多纹豹蠹蛾幼虫龄数测定

多纹豹蠹蛾Zeuzera multistrigata Moore属鳞翅目、豹蠹蛾科;是福建省沿海防护林的重要蛀干害虫,主要为害木麻黄Casuarina equsetifolia Linn.等10余种植物。对于蛀干性害虫幼期饲养测定方法及龄数的研究,难度较大,国内在这方面的工作做的不多;其幼虫龄数的测定,尚未见报道。我们于1985～1987年在     

多纹豹蠹蛾发生规律的研究

多纹豹蠹蛾(Zeuzera multistrigata Moore)属鳞翅目豹蠹蛾科,是福建省沿海防护林木麻黄(Casuarina)的主要蛀干害虫。国内对此虫的发生规律研究,尚未见正式报道。国外分布于印度、孟加拉国、缅甸。一、研究方法(一) 生物学特性观察在惠安赤湖林场,莆田县山星林场设立研究基点。(1) 每隔3—15天定期上山解剖有虫株,1982—1987年共剖木5748株;(2) 在不同方同设立3个林间养虫室,种植有虫木;(3) 野外套笼1382株虫害木;(4) 室内水培苗木饲养,养虫笼木段饲养,玻璃培养皿盛木屑饲养;(5)黑光灯诱蛾。各方法互相验证,取长补短。(二) 生态因子调查采取踏查和标准地     

为害木麻黄的三种蛀干害虫的初步研究

在广东发现为害木麻黄的蛀干害虫有三种:1.相思拟木蠹蛾 Arbcla baibarana Mats.;2.豹纹木蠹蛾Zeuzera sp.; 3.星天牛 Melanauster chinensis For-ster。我们对这三种害虫的生活习性和防治方法,作了一些观察和试验。现将所积累的资料整理报道如下。     

荔枝、龙眼的两种重要蛀干害虫

荔枝、龙眼是水果上品,曾经大规模发展,由于多种原因,目前部分果园管理缺失,蛀干害虫危害程度加剧。记录当前严惩危害荔枝、龙眼树干、枝条枯萎甚至植株干枯的龟背天牛和咖啡木蠹蛾特征、习性和防治方法,维护果木的生长。     

荔枝两种茎蛀虫的研究

本文记载两种钻蛀荔枝树茎的害虫,荔枝拟木蠹蛾及相思拟木蠹蛾。它们是福建、广东、广西及云南等地的荔枝和其他热带、亚热带果树及林木的常见害虫,而我国大陆过去尚未有记载。已查悉寄主植物有无患子科的荔枝、龙眼,芸香科的柑桔类等24科42种类。 这些害虫的幼虫钻蛀树茎成坑道后,匿居其中,夜出食害树茎韧皮部,并以虫粪、木屑等在树皮上缀成隧道,以循避敌害;它们一年皆发生一代,只幼虫在坑道中越冬,4-5月间相继化蛹,4月下旬至7月上旬有成虫出现。卵块生于树皮上。幼虫多于树茎分叉处蛀害。 以666及DDT粉剂或油剂滴注坑道,以及以该药剂较高浓度的水悬液,于7-8月间喷布树茎虫害处,皆有甚好的防治效果。 华南各地荔枝产区,蠹害荔枝树茎的害虫,主要有隶属于鳞翅目,拟木蠹科(Metarbelidae)的荔枝拟木蠹蛾(Arbela dea Swinhoe)及相思拟木蠹蛾(Arbela baibarana Mats.)等两种。这些害虫发生普遍,被害的植株往往导致风折或严重削弱树势,尤以幼树受害更显著,需要加以防治。 鉴于这些害虫除致害荔枝外,尚加害其他多种热带、亚热带果树及林木,而我国大陆过去缺乏记载,为此,笔者将近十年(1952-1962)来累积的一些资料整理报导,冀供昆虫工作者参考。     

