Genome-wide transcriptome analysis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus virulent or avirulent strain-infected porcine small intestinal epithelial cells

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is the main cause of diarrhea, vomiting, and mortality in pigs, which results in devastating economic loss to the pig industry around the globe. In recent years, the advent of RNA-sequencing technologies has led to delineate host responses at late stages of PEDV infection; however, the comparative analysis of host responses to early-stage infection of virulent and avirulent PEDV strains is currently unknown. Here, using the BGI DNBSEQ RNA-sequencing, we performed global gene expression profiles of pig intestinal epithelial cells infected with virulent (GDS01) or avirulent (HX) PEDV strains for 3, 6, and 12 h. It was observed that over half of all significantly dysregulated genes in both infection groups exhibited a down-regulated expression pattern. Functional enrichment analyses indicated that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the GDS01 group were predominantly related to autophagy and apoptosis, whereas the genes showing the differential expression in the HX group were strongly enriched in immune responses/inflammation. Among the DEGs, the functional association of TLR3 and IFIT2 genes with the HX and GDS01 strains replication was experimentally validated by TLR3 inhibition and IFIT2 overexpression systems in cultured cells. TLR3 expression was found to inhibit HX strain, but not GDS01 strain, replication by enhancing the IFIT2 expression in infected cells. In conclusion, our study highlights similarities and differences in gene expression patterns and cellular processes/pathways altered at the early-stage infection of PEDV virulent and avirulent strains. These findings may provide a foundation for establishing novel therapies to control PEDV infection.     

Evaluation of purified recombinant spike fragments for assessment of the presence of serum neutralizing antibodies against a variant strain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus

Since 2010, variant strains of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus(PEDV) have caused disasters in the pork industry. The spike(S) protein, as the major immunity-eliciting antigen, has previously been used for serological testing and has been found to correlate significantly with the results of the serum neutralization(SN) test. However, further evaluation of this method is needed as new epidemic strains of PEDV emerge. Hence, the main objective of this study was to assess sow sera and determine the correlation between enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) results(involving a newly isolated GDS01 virus-based ELISA and ELISAs based on seven recombinant fragments comprising overlapping S1 and partial S2 sequences) and SN titers. Furthermore, we determined the reliability of the ELISAs based on receiver operating characteristics(ROC) curve analyses. For the most promising ELISA, i.e., the SP4 ELISA, the correlation coefficient(r) and the area under curve(AUC) were determined to be 0.6113 and 0.8538, respectively. In addition, we analyzed the homology of the SP4 sequences obtained from different strains(including vaccine strains) and found that various strains showed a high degree of homology in this region. Thus, we conclude that SP4 is a promising serological testing protein for use in the field.     

Proteome analysis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV)‐infected Vero cells

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes an acute, highly contagious, and devastating viral enteric disease with a high mortality rate in suckling pigs. A large‐scale outbreak of PED occurred in China in 2010, with PEDV emerging in the United States in 2013 and spreading rapidly, posing significant economic and public health concerns. In this study, LC–MS/MS coupled to iTRAQ labeling was used to quantitatively identify differentially expressed cellular proteins in PEDV‐infected Vero cells. We identified 49 differentially expressed cellular proteins, of which 8 were upregulated and 41 downregulated. These differentially expressed proteins were involved in apoptosis, signal transduction, and stress responses. Based on these differentially expressed proteins, we propose that PEDV might utilize apoptosis and extracellular signal regulated kinases pathways for maximum viral replication. Our study is the first attempt to analyze the protein profile of PEDV‐infected cells by quantitative proteomics, and we believe our findings provide valuable information with respect to better understanding the host response to PEDV infection.     

