菰核基因组SSR引物的开发及其在稻族植物中的通用性检测

利用数据库中已有的部分菰(Zizania latifolia Turcz.)核基因组序列,采用in silico方法开发其SSR引物,并选取我国不同纬度的5个菰野生种群,对合成的64对引物进行筛选。结果显示:64对引物中有15对至少在一个种群中表现出多态性;共发现84个等位基因,每个位点平均有5.6个等位基因。在5个种群中,观察杂合度为0.000~0.941,预期杂合度为0.072~0.625。种群间的基因流(Nm=0.576)水平较低导致了种群间表现出较高的遗传分化(FST=0.432)。进一步对稻族其他物种的通用性检测发现,15个多态位点中,有8个位点在亚洲栽培稻(Oryza sativa L.)中得到扩增,有9个位点在普通野生稻(O.rufipogon Griff.)中得到扩增。     

复合胁迫下茭白体内镉、铅的亚细胞分布和植物络合素的合成

以茭白（Zizania latifoliaTurcz.）的单季茭品种‘蒋墅茭’和双季茭品种‘葑红早’为试材,进行Cd2＋、Pb2＋的单一及复合胁迫处理,测定了茭白根系和叶片中的非蛋白巯基（NPT）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）、植物络合素（PCs）的含量,同时测定了茭白植株各亚细胞组分中Cd2＋、Pb2＋的积累量,以探讨茭白对重金属镉、铅胁迫的耐性机理。结果表明：Cd2＋、Pb2＋的单一及其复合胁迫均能促进两茭白品种根系和叶片中NPT、GSH、PCs的含量及茭白各亚细胞组分中Cd2＋、Pb2＋积累量的显著增加;复合胁迫时两茭白品种的NPT、GSH、PCs含量及各亚细胞组分中Cd2＋、Pb2＋的积累量均高于单一胁迫,茭白的不同部位间,以根系中的NPT、GSH、PCs含量显著高于叶片;茭白各亚细胞组分中Cd2＋、Pb2＋的积累量表现为：细胞壁高于原生质体,而可溶性部分高于细胞器。     

A Systematic and Evolutionary Study of Zizania L. (Gramineae) Pollen Morphology

This paper deals with pollen morphology of Zizania L. and its relatives. A total of 7 genera, 13 species, 3 varieties and 1 form were examined under light microscope and scanning electron microscope. The results are as follows: 1. The genus Zizania belongs to tribe Oryzeae as shown by pollen characters, i, e. subspheroidal to ovoid in shape, monoporate, exine two-layered, with minute granules under LM. 2. The evolutionary trend of these taxa seems to be from minute granules free (Zizania latifolia, Z. texana, Zizaniopsis milicea and Oryza sativa) to minute granules aggregated in a group of 2-4 (many) (Zizania aquatica, Z. palustris, Leersia hexandra etc.). The genus Zizania may be derived from the ancient stock which has also given rise to the genus Oryza, and therefore parallel evolution may have taken place in Oryzeae, i. e. from perennial species to annual species in Zizania in one line, and from the genus Oryza to Leersia, Chikusichloa etc. in the other. 3. The characters of pollen morphology under LM and SEM support the division of the genus, Zizania into 4 species, 2 subspecies in the world, i. e. Z. latifolia (Griseb.) Turcz. ex Stapf, Z. texana Hitchc., Z. aquatica subsp. aquatica, Z. aquatica subsp. brevis (Fassett) S. L.Chen, Z. palustris subsp. palustris, and Z. palustris subsp. interior (Fassett) S. L. Chen.     

Isolation and characterization of a set of disease resistance-gene analogs (RGAs) from wild rice, Zizania latifolia Griseb. I. Introgression, copy number lability, sequence change, and DNA methylation alteration in several rice-Zizania introgression lines.

Eight resistance-gene analogs (RGAs) were isolated from wild rice, Zizania latifolia Griseb., by degenerate primers designed according to conserved motifs at or around the nucleotide-binding site (NBS) of known NBS-containing plant resistance genes. The 8 RGAs were classified into 6 distinct groups based on their deduced amino acid sequence similarity of 60% or greater. Gel-blot hybridization of each of the RGAs to 4 rice - Z. latifolia intro gression lines indicated an array of changes at either introgressed Zizania RGAs or, more likely, their rice homologs. The changes included dramatic increase in copy number, modification at the primary DNA sequence, and alteration in DNA methylation patterns.     

Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers and analysis of genetic variability in Curculigo latifolia Dryand

Curculin, a sweet protein found in Curculigo latifolia fruit has great potential for the pharmaceutical industry. This protein interestingly has been found to have both sweet taste and taste-modifying capacities comparable with other natural sweeteners. According to our knowledge this is the first reported case on the isolation of microsatellite loci in this genus. Hence, the current development of microsatellite markers for C. latifolia will facilitate future population genetic studies and breeding programs for this valuable plant. In this study 11 microsatellite markers were developed using 3' and 5' ISSR markers. The primers were tested on 27 accessions from all states of Peninsular Malaysia. The number of alleles per locus ranged from three to seven, with allele size ranging from 141 to 306?bp. The observed and expected heterozygosity ranged between 0.00-0.65 and 0.38-0.79, respectively. The polymorphic information content ranged from 0.35 to 0.74 and the Shannon's information index ranged from 0.82 to 1.57. These developed polymorphic microsatellites were used for constructing a dendrogram by unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean cluster analysis using the Dice's similarity coefficient. Accessions association according to their geographical origin was observed. Based on characteristics of isolated microsatellites for C. latifolia accessions all genotype can be distinguished using these 11 microsatellite markers. These polymorphic markers could also be applied to studies on uniformity determination and somaclonal variation of tissue culture plantlets, varieties identification, genetic diversity, analysis of phylogenetic relationship, genetic linkage maps and quantitative trait loci in C. latifolia.     

斧头湖挺水植被的群落学研究——Ⅰ.菰群落(Com.Zizania latifolia)的结构

本文从物种结构、水平结构和垂直结构三个方面结合其时间特征对湖北省武昌县斧头湖的菰群落进行了分析。结果表明:①菰群落的区系组成和生长型较为丰富,菰是该群落中唯一的建群种;②菰群落内部表现出不同物种的种群分布在水平方向上的分化。菰群落内部小环境多样,存在着许多小群落。菰的抽条为群聚分布,表现出形态学格局;③菰群落垂直结构简单,多数情况下仅存在一个挺水植被层。群落生产结构的变化与水位及其本身的生长特性有关。菰群落的地下成层现象也是一个值得注意的问题。     

菰属系统与演化研究——孕花外稃表皮微形态

应用扫描电子显微镜对禾本科菰属及其有关9属14种3变种1变型的孕花外稃顶端及其芒基部的表皮微形态进行观察比较研究。研究结果基本符合E.E.Terrell与W.P.Wergin的研究报道,但我们不仅种类收集齐全而且增加研究了与菰属有关的属种,及菰属下的一些变种及混淆种,更有利于探讨菰属的系统位置及其演化关系。菰属以其稻型的双胞微毛与硅质体应隶属于稻族。又根据它们所具硅质体形状及硅质乳突的数量,除揭示它为单性花一支与稻属、假稻属、水禾属等两性花一支在稻族中存在平行演化现象外,也揭示了在菰属中共有4种、2亚种,其中以菰最为原始。     

Osteoclast-forming suppressive compounds from Makomotake, Zizania latifolia infected with Ustilago esculenta

A novel compound (1) and a known one (2) were isolated from Makomotake, Zizania latifolia infected with Ustilago esculenta, as osteoclast-forming suppressive substances.     

菰属Zizania L.植物的分支分类研究

本文应用分支分类学中的最大同步法对全世界菰属Zizania L.及其有关属种进行定量分析研究其种系发生后所得出的分支树谱图上明显表示出法洛斯属Pharus Br.不应该与菰属、稻属Oryza L.等同位在稻族Oryzeae内,而应另立法洛斯族Phareae.菰属在稻族中独立出较进化的一支,当今称为菰亚族Zizaniinae.在菰属内全世界有4种.2亚种,其演化关系为菰Z.latifolia是最原始,由它分别向得克萨斯菰Z.texana及水生菰Z.aquatica演化,再由水生菰演化至沼生菰Z.palustris。     

中国菰资源研究现状及应用前景

中国菰(Zizania latifolia(Griseb.)Turcz.ex Stapf)是一种多年生禾本科稻亚科稻族菰属挺水植物。研究表明,菰具有现代水稻栽培品种所需要的许多优良性状,在生态治理方面表现出应用潜力;菰米营养价值高于普通稻米,且兼具保健功效。菰的这些特性使其在水稻种质改良、重金属离子污染土壤治理以及功能性食品开发方面表现出诱人的前景。近年来,菰属植物的研究工作取得了一定的进展,主要涉及菰的起源进化、菰的经济价值、菰与生态环境的关系、菰遗传多样性分析、菰组学及育种应用等五方面。因文献报道的时间跨度大,涉及面广,目前未见详尽的有关该物种研究进展的专门论述。本文从上述5个方面进行总结,促进对菰的了解,为这种重要野生资源的研究、保护和开发利用提供借鉴,进而加速该物种的研究进程。     

