5.2倍,高于大部分已有研究结果,是大气N₂O的排放热源;3）景观水体N₂O排放通量与水体各形态氮含量呈显著的正相关关系,较高的N负荷和强烈的氮转化过程是导致景观水体成为N₂O排放热源的主要因子,水体N含量可以作为景观水体N₂O排放强度的有效指示因子;同时水生植物分布对水体N₂O排放影响显著,有植物分布的水域比开敞水域高1.4倍;4）漂浮箱法和边界层模型法对小型景观水体N₂O排放通量的监测结果呈较好的线性关系,但不同季节仍存在着一定差异,需要进一步优化模型估算方法;5）水体N₂O排放通量对温度的季节性变化较为敏感,呈夏季最高,春、秋季次之,冬季最低的季节模式。本研究强调,城市小型景观水体具有较高的N₂O排放速率,在区域氮循环及全球淡水系统温室气体排放清单中具有不可忽视的作用,在未来研究中应得到更多关注。     

Differential responses of cryptic bat species to the urban landscape

Urbanization is a key global driver in the modification of land use and has been linked to population declines even in widespread and relatively common species. Cities comprise a complex assortment of habitat types yet we know relatively little about the effects of their composition and spatial configuration on species distribution. Although many bat species exploit human resources, the majority of species are negatively impacted by urbanization. Here, we use data from the National Bat Monitoring Programme, a long‐running citizen science scheme, to assess how two cryptic European bat species respond to the urban landscape. A total of 124 × 1 km² sites throughout Britain were surveyed. The landscape surrounding each site was mapped and classified into discrete biotope types (e.g., woodland). Generalized linear models were used to assess differences in the response to the urban environment between the two species, and which landscape factors were associated with the distributions of P. pipistrellus and P. pygmaeus. The relative prevalence of P. pygmaeus compared to P. pipistrellus was greater in urban landscapes with a higher density of rivers and lakes, whereas P. pipistrellus was frequently detected in landscapes comprising a high proportion of green space (e.g., parklands). Although P. pipistrellus is thought to be well adapted to the urban landscape, we found a strong negative response to urbanization at a relatively local scale (1 km), whilst P. pygmaeus was detected more regularly in wooded urban landscapes containing freshwater. These results show differential habitat use at a landscape scale of two morphologically similar species, indicating that cryptic species may respond differently to anthropogenic disturbance. Even species considered relatively common and well adapted to the urban landscape may respond negatively to the built environment highlighting the future challenges involved in maintaining biodiversity within an increasingly urbanized world.     

Turfgrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) sod production on sandy soils: II. Effects of irrigation and fertiliser regimes on N leaching

The effects of irrigation and fertiliser regimes on N leaching from the production of couch grass (Cynodon dactylon L.) sod, on a free-draining sandy soil, were evaluated in a 22-month field study. The experimental design used a randomised-block, split-plot design with three replicates. Main plots consisted of two irrigation treatments: 70 and 140% daily replacement of pan evaporation; four subplot fertiliser types (water-soluble (predominately NH₄NO₃), control-release, pelletised poultry manure and pelletised biosolids); and three N application rates (100, 200 and 300 kg N ha⁻¹ per crop). Nitrogen leaching was assessed by measuring the leachate volumes and concentrations of N species leached from soil lysimeters (250 mm in diameter by 950 mm in length) installed in 10 m² turfgrass plots. Nitrogen leaching ranged from 33 to 167 kg N ha⁻¹ over 22 months, depending upon the irrigation and fertiliser treatment. Irrigation treatment affected N leaching more than fertiliser treatment, and increasing the irrigation from 70 to 140% replacement of daily pan evaporation increased N leaching for all fertiliser types, and by up to four times. Forty six to 76% of losses occurred from the high irrigation treatments during the first 16 weeks after the turfgrass was planted as rhizomes. By contrast, N leaching did not appear to increase following harvest of sod. At the high irrigation treatment, N leaching was greater for the pelletised biosolids than the control-release; while at the low irrigation treatment, N leaching did not vary between fertiliser types. A significant proportion of the N leached was in the organic form. Therefore, we recommend total N and mineral N be measured when assessing N leaching from turfgrass. Nitrogen leaching from turfgrass production is low from all fertiliser types when the irrigation matches turfgrass water use and N is applied at a rate and frequency that approximates turfgrass requirements. Section Editor: P. J. Randall