Isolation and oral immunogenicity assessment of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus NH-TA2020 strain: One of the predominant strains circulating in China from 2017 to 2021

Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is one of the most devastating diseases in the global pig industry due to its high mortality rate in piglets. Maternal vaccines can effectively enhance the gut-mammary gland-secretory IgA axis to boost lactogenic immunity and passive protection of nursing piglets against PEDV challenge. From 2017 to 2021, we collected 882 diarrhea samples from 303 farms in China to investigate the epidemiology of PEDV. The result showed that about 52.15% (158/303) of the farms were positive for PEDV with an overall detection rate of 63.95% (564/882) of the samples. The S1 fragments of S gene from 104 strains were sequenced for the phylogenetic analysis. A total of 71 PEDV strains (68.27%) sequenced in this study were clustered into the predominant G2c subgroup, while the newly-defined G2d strains (9.62%) were identified in three provinces of China. The NH-TA2020 strain of G2c subgroup was isolated and cultured, and its infection to piglets caused watery diarrhea within 24 h, indicating its strong pathogenicity. Oral administration of NH-TA2020 strain to pregnant gilts stimulated high levels of IgA antibody in colostrum. The piglets fed by the gilts above were challenged with NH-TA2020 strain or CH–HeB-RY-2020 strain from G2d subgroup, and the clinical symptoms and virus shedding were significantly reduced compared to the mock group. Our findings suggest that G2c subgroup is the predominant branch circulating in China from 2017 to 2021. Oral administration of NH-TA2020 enhances maternal IgA and lactogenic immune responses, which confer protection against the homologous and emerging G2d PEDV strains challenges in neonates.     

猪流行性腹泻病毒S蛋白主要抗原表位区的原核表达及间接ELISA检测方法的建立

【目的】建立一种快速、特异、敏感的检测血清中猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)抗体的方法。【方法】利用生物学软件对PEDV S蛋白进行抗原位点分析,选择S蛋白的主要抗原表位区进行原核表达。采用SDS-PAGE和Western-blot对重组蛋白进行鉴定及抗原性分析。用纯化的重组蛋白作为包被抗原,经过条件优化、特异性和重复性试验,建立一种针对血清中PEDV抗体的间接ELISA检测方法。【结果】表达了重组S蛋白,重组的S蛋白能与PEDV阳性血清发生特异性反应,并建立一种基于重组S蛋白的间接ELISA检测方法。组内及组间变异系数均小于10%,重复性较好。建立的间接ELISA检测方法分别与商品化PEDV抗体检测试剂盒和Western-blot鉴定结果相比,两者符合率分别为86.67%和88.89%。【结论】建立的间接ELISA方法可以用于PEDV抗体的检测。     

猪流行性腹泻病毒反向遗传操作技术及其应用

猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)是引起猪(特别是新生仔猪)急性、高度传染性消化道疾病的主要病原之一;2010年底以来,猪流行性腹泻(PED)的再次暴发给我国乃至全球养猪业造成了巨大经济损失。最近,研究者已先后建立了基于靶向RNA重组技术、细菌人工染色体(BAC)载体系统和体外连接技术的PEDV反向遗传学操作技术,为PEDV编码的蛋白质的功能、致病机制以及新型疫苗的研发开辟了新的思路。本文对PEDV反向遗传操作技术的研究进展及其在PEDV胰酶依赖性、S蛋白和ORF3蛋白的功能以及新一代疫苗研制等方面的应用现状进行了综述与展望。     

ORF3蛋白促进猪流行性腹泻病毒在Vero细胞上的增殖

【背景】猪流行性腹泻(Porcine epidemic diarrhea,PED)是由猪流行性腹泻病毒(Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,PEDV)感染猪而引起的一种急性肠道传染病,常导致病猪水样腹泻、呕吐、脱水。自2010年起,其大规模的暴发给养猪业造成巨大的经济损失。由于对PEDV免疫机理及侵入机制知之甚少,至今仍缺乏有效的PED防治措施。【目的】研究orf3对PEDV体外增殖的影响。【方法】利用基于RNA同源重组的PEDV反向遗传学操作技术拯救一系列携带不同orf3基因及orf3基因缺失的重组PEDV;将获得的重组PEDV以MOI 0.1感染Vero细胞,分别于感染的第8、16、24、32、40、48 h测定其TCID_(50)并绘制病毒生长曲线;分别在感染25 h和36 h利用全自动细胞计数分析仪对6孔板内的细胞进行计数,并于感染后的第12、24、36、48 h用CCK-8试剂盒对其细胞活力进行测定。【结果】RT-PCR结果及细胞病变观察证明成功拯救到了携带不同orf3基因或orf3基因缺失的重组PEDV;进一步的免疫组化分析结果证实PEDV的ORF3蛋白可以在Vero细胞中合成。SPSS软件分析表明携带orf3基因的重组PEDV的滴度(TCID_(50))显著高于缺失orf3基因的重组PEDV的滴度;带有orf3基因的重组PEDV感染Vero细胞25 h和36 h时的活细胞数显著高于缺失orf3基因的重组病毒感染相同时间时的活细胞数;而且重组PEDV感染Vero细胞24 h后,带有orf3基因的重组PEDV的细胞活性显著高于缺失orf3基因的重组病毒。【结论】ORF3蛋白对于PEDV在Vero细胞中的增殖具有促进作用,该作用是通过延缓或减少感染细胞的死亡实现的。本研究为揭示PEDV orf3基因的功能和PEDV复制机制的研究提供理论基础。     