菰属系统与演化研究—胚形态

本文采用光学显微镜对全世界菰属４种２亚种及其有关属种共４属７种的胚形态进行系统研究后,获得菰属Ｚｉｚａｎｉａ Ｌ．与山涧草Ｃｈｉｋｕｓｉｃｈｌｏａ ａｐｕａｔｉｃａ Ｋｏｉｄｚ．的胚型为Ｆ＋ＦＰ,稻Ｏｒｙｚａ ｓａｔｉｖａ Ｌ．与拟菰Ｚｉｚａｎｉｏｐｓｉｓ ｍｉｌｉａｃｅａ（Ｍｉｃｈｘ．）Ｄｏｅｌｌ ＆ Ａｓｃｈｅｒｓ．的胚型为Ｆ＋ＦＰ,其中山涧草的胚型为首次报导。根据胚型,这４属均应位在禾本科Ｇ     

东太湖水生植被及其沼泽化趋势

１９９６年东太湖水生植被调查结果表明,沉水植被、挺水植被及浮叶植被面积分别为７３．８、４５．５和６．７ｋｍ２。有９个群丛,其中微齿眼子菜（Ｐｏｔａｍｏｇｅｔｏｎｍａａｃｋｉａｎｕｓ）群丛、菰（Ｚｉｚａｎｉａｌａｔｉｆｏｌｉａ）群丛、伊乐藻微齿眼子菜（ＥｌｏｄｅａｎｕｔａｌｉＰｏｔａｍｏｇｅｔｏｎｍａａｃｋｉａｎｕｓ）群丛和芦苇（Ｐｈｒａｇｍｉｔｅｓｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｓ）群丛分布面积较大,分别占东太湖总面积的３９３９％、２８２７％、１１２０％和６４０％。与１９６０年相比,水生植被变化极为明显,突出表现为环湖水陆交错带的芦苇群丛严重退化和消失,菰群丛发展迅速并向湖心蔓延占据了东太湖总面积的２８２７％;微齿眼子菜取代了竹叶眼子菜（Ｐｏｔａｍｏｇｅｔｏｎｍａｌａｉａｎｕｓ）、黑藻（Ｈｙｄｒｉｌａｖｅｒｔｉｃｉｌａｔａ）及苦草（Ｖａｌｉｓｎｅｒｉａｎａｔａｎｓ）,成为沉水植被的优势种,占据了东太湖整个湖心区;外来种伊乐藻（Ｅｌｏｄｅａｎｕｔａｌｉ）侵入,并形成一定规模的群丛。综观该湖区水生植被演化过程,可知东太湖已经出现沼泽化趋势,应引起足够重视     

菰和菖蒲对富营养化水体净化效率的比较

研究了菰〔Zizania latifolia(Griseb.)Stapf〕、菖蒲(Acorus calamusL.)及它们的复合体系对富营养化水体的净化效果。结果表明,菰和菖蒲在供试富营养化水体中均能正常生长,二者单独种植体系或等量混合种植体系对富营养化水体均有一定的净化能力。单独种植的菰和菖蒲及二者的混合种植体系对供试水体中总氮的去除率分别为92.8%、92.7%和94.9%;对氨氮的去除率分别为95.5%、97.4%和96.6%;对总磷的去除率分别为83.9%、94.3%和84.7%;对CODCr的去除率分别为83.0%、85.5%和86.7%。单独种植的菖蒲对总磷的去除效果明显好于单独种植的菰和二者的混合种植体系。菰和菖蒲的混合种植体系对富营养化水体的净化效果与单独种植体系无明显差异。     