树干喷雾防治小线角木蠹蛾研究

为了有效防治蛀干害虫小线角木蠹蛾,本研究采用皮透与13种农药分别组配,利用树干喷雾法,筛选防治小线角木蠹蛾的最佳组配剂.结果表明,防治当年孵化的小幼虫,皮透与15%氯氟·吡虫啉悬浮剂(SC)配比为2∶1的100倍液,防治效果达到95.94%;防治跨年度的大幼虫,皮透与15%氯氟·吡虫啉SC配比为2∶1的30倍液,防治效果可达到90.13%.结果发现采用皮透与15%氯氟·吡虫啉SC配比为2∶1的30倍液能够有效控制小线角木蠹蛾的危害.本研究为小线角木蠹蛾等蛀干害虫的防治提供了科学的依据,探索出了新的防治途径.     

四种木蠹蛾的形态鉴别

<正> 木蠹蛾为阔叶树的重要蛀干害虫之一,近年来在山东境内普遍发生,有些地方已酿至成灾,严重威胁着防护林及城市行道树的正常生长。笔者从1979年着手对省内该类害虫进行研究,发现种类繁多,且混杂发生,在种类辨认中颇易造成错误,现就蒙古木蠹蛾Cossus mon-golicus Ersch.、榆木蠹蛾(即柳干木蠹蛾、黑波木蠹蛾、柳乌蠹蛾)Holcocerus vicarius Wlkr.、东方木蠹蛾Holcocerus orientalis Gaede.、小木蠹蛾(即小褐木蠹蛾)Holcocerus insularis Stgr.四种木蠹蛾的形态特点整理如下: 一、成虫形态 蒙古木蠹蛾 体长24.5—33毫米,翅展58—69毫米。触角雌雄均为单栉齿状,栉齿呈     

纵坑切梢小蠹对云南松枝梢提取物趋性测试

纵坑切梢小蠹ＴｏｍｉｃｕｓｐｉｎｉｐｅｒｄａＬ .是松科树木的蛀食性害虫。在过去近 2 0多年中 ,该虫已毁灭云南松林 2 0余万ｈｍ2 ,成为目前云南森林的第一大虫害[1] 。在云南 ,纵坑切梢小蠹常年在云南松 (Ｐｉ ｎｕｓｙｕｎｎａｎｅｎｓｉｓ)枝梢内或树皮下蛀食生活 ,活动     

云南横坑切梢小蠹生物学研究

横坑切梢小蠹Tomicus minor (Hartig)是云南松Pinus yunnanensis Franchet的主要次期性害虫之一。1980年以来,该虫与纵坑切梢小蠹T. piniperda（L.）一起在中国西南部大量发生,导致数十万公顷云南松林受害。本文报道了横坑切梢小蠹在云南地区的生活史、生长、发育、繁殖等生物学特征。横坑切梢小蠹年生活史为一代,前后两代在冬春季有部分重叠。成虫羽化于4月下旬开始陆续,5 月下旬结束。成虫羽化后即飞到树冠上蛀食枝梢,直到11月发育成熟,开始繁殖。在此期间,每头成虫可以蛀食4～6个枝梢。横坑切梢小蠹在云南没有越冬习性。繁殖期从11月至次年3月。成虫主要在已经受到纵坑切梢小蠹危害的树木的中、下部产卵。繁殖期较纵坑切梢小蠹约迟1周。由于横坑切梢小蠹从枝梢到树干对云南松持续危害,对树木的危害性较在其它地区更为严重。横坑切梢小蠹利用受到纵坑切梢小蠹蛀害的树木繁殖产卵,加强了蠹虫对云南松树的危害,加速了受害树木的死亡进程。横坑切梢小蠹的上述生物生态学特征是该虫对云南松造成严重危害的重要原因。从横坑切梢小蠹虫体和虫坑中检测到伴生真菌云南半帚孢Leptographium yunnanensis。横坑切梢小蠹对该菌的带菌率在蛀梢期为11.5%;在蛀干中期约为10%～26%。     