Surface displayed expression of a neutralizing epitope of spike protein from a Korean strain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus

The neutralizing epitope (K-COE) of the spike protein from a Korean strain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has been shown to prevent and foster an immune response to PED, when orally adjusted. The cell surface of the budding yeast,Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was engineered to anchor the K-COE on the outer layer of the cell, and consequently, the altered yeast was applied as a dietary complement for animal feed, with immunogenic functions. In this study, the K-COE gene (K-COE) of the Korean strain of PEDV with the signal peptide of rice amylase 1A (Ramy 1A), was fused with the gene encoding the carboxyterminal half (320 amino acid residues from the C terminus) of yeast α-agglutinin, a mating associated protein that is anchored covalently to the cell wall. The glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) promoter was selected in order to direct the expression of the fusion construct, and the resulting recombinant plasmid was then introduced intoS. cerevisiae. The surface display of K-COE was visualized via confocal microscopy using a polyclonal antibody against K-COE as the primary antibody, and FITC (fluorescein isothiocyanate)-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG as the secondary antibody. The display of the K-COE on the cell surface was further verified via Western blot analysis using the cell wall fraction after the administration of α-1,3-glucanase/PNGase F/β-mannosidase treatment.     

猪流行性腹泻病毒非结构蛋白nsp9互作宿主蛋白对病毒复制的影响

猪流行性腹泻病毒(porcineepidemicdiarrheavirus,PEDV)导致仔猪和育肥猪发生急性肠道传染病,是危害养猪业最重要的病原体之一。目前发现PEDV能够编码至少16个非结构蛋白,其中nsp9能够结合至单链RNA中,但是其功能机制还不清楚。本研究通过免疫沉淀联合蛋白质谱分析,筛选出潜在的与PEDV nsp9宿主互作蛋白。通过进一步免疫共沉淀(co-immunoprecipitation, Co-IP)和激光共聚焦技术确认了nsp9与热休克蛋白HSPA8、Toll相互作用蛋白Tollip、热休克蛋白HSPA9、线粒体外膜蛋白TOMM70互作。其中,过表达HSPA8使nsp9的表达量先上调而后下调,并促进PEDV的增殖;过表达Tollip使nsp9的表达量显著上调,并抑制PEDV的增殖;过表达TOMM70使nsp9的表达量显著下调,但对PEDV的增殖无明显影响;过表达HSPA9对nsp9的表达以及PEDV的增殖均无明显影响。该研究为探索nsp9互作蛋白在PEDV感染过程中的功能提供了重要信息。     

Cloning and sequence analysis of the Korean strain of spike gene of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and expression of its neutralizing epitope in plants

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes acute diarrhea and dehydration in pigs and leads to death with a high mortality rate, which has been reported notably in Korea. The spike (S) gene of the PEDV isolated in Korea was cloned and sequenced. The nucleotide sequence encoding the entire S gene open reading frame of Korean strain was 4161 bases long encoding 1387 amino acids. The neutralizing epitope of Korean PEDV (K-COE) was expressed in tobacco plants using Agrobacterium-mediated protein transformation. The recombinant K-COE constituted up to 0.1% of the total soluble protein in the leaves of transgenic tobacco plants. The result of this study opens the way for the development of an edible vaccine against PEDV infection in Korea.     