菰和菖蒲对重金属的胁迫反应及其富集能力

通过盆栽实验研究了Cu—Zn—Ph-Cd复合污染条件下,菰和菖蒲的生长状况、生理特性及吸收和富集重金属的能力。结果表明,高浓度污染下菰和菖蒲不能存活;低、中浓度中菖蒲的生长受到抑制,菰各生长指标与对照相比差异不显著,表明菰对低、中浓度重金属的耐性强于菖蒲。随着污染浓度的增加,菰和菖蒲叶片叶绿索含量显著降低;菰叶绿素a／b值略有降低,菖蒲叶绿素a／b值显著降低;菰和菖蒲叶片脯氨酸含量、相对电导率显著升高,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性在低浓度时升高,中浓度时降低。菰体内重金属含量为Zn〉Cu〉Pb〉Cd,菖蒲体内的含量为Cu〉Zn〉Pb〉Cd,且二者体内的重金属含量都随着污染浓度的增加而升高。菰和菖蒲对Cd的富集系数较大,地上部分（茎与叶）和地下部分（根与根状茎）均大于1;对Pb的富集系数较小,地上部分和地下部分均小于1。菰和菖蒲地下部分重金属含量均高于地上部分含量,二者根系对4种重金属都有较强的滞留效应,平均滞留率均大于50％。各处理中菰对重金属的吸收量均高于菖蒲。综合分析菰和菖蒲的生长、生理及富集重金属的能力,菰比菖蒲更适用于低、中浓度重金属污染水体的生态修复。     

Makomotindoline from Makomotake, Zizania latifolia infected with Ustilago esculenta

Makomotindoline (1) was isolated from Makomotake, Zizania latifolia infected with Ustilago esculenta. The structure was determined by the interpretation of spectroscopic data and synthesis. Makomotindoline (1), its l-Glc isomer (2) and its aglycon (3) were synthesized and their effects on rat glioma cells showed adverse effects on the cell growth.     

水生植物生产量测定的种群统计学方法

以Ａｌｌｅｎ曲线法为例,介绍了水生植物生产量测定的种群统计学方法的原理,并以同龄群的指数增长,与死亡模型为基础,得出了同龄群生产量的计算公式,以湖北斧头湖菰群落的调查数据为例计算了菰的生产量。     

杀菌剂敌磺钠及植物生长调节剂对茭白孕茭的影响

以‘龙茭二号’为研究对象,通过在茭白植株不同生长发育阶段分别喷施杀菌剂敌磺钠和植物生长调节剂,比较分析其对茭白结茭的促进效果。对6个不同处理组合及对照材料的株高、内源激素含量变化及结茭情况的统计分析发现：喷施一定浓度的敌磺钠对茭白结茭具有明显的促进作用,以敌磺钠（标准浓度）＋营养液和敌磺钠（标准浓度）对茭白结茭产量的提高最为明显。植物生长调节剂处理能明显促进茭白早期植株生长,但对最终株高影响不大。采用间接酶联免疫法对茭白茎部3种激素（IAA、ABA和GA3）含量进行的比较分析表明：敌磺钠处理能够明显降低ABA含量,但对IAA和GA3含量没有明显影响;茭白结茭前ABA含量的降低可能有助于茭白结茭。     

洪湖野菰及其化学成分分析

野菰(Zizania latifolia)是湖北省洪湖中优势水生维管束植物,其群落占全湖355平方公里面积的127平方公里。茎和叶的年生物量为4379克鲜重/平方米,全湖总年产量121700吨干重,目前未被利用。野菰各器官的蛋白质和氨基酸含量分别以百分干重表示:根,7.0和4.76;根状茎,11.3和8.85;茎,9.5和7.15;嫩茎梢,22.4和16.53;叶,16.8和14.61。500克干叶的必需氨基酸含量接近100克干重草鱼幼鱼背肌的必需氨基酸含量。脂肪:叶中3.4～4.2,茎中2.2;粗纤维:叶中26.8～28,茎中24.2;灰分:叶中10.0,茎中5.8。菰茎含可溶性糖类30％以上,其中葡萄糖,果糖、蔗糖和麦芽糖是主要成分。结果表明野菰是一种优质饲料。     

菰属系统与演化研究－－叶片表皮微形态

菰属叶片表皮微形态以其具有稻型的硅质体,指状的双胞微毛,三角形的副卫细胞,应位在禾本科(Gramineae)稻族(Oryzeae)内,但因其硅质体不整齐排列于脉上,而且有时呈现十字形或浅节结形,双胞微毛的顶细胞较粗壮等独特性状,结合染色体2n=2x=30,34,而区别于稻族中其他各属(x=12),且其所具竹亚科(Bambusoideae)的胚型(F+PP)在稻族中也鲜有,故应在稻族中独立成菰亚族(subtribeZizaniinae)。其属下种间的叶表皮微形态特征,大都吻合孢粉、外稃表皮微形态特征的研究结果,揭示菰属在全世界有4种,2亚种。