沈阳地区蒙古木蠹蛾的研究

蒙古木蠹蛾(Cossus cossus mongolicus Erschoff)是沈阳地区为害杨、柳、榆、槐、山荆子、稠李、丁香等多种园林树木,特别是杨、柳的重要蛀干害虫。自1965年     

Preferences, patterns and consequences of branch removal on the dioecious tropical tree Spondias purpurea (Anacardiaceae) by the insect borer Oncideres albomarginata chamela (Cerambycidae)

Most studies of plant–herbivore interactions in dioecious species have evaluated foliar herbivory. In this studie we evaluated preferences of branch removal by the insect borer Oncideres albomarginata chamela in the tropical dioecious tree Spondias purpurea L. The objectives were to determine the preferences and patterns of the removal of branches, to evaluate the effect of branch removal in the vegetative regeneration of branches, and to evaluate the effect of branch removal on the regeneration of fertile branches of male and female trees of S. purpurea . During three consecutive years of study, damage caused to branches by the girdled borer was associated with plant gender. The proportion of branches removed by the insect was greater for female than for male trees. The effects of branch removal were evaluated in attacked regenerated and unattacked branches. Removed branches regenerated a year after the insect borer attacked them. Branch removal affected the probability of producing fertile branches. The preference by O. a. chamela is apparently associated with the nutritional quality of the host.     

次黄筒天牛的生物学特性及其防治

人黄筒天牛Ｏｂｅｒｅａ ｉｎｆｒａｔｅｓｔｏｃｅａＰｉｃ的形态学和生物学特性的研究,表明该虫在江苏太仓地区１年发生１代,以幼虫越冬。幼虫蛀食桑树枝条,成虫取食嫩叶和叶脉,寄主除桑树外,作者发现还有构树。本文还提出了次黄筒天牛的防治方法。     

Ants defend coffee from berry borer colonization

Ants frequently prevent herbivores from damaging plants. In agroecosystems they may provide pest control services, although their contributions are not always appreciated. Here we compared the ability of eight ant species to prevent the coffee berry borer from colonizing coffee berries with a field exclusion experiment. We removed ants from one branch (exclusion) and left ants to forage on a second branch (control) before releasing 20 berry borers on each branch. After 24 h, six of eight species had significantly reduced the number of berries bored by the berry borer compared to exclusion treatment branches. While the number of berries per branch was a significant covariate explaining the number of berries bored, ant activity (that varied greatly among species) was not a significant factor in models. This study is the first field experiment to provide evidence that a diverse group of ant species limit the berry borer from colonizing coffee berries.     

球孢白僵菌和绿僵菌对日本双棘长蠹林间防治效果的研究

日本双棘长蠹（Sinoxylon japonicum）是危害国槐和刺槐等园林树木重要的蛀干害虫。本研究采用喷雾法,用含0.1%（体积分数）吐温-80的1.0×109分生孢子/mL的球孢白僵菌（Beauveria bassiana）和绿僵菌（Metarhizium anisopliae）悬液,分别于日本双棘长蠹生活史各阶段开始时在林间进行喷雾实验。实验结果显示,球孢白僵菌的致死效果比绿僵菌好,前者喷药效果最佳的时期为成虫越冬前期;这个时期折枝内虫体校正死亡率为94.1%,僵虫率为75.0%,相对折枝率为48.9%,相对蛀孔率为49.2%。绿僵菌防治效果最佳时期是成虫羽化期;这个时期折枝内虫体校正死亡率为79.9%,僵虫率为83.3%,相对折枝率为71.0%,相对蛀孔率为54.2%。     

Incidence, symptoms, and intensity of damage by three coffee stem borers (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in South Yunan, China