一种基于猪流行性腹泻病毒S1蛋白的单域抗体的阻断ELISA方法及其评价

文中旨在利用猪流行性腹泻病毒 (Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,PEDV) S1蛋白生物素化纳米抗体建立一种阻断酶联免疫吸附试验 (Blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,bELISA) 方法,用于检测猪体内PEDV抗体水平及疫苗免疫效果的评估。对PEDV S1蛋白的特异性单域抗体 (Single-domain antibodies,sdAb) sdAb3基因进行扩增,并在3′端融合Avitag序列,构建至原核表达载体pET21b,进行sdAb3-Avitag蛋白诱导表达纯化。对纯化的sdAb3-Avitag融合蛋白进行生物素标记并鉴定其活性。以PEDV重组S1蛋白为抗原,通过对各反应条件进行摸索与优化,建立一种可靠灵敏的bELISA方法应用于血清样品检测,并与商品化试剂盒检测进行比价。成功构建重组载体pET21b-sdAb3-Avitag并诱导表达出sdAb3-Avitag蛋白。体外生物素标记的sdAb3 (sdAb3-Biotin) 具有良好的活性。所构建的bELISA方法中,最适参数为：S1蛋白的包被浓度200 ng/孔;血清稀释比例1︰2,血清孵育时间2 h;sdAb3-Biotin稀释比1︰8 000,孵育时间30 min;酶标抗体稀释比例1︰5 000,反应时间30 min。所建立的方法与猪传染性胃肠炎病毒、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒等主要猪源病毒的阳性血清均无交叉反应,具有良好的特异性和重复性。利用建立的bELISA方法对临床54份猪血清样品进行检测,结果显示,该方法与商品化试剂盒检测结果具有92.56%的总体符合率。文中建立了一种省时可靠的bELISA方法,可用于PEDV的临床监测和疫苗免疫效果评估。     

猪流行性腹泻病毒S蛋白胞内区线性B细胞表位最小基序鉴定

【背景】S蛋白是猪流行性腹泻病毒(Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus,PEDV)的主要结构蛋白和免疫原性蛋白,在前期的研究中,本课题组在S蛋白的胞内区鉴定到2个包含线性B细胞表位的短肽。【目的】鉴定PEDV S蛋白胞内区线性B细胞表位的最小基序。【方法】原核表达2个短肽的每次后移1个氨基酸的系列8肽,以兔抗S蛋白血清为一抗,通过Western Blot筛选阳性反应8肽,鉴定S蛋白胞内区线性B细胞表位的最小基序。【结果】S蛋白胞内区的2个包含线性B细胞表位的短肽共享一个表位,该表位的最小基序为¹³⁷¹QPYE¹³⁷⁴。同源性分析显示该B细胞表位基序为保守性表位。【结论】确定了S蛋白胞内区线性B细胞表位的最小基序为¹³⁷¹QPYE¹³⁷⁴;S蛋白抗原表位的鉴定有助于提高对其结构和功能的理解。     

囊泡相关膜蛋白A调控牛病毒性腹泻病毒复制

[背景]牛病毒性腹泻病毒(bovine viral diarrhea virus,BVDV)是致犊牛腹泻的重要病原之一,而目前BVDV与宿主因子互作机理研究较少,成为限制BVDV防控的重要原因。[目的]探明囊泡相关膜蛋白A (vesicle-associated membrane protein A,VAPA)对BVDV复制的影响。[方法]根据GenBank中VAPA基因,使用Benchling和CHOPCHOP等平台设计靶向VAPA的向导RNA(small guide RNA,sgRNA),融合后克隆至慢病毒lentiCRISPR v2载体中,包装慢病毒后感染牛肾细胞(Madin-Darby bovine kidney,MDBK),使用嘌呤霉素连续筛选5代,使用Western Blot检测VAPA蛋白敲除(knockout,KO)情况;BVDV感染VAPA KO细胞不同时间后,收集细胞提取总RNA,并将等质量的RNA反转录成cDNA,使用实时荧光定量PCR (real-time quantitative PCR,RT-qPCR)和免疫荧光分析(immunofluorescence a...     