Sampling studies were conducted in coffee plantations in South Yunan to assess the incidence, symptoms, and intensity of damage by three stem borers: Xylotrechus quadripes (Chevrolat), Acalolepta cervina (Hope), and Bacchisa sp. near pallidiventris (Thomson). Of 5,690 plants sampled in eight plantations, 440 were infested with A. cervina, 63 with X. quadripes, and three with B. pallidiventris. Plants 5-7 yr old were 10 times more heavily infested with X. quadripes than 3- to 4-yr-old plants, whereas both age groups of plants had similar levels of infestation with A. cervina. Larval galleries of the three borer species markedly differ: A. cervina and B. pallidiventris larvae develop in subcortical galleries in the main stem (A. cervina) and lateral branches (B. pallidiventris), whereas larval galleries of X. quadripes intermittently punctuate and transverse the xylem of main stems or lateral branches. Significantly more plant tissue was damaged in stems infested with X. quadripes than in those infested with A. cervina or B. pallidiventris. Stems infested with A. cervina or B. pallidiventris generally had only one or a few pupation chambers, whereas stems infested with X. quadripes contained numerous chambers. Quantitative and qualitative data collected through this study provide farmers with diagnostic tools to determine which borer species infested coffee plants. Comparison of life history traits and intensity of damage for the three borer species indicates that X. quadripes is the most severe pest of coffee in Yunan, and suggests that populations of X. quadripes have the greatest potential to steadily increase with time.     

云斑天牛在白蜡树上的发生与防治研究

云斑天牛Batocera horsfieldi(Hope)是白蜡树上近年来新出现的一种蛀干害虫。在东营市的市区绿化中危害日趋严重,目前其受害率达到10％强,成为白蜡树上继“窄吉丁虫”为害后的又一主要蛀干害虫。该虫2—3年完成1代,以第1年幼虫和第2年成虫,在主干或主干分叉处的蛀道内越冬。主要危害胸径8cm以上生长的白蜡树,在树干根基部30cm以下,或在主干分叉处蛀食为害,并常引起“风折木”。在9月下旬进行注药和4月上旬进行埋药防治,控制效果可达90％以上。     

Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) Breeding among Hassawi Landrace and Egyptian Genotypes for Stem Borer (<i>Chilo agamemnon</i> Bles.) Resistance and Related Quantitative Traits

Rice stem borer (Chilo agamemnon Bles.) is a primary insect pest of rice and is a major limiting factor to rice production. Breeding for insect-resistant crop varieties has been an economic way of integrated pest management (IPM) as it offers a viable and ecologically acceptable approach. This study was aimed to evaluate rice genotypes for their resistance against rice stem borer. Seven parental genotypes with twenty one F1 crosses were evaluated for genotypic variation in field experiments. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences for the studied traits in almost all crosses and parents. In addition, the mean squares of parents versus their crosses were signifi- cant for stem borer resistance and other associated traits. Moreover, both general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) variances were highly significant for all characters studied in the F1 generation. Based on GCA, 4 genotypes (Sakha101, Gz6903-3-4-2-1, Gz9577-4-1-1 and Hassawi) exhibited highly significant negative values for stem borer resistance (–0.53, –1.06, –0.18 and –0.49, respectively) indicating they are the best combiners for stem borer resistance. Based on SCA analysis, nine cross combinations showed highly significant negative effects for stem borer resistance. Similarly, the cross Giza178 Hassawi was the best combination with significantly highest value for early maturity. In addition, seven crosses showed highly significant negative SCA for plant height trait. On the other hand, for panicle length, number of primary branches/panicle, panicle weight and 1000-grain weight, seven, four, eight and six crosses showed highly significant positive SCA, respectively. The result further revealed that the non-additive dominance genetic variance was higher than the additive variance for all evaluated traits indicating that non-additive genetic variances have a role in their inheritance. The broad-sense heritability estimates were high for all the studied traits. The stem borer resistance was significantly correlated with panicle weight and 1000-grain weight, which also showed a highly significant correlation with grain yield/plant. Thus these traits can be effectively employed in a breeding program to confer resistance against stem borer infestation in rice. It was further supported by biplot analysis, which clustered these potentially important traits into two quadrants showing their importance in any future breeding program to control stem borer infestation. This study has contributed valuable information for evaluation of genetic diversity in the local rice germplasm and its utilization in futuristic rice genetic improvement programs.     