Preparation of chicken IgY against recombinant E2 protein of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and development of ELISA and ICA for BVDV detection

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infects cattle and may lead to persistent infection (PI). The PI animals harbor BVDV throughout their life and become immune tolerant against BVDV. Thus, diagnosis of this virus in herd is highly important. Recombinant E2 protein expression (using pET-32a in Escherichia coli) was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting; then purified by Ni⁺ affinity chromatography. Chickens were immunized with BVDV-E2 protein, and IgY antibodies were extracted from egg yolk by PEG-6000. The peak titer of anti-BVDV-E2-IgY was 1:128,000 after the fifth immunization. IgY-based enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) and immunochromatographic assay (ICA) were further developed. Coincidence of ELISA and ICA test with RT-PCR was 95.45 and 90.91%, respectively. The anti-BVDV-E2 IgY could be used in routine screening of BVDV infection. Besides, it can also be applicable while licensing and/or using live vaccines; screening of imported products containing bovine serum and strong surveillance of BVDV outbreaks.     

Identification of lncRNA‐155 encoded by MIR155HG as a novel regulator of innate immunity against influenza A virus infection

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are single‐stranded RNA molecules longer than 200 nt that regulate many cellular processes. MicroRNA 155 host gene (MIR155HG) encodes the microRNA (miR)‐155 that regulates various signalling pathways of innate and adaptive immune responses against viral infections. MIR155HG also encodes a lncRNA that we call lncRNA‐155. Here, we observed that expression of lncRNA‐155 was markedly upregulated during influenza A virus (IAV) infection both in vitro (several cell lines) and in vivo (mouse model). Interestingly, robust expression of lncRNA‐155 was also induced by infections with several other viruses. Disruption of lncRNA‐155 expression in A549 cells diminished the antiviral innate immunity against IAV. Furthermore, knockout of lncRNA‐155 in mice significantly increased IAV replication and virulence in the animals. In contrast, overexpression of lncRNA‐155 in human cells suppressed IAV replication, suggesting that lncRNA‐155 is involved in host antiviral innate immunity induced by IAV infection. Moreover, we found that lncRNA‐155 had a profound effect on expression of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) during the infection with IAV. Inhibition of PTP1B by lncRNA‐155 resulted in higher production of interferon‐beta (IFN‐β) and several critical interferon‐stimulated genes (ISGs). Together, these observations reveal that MIR155HG derived lncRNA‐155 can be induced by IAV, which modulates host innate immunity during the virus infection via regulation of PTP1B‐mediated interferon response.     

Small red bean (azuki) sheds biologically active substances as a prerequisite step for germination, one of which displays the antiviral activity against the rabies virus infectivity and infections in culture

When small red beans (azuki bean; Vigna angularis Ohwi et Ohashi) were soaked and warmed in water or saline, the beans began to absorb water to swell and exuded kinds of substances probably as a prerequisite step for seed germination. Such exudate fluids displayed strong antiviral activity against the rabies virus infections in culture. On the other hand, little anti-rabies activity was detected in the aqueous extracts from the red beans when tested soon after the extraction from powdered beans, while low titers of antiviral activity appeared gradually in the extracts during cold storage. In contrast, no antiviral activity was detected in the exudate fluids from non-colored azuki beans (white azuki), implicating that a certain anthocyanin-related substance is involved in the antiviral activity of red beans. Production of antiviral and cytotoxic activities were affected differently depending on the bean-soaking conditions. In addition, the antiviral activity resisted to 10 min-heating in boiling water, while the cytotoxicity was greatly weakened by the heating, suggesting that different substances are involved in the antiviral and cytotoxic activities. Further studies on the antiviral activity of the exudate fluids demonstrated that anti-rabies activity of the bean exudates affected not only the very early phase of infection cycle, but the viral infectivity was also affected similarly, implicating a possible application of azuki bean exudate fluids to post-exposure treatment of rabid dog-bite injuries in combination with vaccination.