Technique for screening of sugarcane varieties resistant to top borer,Scirpophaga nivella F.

Studies on the resistance to top borer (S. nivella) in sugarcane varieties were made in the plant and ratoon crops. Eight varieties, namely, P. 12235, Co. 1007, Co. 1107, Co. 1148, Co. 1328, G. 12061, CoJ.46 and CoL.9 were grown in 4 replications of 6 rows of 30 meters each. Samples of stalks were taken from 5.0 per cent row length and also four samples of 10 stalks each under the graded incidence of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100.0 per cent from, 400 stalks, cut at random and pooled, in each variety. It turned out that CoL.9 hitherto considered as a susceptible variety towards the top borer, obtained the overall rated value 1, having the least total loss for the sum of characters (stalk length, number of internodes, girth, weight, sucrose and C.C.S.). It was suggested that in top borer endemic areas CoL.9 and P.12235 may be preferred both as plant and ratoon crops. Simple and partial correlations worked out between the per cent of incidence and different loss characters showed that there existed a positive and significant relation between them. The regression coefficient showed a linear relationship between them. The regression equations were also worked out. It was found that from the incidence values alone the relative amount of losses caused in different varieties by the top borer could be confidently predicted. It was concluded that the sugarcane varieties could be screened for resistance to top borer simply by recording the percentage of borer incidence.     

Growth towards light as an adaptation to high light conditions in Chara branches

Growth of plants or plant organs towards more light is commonly interpreted as an adaptation to low light conditions. Here, we show for the first time, in a study of charophyte branches, a growth-based orientation towards light functioning as a mechanism to protect the plant from excessive light. Two Chara species were exposed to five different intensities of photosynthetically active radiation and species traits and pigmentation were measured. Branches of plants exposed to higher light intensities were convergent and pointed steeply upwards, whereas those exposed to lower light intensities grew nearly straight and were less inclined. Only branches that increased in length during the experiments reacted to differences in light intensity. This indicates that branch orientation is determined by a light-dependent growth reaction. Orientation of charophyte branches towards light is accompanied by a decrease in chlorophyll a (Chla) content and a lower Chla : carotenoid ratio, which clearly indicates that the plant is taking protective measures against potentially damaging excess light conditions. We suggest that the growth-based orientation of Chara branches towards light may protect sexual organs, which grow on adaxial branch sides, from light damage. In addition, the upward orientation of branches might lead to increased light transmission within dense charophyte beds, thus enabling an enhanced gross production.     

Spatial arrangement of branches in relation to slope and neighbourhood competition

To gain a better understanding of the effects of spatial structure on patterns of neighbourhood competition among hardwood trees, the three-dimensional extension of primary branches was surveyed for ten community-grown Castanea crenata (Fagaceae) trees with respect to the positioning of neighbouring branches and the slope of the forest floor. There were significantly more branches extending towards the lower side of the slope than towards the upper side, but structural properties such as branch length and vertical angle were not affected by slope. When horizontal extension of a branch towards its neighbour was compared for a C. crenata branch and a neighbouring heterospecific, the former was significantly narrower than the latter when the inter-branch distance (horizontal distance between the base positions of two neighbouring branches) was short (< approx. 5 m). Castanea crenata branches tended to extend in a direction avoiding neighbouring branches of heterospecifics when the inter-branch distance was short. Furthermore, for an inter-branch distance <3 m, the horizontal extension of a C. crenata branch was less when it was neighbouring a heterospecific branch than when neighbouring a conspecific branch. These results suggest that horizontal extension of C. crenata branches is more prone to spatial invasion by nearby neighbouring branches of heterospecifics, and that the invasion can be lessened when C. crenata trees are spatially aggregated. The reason why such an arrangement occurs is discussed in relation to the later leaf-flush of C. crenata compared with that of other species in the forest.